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t,MT- II
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MULTIPLE DEGREE OFFREEI}OM SYSTEM
'flvo degreo fieedom system -- Norrnal modes of vibration - r.l*atural
of
frequencies - Mode shapes .- Introduction to MDOF sy.stems - Decoupling of equations of
motion - Concept of mode superposition (No derivatiors).

Two lvlorks Questions ond Ansyers

1. Define degrees of fieedom.

The n-o. of indep€ndeht tlisplaccments required to define the d.isplaced positiom of all
the masses relative to their original position is called the no. of degrees of freedom for d;,n:imic
analysis.

2. Write a short note or matii:deflation technique-

Whenever the starting vector, tbe vector'iteration metbod yieltls the same lowest
Eigen value. To otftain the next lowest valug the one aheady found must be suppressed. This
is possible by selecting vector tbat is ortbogonal to the eigen values already foruid, or by
modifying any arbitra-rily selectgd !4itial. vectgr fore oithogo;nal to alrg{f.'ev.aJeated
vectors:

The Eigen vectors xL2 cor.npr+lgd br jterllon as in the previous eFmple x1 would
be orthogonal to the xll. The conesporlding frequency will !e higher *r* l,rt but fowel
.

3. :\Yrite tlie.e;amples of multi degrees of freedbm systein

PREPARED BY s.AZHAGARSAMY /t{-Tech, AAISTE

ASST. PROFESSOR Deportmenl of Civil En99'
 ft5r L--rpr M.Ethod

Ilf,b { & cmtile us to cahrhte the lowest Eigen vahres one after anotler,
Bdlhd riilds all tb Eigen vahes simultaneously. By a series of transformations of
chssfual frrm of tbe maix prescribed by Jacobi all-the non diagonal terms may be
the ffnal diagonal matrk gives all the Eigen values along the diagonal.

i. Whlt are the steps to be followed to the dynamic onrtysis of structure?

The dlmanric analysis of any structure basically consists of the following steps.

1. Idealize tlrc structure for the purpose of analysis, as an assemblage of discree!

elements which are intercornected at tlre nodal points.
2. Evaluate the s.tiffness, iaertia and damping property matfices of the elemeats
chosen
3. By supporting the element prop€rty matrices appropriately formulate the
corresponding marrices representing the stiffiiess, inertia and damping of the whole
structure,

. Write a short note on Inertia force - Mass matrix [M]

On the same analogy, the inertia forces can be represented in terms of mass
rfluence co efficient, the matrix r.epresertation of which is given by {fi} : [M] {Y}

Mij a typical elemed

matrix M is defined as tbe force corresponding to co -ordipate
of
due as the force corresponding to coordinate i due to uit acceleration applied to the co
rdinate j.

. ll'ha-tare the efiects of Damping? ;

The presence of damping in the system afects the nah:ral frequencies only to a
rargindl sxtenl. h ij conventional therefore to ignore darnpiirg in tlte computation. s for natural ;

:equencies and mode shapes

. 'Write da4ping force - Damping force matrir.

a short note on
If damping is assuming to be of the viscous t)pg, th" damping forces may
kewile be represgnted by mqan$ of a general damping inlluence co efficient, C1. In matrix
lfln rhis san be repres€rfed d
trD):tc1{Y}

:PARED BY s. AZ,HA6AP,SAIilY ll.Tech, l{rsTE

ASST. PROFESSOR. Deporthent of Civil En99.

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10. What are the steps to be followed to the dynamic anatysis of structure?

The <lynamic analysis of any structure basically consists of the following steps.
e
I' Idealize the skucture for the purpose sf analysis, as an assemblage of discreet
elements which are intercontrected at the nodal points.
2. Evaluate the stiffness, inertia and damping property matrices of the
elements chosen
3. By supporting the element propedy matrices appropriatelg formulate the
cofr.eqponding inatrices represenling tlic stiftess, iirertia and damping of the
whole structure.

11. lVhat are lorraal modes ofvibration?

If in the principal mode of vibration, the amplitude of one of the masses is qnity, it is
known as nor-mal modes of vibration

12. Define Shear building.

Shear buildiqg is defuied as a g.tructure in which no rotation of a horizontal merrber at the

14.

15.

:
" {dlltklt@}; 0, this condition is called orthogonality principles.

16. Explain Damped system.

o The response to the damped MDOF system subjected to free vibration is govemed by

lM){il} + tcl{ri} + t rl{u} = o

o In which [c] is damping matrix and {ri} is velocity vector.

PREPARED BY S.AZHAGARSAMY fil.Tech, /$fsTE

ASST. PROFF.S.SOQ Denarlmant aivil trr.^n
 o fs*allyr srnall srnolpi 6f drmping is always present in rear structure and it does
not have
nri inEnce on rhe detemination of natural frequencies and mode rhup".;;;;
; sy$cm-
' ; TIrc ffiuxBlly frcquencies and mode shapes for the damped
systein are carcurated
: -' by
using the same procerfirre adopterl for undamped system.

17. What is meant by first and second mode of vibration?

The lowest frequency of the vibration is cafled fimdamental frequency
and the
:onesponding displacement shape of the vibration is ialled first mode
or firndamental mode of
ribration. The displacement shape corrasponding to second higher natural
t"qr*cy is called
lecond mode of vibration.

[8. write the equation of motion for an undamped two degree of freedom
system.
Iml{r{+[k]{a}=0
This is ca ed equation of motion for an undamped two degree of freedom system
ubjected to free vibration.

lIkJ- aztmll.= 0

.-'--..._
l: Define 'Nqrmal mode of vibr.afion??
In a trvq degree freedom system ther.e are two natural frequeircies of the systern. The
'stem--at its-.lowest.
or first *etJle] frequency its first and next higher i.e. second natural.
:quericy is called its second mode.

EPARED BY s.AZllAOAP,sAl Y At.Tech, /IIISTE

ASST. PROFESSOR Deportmenf of Civil En99.

5
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23. What is a two degree system?

In a two degree freedom system, any point in the system may execute hamonic of the
two natural frequencies and these are knoun of vibration Let us assume. the motion of two
masses is simple barmonic and is represented as
s, -_X1&ot
.ta =X2$nart
Where Xl and X2are the amplitddes of two masses respectively aod are rcferred as
principal co-ordinal.

24. What are Vhrious mbthods available for vibratiori control?

Various methods ofvibration contol are
l. vibration Absorbers (centrifugal pendulum absorber, Lanchester damper, Houdaille
damper).
. 2. Vibration Isolation materials like rubber, cork, fel! pad etc.

:{q
ft'&)
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PREPARED BY S. A41 AO APS A MY Al.Tech, rtlISTE

ASST. PROFESSOR Deoortmeni ei:-eiiil Enoo
Write any two poinfs
of asstumption
are made in the shi:ar
s[ building' Nov/Dec
r To dercrmin" the eff"ct 20rr
ort*,l::,_,:-'*'n
aequencv of rhe
- To study the effectil;;-J*:ff*
.nderparab",r; Momcnr Resistant Frame stou*ure
o of the
r ro estimate th;;t#'::Tl frequencv with
mass stiftress variations.
, .rhe
Moment Rcsistanr
uo*.."on;;;;,"# z

muld degree
,;1 struch'al 'system is
co'nsidered as
a lumped mass
Buildings are "a*"""ffi,t*e
considered t<
with

,
:T,mi,Hil'";'j*11*1:*,#*ffi
ffit'":ffi}"{,tkiT#*,Tiifi;::*'#i:{:::,ryffi re sonle gxamples
of vibrations

of a periodc rryaveform that

^"fa#:i:it-m
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5. Enumerate dynamic equilibrium? May/June 2009

A dynamic eqtrilibrium exisb once a reversible reaction ceases to change its ratio oi
r.-eactantvproducts, but substances move between the chemicaLs
at an eqr_lal *t", me"o;r,g
' there is no nbt change. It is a particurar example ofa system in a steady
state.

6. Deline transitional gro .nd motion? May/June 2009

A general term including afl aspects of grorm_ d modon, namely particle accereration,
velocity, or displacement, fiom an earthquaku o, oth", .oogy *,*". '

7. rrow fiequency is affpcted irr the free vibration of a shear frame? Nov/Dec
2007
o Modal analysis is the study of the dynamic properties of structures under vibrational
excitation.

the dynamic response -of

o Iqnkire frrce is a force which acts on an objbct for a very short interval during a. collision
c pTtoc;m- E is equals to tbe change...
e Are hsfun in a string friction and other non.corservative forces impllsive forces
If so, wtat is the reason
for all ron-conservative forces being impulsive
' Impulsive force is the erornous amormt of forbe acting for a very small time on a body.
fcr
e.g. when batsman hits the ball, the period of contact is .,r"ry i"., but force is hug",
the
friction carurot be impulsive force becarise friction acts for longer +ime to reshict the motion
of the body, neither tension in the sfing

PREPARED BY S. AZH AiApsAl,lV ll.Tech. illsrE

ASST. PROFESSOR beportment of. Civil Engq.
l. What is meant by coupled and uncoupled equations of motion? May/June 2013

'fhe equations of urotiorr arc rucoupled and koowu as the modal e$Bdons

ItrL 0
Io Mz

[;; ;i[i] [; : ;lffl ffl

2. \Yhat.is meant by mode shape? May/June 2013
y' The response cif the structwe is different at each.,of the different natural frequencies.
These defonlation patterns are called mgde shapes.
/ A norinal mode of an oscillating system is a pattern oimotion in which all parts of the
system move sinusoidally with the same,frequency.

iiffiJ5i:'JJ"1,1-iili#;,"**abodypossessesarethosenecessarytecompretery
Lefine its position and orientation in Space.

REPARED BY S.AZI.IAOAP.S,Ai Y lA-Tech, IIXSTE

ASST. PROFESSOR Deportment ol Civil Engg.

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WORI(ED EXAMPLE ILo.3

A spring of stiflhess 20 kI.I/m supports a mass of 4 kg. The mass is pulled dovm 8 mm and
relcased to produce linear oscillations. Calculate the frequency and periodic time. Skctch the
graphs of displacemen! velocity and acseleration. Calculate the displacemeng Velocity
acceleration 0.05 s after beiog released-

SOLUTION

,=,H=,'P =to.7t.dtl
r=9=t.zsnu
2tt
,.
T =:f = 0.0899s :'

:
The oscillatidn starts at the bottom ofthe cycle so xe -8 min The resulting graph of x
time will be a negative cosine cuws with an amplifude of 8 mm.
The equations describing the motion are as follows.

x = xocosot
Wheh t = 0.05 seconds {:;8 cos(7071 x 0.05)
x :7 .iB7 rom. (Note angles:ab in radian)
=
This is confirnred by the graph"

Ifwe differentiate.once we get the equaaion forvelocity.

v = -oxosin ot .
v= -oxosin ot: 10.71 (-8)sitr(Tifzf x o.Os;

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IEPARED BY s. AZH Ae ARs AilY rll,Tech, l[IsTE

ASST. PROFESSOR Departrnent of Civil Engg:

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,I'REPARED BY s.AzHA6ARsAl y il.Tcch. /IlIsTE

ASST. PROFESSOR DePort,nent of Civil En99'

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PREPARED BY
srlzfinsr{Rsfl Y }t.Tech, litlSTE
ASST. PROFESSOR Daporiment of Civil
En99'

26
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PREPARED BY S.AZHAOARSAI,iy lrl.Tech, tirsTE

ASST. PROFESs-dR Deoortment ot civil Fnaa
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PREPARED BY
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PREP^RED BY s.AZllA6rtRS y /t -Tcch, /l,tIsTE

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ASST. PROFF-S.SOQ ba,nnntrnerrt nl Civil trnan
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Deportment of civil En99'
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PREPAR,ED BY
assi pnoresson Department of civil Engg'

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PREPARED SY -,lsst:PRoFEssoR Deportrnarit of Givil Engg'

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PREPARED BY S.AZHA6ARSAJI Y ii.Tech, firsTE

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PREPARED BY -AssT.stu}lAeARsArlAY 'ursTE
PROFEssoR Deportment of Civil En99'

39
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 S3 FOROED ITIBRANtr}I
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