HIR2 Test Answers

Test week 1 - The Cold War

1. The Second World War in Europe took place from September 1939 to May 1945.

2. Which of these politicians did not participate in the Yalta conference?

Harry S. Truman

3. In what year did Soviet troops invade in Afghanistan?

1979

4. In what year was START I signed?

1991

5. Please list the following American presidents in the right chronological order.

1. Harry S. Truman (1945-1953)

2. Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953-1961)

3. John F. Kennedy (1961-1963)

4. Richard Nixon (1969-1974)

5. Ronald Reagan (1981-1989)

6. Please list the following leaders of the Soviet Union in the right chronological order.

1. Vladimir Lenin (1922-1924)

2. Joseph Stalin (1924-1953)

3. Nikita Krushchev (1953-1964)

4. Leonid Brezhnev (1964-1982)

5. Mikhail Gorbachev (1985-1991)

7. Please match the following Soviet leaders to the right description.

Joseph Stalin – He assumed leadership over the Soviet Union upon Lenin’s death.

Nikita Krushchev – He became leader of the Communist Party after Stalin’s death, but rejected
Stalinism.

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Leonid Breznev – He signed several arms control treaties with the U.S., including the
Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty.

Mikhail Gorbachev – He was the last leader of the Soviet Union.

8. Please match the following US presidents to the right historical event during their time in
office.

Truman – The Korean War

Eisenhower – The Suez Crisis

Kennedy – The Cuban Missile Crisis

Nixon – The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks I and the signing of the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty

Reagan – “Mr Gorbachev, tear down this wall!”

9. Please place the following historical events in the right chronological order.

1. Korean War (1950 – 1953)

2. Start construction of the Berlin Wall (1961)

3. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

4. U.S. troops withdraw from Vietnam (1973)

5. Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (1979-1989)

6. Demolition of the Berlin Wall (1989)

10. Please rank the following events in the right chronological order.

1. Battle of Dien Pien Phu (1954)

2. Gulf of Tonkin incident (1964)

3. First U.S. combat troops arrive in Vietnam (1965)

4. Tet Offensive (1968)

5. U.S. withdraws from Vietnam (1973)

11. John Herz (1908-2005) describes the Security Dilemma. What causes, according to Herz,
the Security Dilemma?

The social situation of an anarchic society

12. The Battle of Dien Bien Phu took place in what year?

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1954

13. The Cuban Missile Crisis took place in what year?

1962

14. The Korean War took place from …. to …. ?

1950 – 1953

15. The Soviet Union existed from …. to …. ?

1922 – 1991

16. The signing of the Helsinki Accord took place in what year?

1975

17. What do we call a war in which opposing power use third parties as substitutes for fighting
each other directly?

proxy war

18. What does “Sinatra Doctrine” refer to?

Gorbachev’s policy to allow states within the Soviet block to determine their own internal
affairs.

19. What does “containment” refer to?

A geopolitical strategy to prevent the spread of communism.

20. What does the abbreviation “CSCE” stand for?

Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe

21. What does the abbreviation “START” stand for?

Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty

22. What does the abbreviation “MAD” stand for?

Mutually Assured Destruction

23. What formed the border between North and South Korea prior to the Korean War?

A circle of latitude, namely the 38th parallel north.

24. What happened during the Gulf of Tonkin incident?

North Vietnamese torpedo boats attacked a ship of the U.S. Navy.

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25. What is the more common name for the ‘European Recovery Programme’, under which
many European countries received more than $12 billion between 1948 and 1951?

Marshall Plan

26. What is the name of the ‘doctrine’ that affirmed the right of the Soviet Union to intervene
in the affairs of communist countries in order to protect communism?

Brezhnev doctrine

27. What is the name of the American policy to provide military and economic aid to Greece
and Turkey, which was subsequently used to justify aid to any country perceived to be
threatened by communism?

Truman Doctrine

28. What is the name of the Vietnamese Communist revolutionary who was president of the
Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) from 1945 to 1969?

Ho Chi Minh

29. What is the name of the Vietnamese, communist-led organization whose forces fought
against the Japanese and the French in Indochina?

Viet Minh

30. What is the name of the attack launched by the NLF in South Vietnam in late January and
early February 1968, which dramatically contradicted optimistic claims by the American
government that the war had already been won?

Tet Offensive

31. What is the name of the political advisor who played a dominant role in US foreign policy
in the late 1960s and 1970s and received the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize for negotiating an
end to the US role in the Vietnam War?

Henry Kissinger

32. What is the name of the theory suggesting that if one Southeast country fell to
communism, many others would follow?

Domino theory

33. What is the word often used to describe the easing of hostility between the US and the
Soviet Union during the Cold War?

Détente / détente / detente

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34. What year marks the end of the Vietnam War?

1975

35. Which of the following Soviet leaders instigated the Cuban Missile Crisis by placing nuclear
missiles in Cuba?

Khrushchev

36. Which of the following Soviet leaders wanted to pursue “peaceful coexistence” with the
United States?

Khrushchev

37. Which of the following Soviet leaders announced a unilateral withdrawal from Afghanistan?

Gorbachev

38. Which of the following U.S. Presidents embarked upon a full-scale military intervention in
Vietnam, that would cost the lives of 58,000 Americans and a far larger number of
Vietnamese?

Lyndon B. Johnson

39. Which of the following U.S. presidents began to withdraw troops from Vietnam, a policy
known as “Vietnamization”?

Nixon

40. Which of the following countries supported North Korea during the Korean War?

China – Soviet Union

41. Which of the following countries supported South Korea during the Korean War?

United States – The United Kingdom – Australia – The Netherlands

42. Which of the following definitions correctly describes “MAD”?

An American doctrine of reciprocal deterrence resting on the US and the USSR each being
able to inflict unacceptable damage on the other in retaliation for a nuclear attack.

43. Which of the following events marked the end of the Vietnam War?

The fall of Saigon

44. Which of the following presidents was an army general and supreme commander of the
Allied Expeditionary Forces in Europe before he became President of the United States in
1953?

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Dwight D. Eisenhower

45. Which of the following statements about “CSCE” are correct?

a. This was a multilateral forum for dialogue and negotiation between the East and the
West.

b. It was concluded with the signing of the Helsinki Accords.

46. Which of the following statements about Henry Kissinger are correct?

a. He was appointed as national security advisor by US president Richard Nixon.

b. His foreign policies are often characterized as “realpolitik”.

c. He negotiated with the North Vietnamese government for a ceasefire agreement and
the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Vietnam.

47. Which of the following statements about Joseph Stalin are correct?

a. He transformed the Soviet Union into a major world power.

b. He rejected the Bretton Woods arrangements.

c. He was the chief architect of the totalitarian Soviet state.

48. Which of the following statements about Leonid Brezhnev is correct?

During his leadership, Soviet troops invaded Afghanistan.

49. Which of the following statements about START are correct?

a. The treaty was signed by George H.W. Bush and Mikhail Gorbachev.

b. U.S. President Ronald Reagan proposed radical reductions in each superpower’s

existing stock of missiles.

c. The treaty entered into force after the Soviet Union dissolved.

d. The treaty set specific limits on how many different missiles signatories were allowed to
keep.

50. Which of the following statements about president Harry S. Truman are correct?

a. He made the decision to use the atomic bomb in Japan.

b. He decided to intervene in the Korean War.

c. The main purpose of his foreign policy was to counter Soviet geopolitical expansion, by
financially or militarily supporting nations deemed threatened by Soviet communism.

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51. Which of the following statements about the Helsinki Accords are correct?

a. The declaration was signed by thirty-five states, in an attempt to reduce tension

between the Soviet and Westerns blocs.

b. The document contained a number of key commitments on polito-military and

economic issues.

c. The Helsinki Accords composed environmental and human rights dimensions.

52. Which of the following statements about the Korean War are correct?

a. Twenty-one member nations of the UN committed themselves to support South Korea.

b. A Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) was established on the border as both sides withdrew
from their fighting positions.

c. After the North Korean Peoples’ Army invaded the Republic of Korea, the U.S. called
on the Security Council to invoke the United Nations Charter.

53. Which of the following statements about the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan are correct?

a. The Soviet Union intervened in support of the new Afghan government in its conflict
with anticommunist Muslim guerrillas.

b. The intervention lasted for almost ten years.

c. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan undermined the detente between the United States
and the Soviet Union.

d. The Brezhnev doctrine was used to justify the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.

54. What was the name of the non-physical boundaries dividing Europe between the U.S. and
Soviet Union’s spheres of influence?

Iron Curtain

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Test week 2 - East Asia

1. In what year was the Tripartite Pact signed

1940

2. What was the main purpose of the Tripartite Pact?

To keep the USA from intervening in EU or Asia

3. Which countries signed the Tripartite Pact?

Japan, Germany, Italy

4. When was the Washington conference

1921-1922

5. What was the main topic of discussion at the Washington Conference?

International co-operation in the Pacific region and how to establish a framework for naval
arms limitation.

6. Which of the following statements best describes the 'Washington system'?

The set of treaties that established a new overarching framework for international
co-operation in the Pacific region.

7. The Nanjing Massacre took place in what year?

1937

8. Which of the following countries were part of the Pact of Steel?

Italy, Germany

9. Please name the country that signed the Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan in 1936.

Germany

10. The Paris Peace Conference took place in what year? (Please give your answer in
numbers).

1919

11. Which of the following best describes the result of the Paris Peace Conference for
Japan?

Japan gained the former German Pacific Islands only as a League of Nations mandate
rather than possessions

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 12. Which of the following were Japanese demands at the Paris Peace Conference?

a. to formalize its control over the Jiaozhou lease

b. to acquire the German islands in the west Pacific

c. to insert a clause opposing racial discrimination into the Covenant of the League of
Nations (Racial Equality Proposal)

13. What was the name of the line dividing North from South Korea at the end of World
War II?

38th parallel

14. Please name the historical event depicted in this map.

The Long March

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 15.

Please click on Manchuria on the map. (Large orange part in the North East)

16. What is the common name for the movement initiated by the CCP in 1958 to achieve
rapid modernization in China?

The Great Leap Forward

17. Which of the following statements best describes the "1955 system" in Japan?

The Right-Left polarization of Japanese politics

18. Why was the "Income Doubling" concept a vital turning point in Japanese history?

It marked a shift in focus from security and national defense to an emphasis on

economic growth

19. Who suggested the idea of a 'Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere'?

The Japanese Foreign Minister Yosuke Matsuoka

20. In the 1930s, Japanese policy shifted towards the idea that it should establish its own
"___________" for East Asia. This arose out of the belief that if Japan limited Western
activities in the region, China could be persuaded to co-operate, and that this would
pave the way for the development of regional prosperity.

Monroe Doctrine

21. The 'New Order in East Asia' statement was declared in what year?

1938

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22. What was the main message of the 'New Order in East Asia' statement?

Japan, Manchukuo and China should unify and co-operate

23. What is the common name for the idea that Asia should free itself from Western
imperialism and unite in a common effort to modernize?

Pan-Asianism

24. The political scientist Chalmers Johnson has characterized Japan as a "developmental
state". What does he mean by this?

In contrast to the American model of capitalism, in Japan, the state played a direct
role in planning the development of a capitalist economy

25. What does Japan's so-called "free ride" refer to?

The idea that a disarmed Japan was able to concentrate on generating economic
growth while profiting from American’s protection

26. What is the common name for the policy of maintaining equal commercial and industrial
rights for the nationals of all countries within a certain territory?

The ‘open door policy’

27. What does the 'reverse course' refer to?

The change of emphasis from punishment and democratization to economic

reconstruction that the United States introduced in its occupation of Japan.

28. What does the so-called 'Century of Humiliation' refer to?

The period of intervention and imperialism by Western powers and Japan in China

29. What is the name for the reformulation of Marxism-Leninism by Mao in the late 1930s
and early 1940s, in which he argued for the need for an alliance of classes, including
both the proletariat and the peasantry?

New Democracy Movement

30. Who was the first president of the Republic of China?

Sun Yatsen

31. What is the name of the founder of the Chinese Nationalist Party?

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 Sun Yatsen

32. What is the name of the Chinese Nationalist party that initiated a modernization
programme before leading the country into war against Japan? (Please give the name,
no acronym).

Guomindang

33. What is the name of the radical ultra-left group of which Mao's wife Jiang Qing was the
key member?

The Gang of Four

34. What was the main reason for the mass protest at Tiananmen Square in 1989?

A discontent with communist rule and calls for greater democracy in China

35. Which of the following was the direct cause of a global wave of disapproval of Chinese
behaviour?

The violent suppression of the Tiananmen Square protest

36. Which article of the Japanese constitution bars the country from going to war and
possessing armed forces?

Article 9

37. In what year was the new Japanese constitution promulgated, which vested all political
authority in the prime minister and stated that the emperor was merely to be a 'symbol'
of the state?

1947

38. Which of the following statements about the Peace Treaty of San Francisco are correct?

The treaty stated that Japan would regain its full sovereignty

The treaty formally ended Japanese control over its empire

The treaty stated that Japan should pay reparations to the states that it had occupied

39. Which of the following countries were part of the so-called "4 power treaty"?

US

Britain

France

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 Japan

40. Which of the following statements about Chiang Kai-shek (also spelled as Jiang Jieshi)
is correct?

In 1926 he launched a military offensive to unify China, known ad the Northern

Expedition

41. Which of the following terms best describes how China presented itself in the early 21st
century?

Peaceful Rise

42. What does Mao’s comment that China had to “lean to one side” refer to?

Closer ties to the Soviet Union

43. Which of the following things most strongly complicated the Sino-Soviet alliance,
eventually leading to the Sino-Soviet split?

The ‘de-Stalinization’ speech in which Krushchev called for a move toward peaceful
co-existence with the West

44. What year marked the establishment of the People's Republic of China? (Please give
your answer in numbers).

1949

45. What is the name of the Chinese communist revolutionary who became the founding
father of the People's Republic of China? (Please give first and last name)

Mao Zedong

46. What is the name of the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP), standing
next to the Japanese Emperor in this picture? (Please give first and last name)

Douglas MacArthur

47. What was the SCAP's most immediate task?

To dismantle Japan’s war machine

48. Which of the following events marked the beginning of Mao's Cultural Revolution?

The formation of the Red Guards and ultra-left workers’ groups

49. Which of the following statements about the People's Republic of China (PRC) are
correct?

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 In its early years it was a key ally of the Soviet Union

It was not included in the Treaty of San Francisco

The Communist Party is the founding ruling party of the PRC

50. Which of the following events meant a breakthrough in Sino-American relations in the
early 1970s?

The secret diplomatic talks of Henry Kissinger and Zhou Enlai

51. What was the main implication of the Nixon Doctrine for Japan?

Japan could no longer take U.S. commitment and protection for granted.

52. What was the effect of the Cultural Revolution on the PRC's foreign relations?

The country largely cut itself off from the outside world

53. Which of the following was NOT part of Deng Xiaoping's "four modernizations" policy?

Improving diplomatic relations with the United States.

54. The "one country, two systems" scenario refers to the Chinese policy about the future
of which place or territory?

Hong Kong and Macau

55. Which of the following statements about the Nanjing Government are correct?

As a result of its modernisation policies, the Nanjing Government grew stronger over
the course of a decade

After the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War, the Nanjing government had to retreat

56. Which of the following was NOT a direct result of Mao's failed large-scale
modernization movement?

The Sino-Soviet Split

57. Please match the following leaders to the right government administration.

Jiang Jieshi - ROC

Mao Zedong -PRC 1949-1976

Deng Xiaoping - PRC 1978 until 1989

Fumimaro Konoe - Japanese politician and Prime Minister 1937-1941

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Hirohito- 124th emperor of Japan 1926-1947 and state of japan 1947-1989

Shigeru Yoshida - Prime Minister of Japan from 1946 to 1947 and from 1948 to 1954

Ichiro Hatoyama - Prime Minister of Japan from 1954 to 1956.

58. Please list the following historical events in the right chronological order.

The Paris Peace Conference (1919-1920)

The Washington Conference (1921-1922)

The Long March (1934-1935)

The Nanking (now Nanjing) Massacre (1937-1938)

The Attack on Pearl Harbor (1941)

The San Francisco Peace Treaty (1951)

​The ‘Great Leap Forward’ (1958)

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Test week 3 - Latin America

1. Hugo Chavez was president of which country?

Venezuela

2. In the late 19th century, American imperialists drew on ideas from people like the
influential historian Brooks Adams, who declared that among nations, as among
animals and plants, the principle of 'the survival of the fittest' applies. What is the name
of this theory?

Social Darwinism

3. In what year was the Alliance for Progress initiated? (Please give your answer in
numbers).

1961

4. Jorge Ubico, Juan José Arévalo, and Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán were leaders of which
Central American country?

Guatemala

5. What does America's 'Manifest Destiny' refer to?

The idea that the United States was destined by God to rule the entire Western Hemisphere.

6. The Havana Conference took place in what year? (Please give your answer in numbers)

1940

7. UFCO became a major land-owner in many Latin American countries. What does
'UFCO' stand for?

The United Fruit Company → spelling mistake, but right answer

8. What is the name of the US president who declared his 'Good Neighbor' policy in
1933? (Please give the first and last name)

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Franklin Roosevelt

9. What is the more common name for the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance,
under which an armed attack or threat of aggression against a signatory nation will be
considered an attack against all?

Rio Treaty

10. What was the main issue Spain and the United States fought over in the
Spanish-American War of 1898?

The question who controlled Cuba and the

Philippines.

11. What is the common name for the 'neo-liberal' free market ideology that suggested
that Latin American countries were held back by the state's role in the national
economies?

Washington Consensus

12. What does the term 'Banana Wars' refer to?

- The US interventions and occupations in Central America in the early 20th century

13. What is the last name of the left-wing leader who was elected president of Chile in
1970? (Please give only the last name)

Allende

14. What is the last name of the military general who became President of the Government
Junta of Chile in 1973? (Please give only the last name)

Pinochet

15. What is the name of the Cuban revolutionaries under Fidel Castro's leadership?

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Fidelistas

16. What is the name of the notorious leader of the Panamanian Defence Forces, who was
convicted for money laundering and drug-trafficking by a US federal court?

Manuel Noriega

17. What does the acronym 'OAS' stand for?

Organization of American States

18. What is the name of the Nicaraguan leader who returned to presidency in 2007?

Ortega

19. Which of the following U.S. Presidents considered it "incumbent on all civilized and
orderly powers to insist on the proper policing of the world", as he tried to expand
American influence in the Caribbean and the Pacific?

Theodore Roosevelt

20. What does the acronym 'NAFTA' stand for?

North American Free Trade Agreement

21. What is the name of the Latin American trade organization established in 1991, the
members of which are visualized on this map?

Mercosur

22. What kind of rhetoric did the Bush and Clinton administration use to justify their
interventions?

Wilsonian internationalism

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 23. Please match the following U.S. administrations to the name of the right foreign policy
or intervention in the Western Hemisphere.

Theodore Roosevelt The Platt Amendment, Roosevelt Corollary and realpolitik

Woodrow Wilson Internationalism and self-determination

Franklin D. ‘Good Neighbor’ policy

Roosevelt

Dwight D. Not-so-hidden hand in the overthrow of Arbenz and bombing of

Eisenhower Guatemala City

Ronald Reagan Global containment and a policy of eradication

John F. Kennedy Alliance for Progress

George H.W. Bush Operation Just Cause

Bill Clinton Operation Uphold Democracy

24. Please rank the following treaties and declarations in the right chronological order.

United Nations Universal Declaration of Human 1948

Rights

Declaration of Panama 1939

Declaration of Lima 1938

Rio Treaty 1947

Act of Havana 1940

25. What was the main purpose of 'Operation Uphold Democracy'?

To deal with the mounting refugee crisis in Haiti

26. What was the main purpose of the Alliance for Progress?

To counter the negative political consequences of inequality in Latin America

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 27. What was the main reason the U.S. government was so determined to replace the
Chilean president elected in 1970?

The prospect that other countries in the region might follow the Chilean example

28. Which of the following best describes the significance of the election of Luis Inacio
'Lula' da Silva as president of Brazil?

It symbolized a significant rupture from the neo-liberal ideas of the Washington Consensus.

29. Which of the following correctly describes the Act of Havana?

It declared that the American republics would occupy any territory which was in danger of
being transferred from one external power to another

30. Please match the following leaders to the right titles.

Fidel Castro Communist leader of Cuba

Ernesto “Che” Argentine-Cuban Revolutionary and guerrilla leader

Guevara

Salvador Allende Leader of Unidad Popular movement

Augusto Pinochet Chilean general and dictator

Manuel Noreiga Leader of the Panamanian Defence Forces

Daniel Ortega Leader of the Sandinista National Liberation Front

31. Which of the following leaders expropriated approximately 400,000 non-cultivated

acres of UFCO land?

Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán

32. Which of the following most strongly reflects the idea of 'pan-Americanism'?

The Declaration of Panama

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 33. Please rank the following historical events in the right chronological order.

NAFTA enters into force 1994

Operation Uphold Democracy 1994-1995

End of Guatemalan Civil War 1996

Hugo Chavez becomes president 1998

Fidel Castro hands over power to his 2013

brother Raul
34. Which of the following statements about 'Good Neighbor' policy are correct?
- Military dictators such as Somoza, Trujillo and Batista are examples of "good
neighbors" of the US in the 1930s
- Theory and practice of this Latin American policy were very different.
- The policy marked a shift in favour of indirect rule over direct interventions

35. Which of the following statements about Ernesto 'Che' Guevara are correct?
- He served as a military advisor to Fidel Castro.
- He was killed by the Bolivian army in 1967
- He was a prominent communist figure in the Cuban Revolution.

36. Which of the following statements about Fidel Castro are correct?

- His domestic popularity was heavily based on anti-Americanism.

- Under his administration, Cuba became a one-party communist state.
- He was inspired by the ideas of Karl Marx and Lenin.

37. Which of the following statements about the Banana Wars are correct?

- The interventions started after the end of the Spanish-American War

- American intervention in the Caribbean was tied to its increasing economic
investment in the region.
- In Honduras, where the UFCO controlled most of the country's revenue, U.S. troops
intervened at least five times.

38. Which of the following statements about the Monroe Doctrine are correct?

- Monroe announced that the United States would not tolerate intervention by the
European Powers.
- The doctrine emerged as an justification for growing American involvement in the
affairs of its Southern neighbours.

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39. Which of the following statements about the Platt Amendment are correct?

- The amendment is an addendum to the Cuban constitution.

- It permitted the United States to lease Guantanamo Bay.
- The amendment was abrogated in 1934.

40. Which of the following statements about the Sandinistas are correct?

- Sandinistas are members of the Sandinista National Liberation Front (Frente

Sandinista de Liberación Nacional).
- The Sandinista victory brought down the long-lasting dynasty of the Somoza family.
- The Sandinistas tried to pursue "non-alignment" in their foreign policy.

41. Which of the following statements correctly describes the Declaration of Lima?
- It endorses a co-operative spirit of the 'American Republics' to resist the influx of
external influences

42. Which of the following statements correctly describes the Roosevelt Corollary?

- It stipulated that the United States would intervene in cases where Caribbean states
were threatened by internal or external dangers.

43. Which of the following was a result of the Spanish-American War?

- The American acquisition of the Philippines, Puerto Rico and Guam.

44. Who initiated the Alliance for Progress?

John F. Kennedy

45. Please rank the following historical events in the right chronological order.

US entry in the Second World War 1941

Overthrow of the Arbenz government 1954

Fidel Castro takes power in Cuba 1959

Failed Bay of Pigs invasion 1961

Victory of the Sandinistas 1979

Hugo Chavez becomes president of 1999

Venezuela

46. Who was the leader of the Sandinista National Liberation Front?

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Daniel Ortega

47. Why did the Wilson administration intervene in Mexico between 1913 and 1917?

- In the name of 'good government', Wilson backed the constitutionalist movement

of Carranza.

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Test week 4 - Middle East

1. In what 1920 treaty were Arab territories of the Ottoman Empire divided and put under
French and British mandates?

San Remo treaty

2. In what year did the First Intifada take place?

1987

3. In what year did the Madrid Conference take place?

1991

4. In what year did the Six-Day war take place?

1967

5. In what year did the Suez crisis take place?

1956

6. In what year did the first Lebanon War take place?

1982

7. In what year did the so-called Jewish revolt begin in Palestine?

1944

8. In what year was Israel declared independent?

1948

9. In what year was the PLO founded?

1964

10. In what year was the peace treaty between Egypt and Israel signed?

1979

11. In what year was the question of Palestine referred to the UN by Britain?

1947

12. In what year were the Oslo Accords concluded?

1993

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 13. In which year was the Czech Arms deal concluded?

1955

14. Please match the following countries to their year of effective independence.

Egypt - 1952

Lebanon - 1943

Jordan - 1946

Syria - 1946

Iraq - 1932

15. Please match the following milestones of the peace process to the agreements that
they involve.

Madrid Conference

Officially initiated the peace process and divided it into a bilateral track with each party
involved and a multilateral track dedicated to resolving regional problems.

Oslo Accords
Provided mutual recognition between Palestinians and Israel for the first time and mentioned
arrangements for a Palestinian government.

Cairo Agreement
Created the Palestinian Authority and policy force.

Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement or Oslo II Accords

Expanded the powers of the Palestinian Authority.

16. Please match the following reports and commissions to their descriptions, assessments
of and proposals for the situation in the British Mandate in Palestine.

Shaw Commission
Was created to investigate the 1928-29 Wailing Wall riots, concluding that Arab hostility was
caused by their feeling of landlessness and fear for their future.

Passfield White Paper

Blamed the Jewish population for inciting riots and demanded concessions from them

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Peel Commission
Concluding that there was a mutual incompatibility between Jewish and Arab aspirations, it
was the first to recommend partition.
MacDonald White Paper
Restricted Jewish immigration and land purchases, while promising a Palestinian state

17. Please match the following reports and commissions concerning the British Mandate in
Palestine in the 1920s and 1930s to the year where they were issued or constituted.

Hope-Simpson Commission - 1930

Shaw Commission - 1929

Passfield White Paper - 1930

Peel Commission - 1937

MacDonald White Paper - 1939

18. The so-called October war took place in the year.......

1973

19. To what does the term 'Aliyah' refer?

A wave of Jewish immigration.

20. What does the acronym IDF stand for?

Israel Defense Forces

21. What does the acronym PLO stand for?

Palestine Liberation Organization

22. What does the acronym PNA stand for?

Palestinian National Authority

23. What does the acronym UNEF stand for?

United Nations Emergency Force

24. What does the acronym UNSCOP stand for?

United Nations Special Committee on Palestine

26
 25. What does the acronym UNTSO stand for?

United Nations Truce Supervision Organisation

26. What is another common name for the October War?

Yom Kippur War

27. What is the Biltmore Program?

A plan by the American Zionist network to create a Jewish state in Palestine.

28. What is the common name of the letter sent to Lord Rothschild in 1917 guaranteeing a
Jewish home in Palestine?

Balfour Declaration

29. What is the name commonly given to the deliberate prosecution of and attacks on
Jewish populations that were committed in many European countries from the end of
the nineteenth century onwards?

Pogrom

30. What is the name of the Jewish para-military organization created in 1920 that is the
origin of the current IDF?

Haganah

31. What is the name of the Palestinian leader who founded the organization Fatah in 1957
and eventually became president of the PNA?

Yasser Arafat

32. What is the name of the author of the 1896 book The Jewish State? Write first name
and surname

Theodor Herzl

33. What is the name of the first Israeli Prime Minister?

David Ben-Gurion

34. What is the name of the international institution founded in 1897 to promote the
creation of a home for the Jewish people in Palestine?

The World Zionist Organization

35. What is the name of the leader of Egypt from 1954 until his death in 1970? Write only
his surname

27
Nasser

36. What is the name of the leader of Egypt from 1970 until his death in 1981? Write only
his surname

Sadat

37. Which of the following are short- or mid-term consequences of the Six-Day war?

-A realignment of Egypt into the US camp.

-A loss of prestige for certain Arab states such as Syria, which decided to remilitarize

38. Which of the following countries intervened militarily during the Suez crisis?

-United Kingdom

-Israel

-France

39. Which of the following countries were involved in the Six-Day war?

-Jordan

-Egypt

-Syria

-Israel

40. Which of the following sentences about the Hussein-McMahon correspondence are
correct?

-It promised Arab independence in exchange for support against the Ottoman empire.

-in the years 1915 and 1916.

-After the war, the United Kingdom argued that it had excluded Palestine

41. Which of the following sentences about the Lavon Affair are correct?

-It was a plan to create discord between Egypt and the West carried out by Israeli agents and
consisting of attacking American and British property.

-It occurred in 1954

-It caused existing negotiations between Egypt andIsrael to fail

42. Which of the following statements about Anwar Sadat is correct?

28
He initially attempted to negotiate a peace agreement with Israel

43. Which of the following statements about Palestine before the First World War are
correct?

-Before WW1-Palestine was established as an independent sub-province of the Ottoman

Empire in 1872.

-Arab Nationalism traditionally considered Palestine part of Greater Syria.

44. Which of the following statements about Theodor Herzl are correct?

-Convened the first Zionist congress in 1897 in Switzerland.

-was a Viennese journalist.

-idea of a Jewish state was inspired by European upper-middle class ideas of the time.

-the author of the 1896 book The Jewish State

45. Which of the following statements about Zionism in the late nineteenth century and
early twentieth century are correct?

-Zionism was quickly institutionalised into a variety of organizations, such as the Zionist
Organization of 1897 (renamed World Zionist Organization

-Zionism included some socialist stands.

-Despite initial debates about where to establish a Jewish state, agreement was quickly
reached among Zionists that it should be in the territory of Palestine.

46. Which of the following statements about institution building in Palestine in the
inter-war period are correct?

-Zionist institutional organization started in the late nineteenth century, with organizations such
as the Jewish Colonial Association and the Jewish National Fund.

-The Jewish Agency was created in 1929.

-The Muslim-Christian association was the most important organization on the Arab side,
advocating for restrictions to Jewish immigration

47. Which of the following statements about the 1948 war are correct?

-At the end of the war, both Israel and the Arab states gained territory.

-The war had a destabilizing effect on the governments and regimes of many of the Arab states
that took part in it.

29
-In the initial stages, Arab states seemed to be winning the war.

-The UN declared a cease-fire after approximately a month, which allowed Israel to rearm.

48. Which of the following statements about the Arab Revolt in Palestine is correct?

-It began in 1936

-It was predominantly undertaken by peasants, showing the importance of the land question.

49. Which of the following statements about the Camp-David accords are correct?

-They reaffirmed the boundaries of 1967.

-They were signed between Egypt and Israel.

-They were based on the land-for-peace principle.

50. Which of the following statements about the Lebanon war is correct?

51. Which of the following statements about the Six-Day war are correct?

-It was partially caused by Nasser's closing of the Strait of Tiran.

-It led to a clear victory for Israel, which gained significant territory.

-One of its long-term causes is the rise to power of the Ba'th group in Syria.

-It occurred after Nasser asked the UN to withdraw the UNEF

52. Which of the following statements about the Sykes-Picot agreement are correct?

-signed in 1916

-It mapped areas of control in the Middle East.

-an agreement between France and the United Kingdom

53. Which of the following statements about the development of the Suez Crisis are
correct?

-It led to the UN deploying the UNEF.

-After the Czech Arms deal, the US decided to withdraw funding from the Aswan Dam, which
led Nasser to nationalize the Suez Canal.

-Nasser also closed the Strait of Tiran, preventing Israeli access to the Red Sea

30
 54. Which of the following states declared war on Israel in 1948?

-Syria

-Jordan

-Iraq

-Egypt

-Lebanon

55. Which of the following was the recommendation of UNSCOP for Palestine?

Partition in two states.

56. The Balfour Declaration refers to what?

Support for a Jewish homeland\

57. The Suez Crisis of 1956 most involved which countries?

UK, France, Israel, Egypt

58. Who became the Supreme Leader of Iran after the 1979 revolution?

Ayatollah Khomeini

59. What did the 1993 Oslo Accords achieve?

The establishment of the Palestinian Authority

31
Test week 5 - South-East Asia

1. Which of the following statements about the Atlantic Charter are correct?

a. It was released by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister
Winston Churchill.

b. It recognized "the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under
which they will live".

2. What does the acronym SEATO stand for?

a. Southeast Asia Treaty Organization

3. Please give the acronym of the international organization the members of which are
highlighted on this map.

a. SEATO

4. What is the common name for the proclamation of the Provisional Government of the
Irish Republic by Irish nationalists, and the subsequent rebellion in Dublin?

a. Easter Rising

5. In what year did the 'Easter Rising' take place?

a. 1916

6. In what year was the 'Quit India Movement' launched?

a. 1942

7. What was the main demand of the 'Quit India Movement'?

a. An end to British Rule in India

8. In what year did the Asian-African conference of Bandung (also known as the Bandung
Conference) take place? (Please give your answer in numbers)

a. 1955

9. What is commonly seen as the first move towards the establishment of a Third World
lobby in international politics?

a. The Bandung Afro-Asian Conference

10. Which of the following statements about the Bandung Afro-Asian Conference are
correct?

32
 a. It was the cradle of the Non-Aligned Movement.

b. It's purpose was to stimulate co-operation between former colonies.

c. Those present voted to endorse the general application of the "five principles of
peaceful co-existence".

11. What is the last name of the Indian nationalist leader and organizer of the Indian
National Congress's campaign of non-cooperation, standing next to his wife in this
picture?

a. Mahatma Gandhi

12. Which of the following statements about the satyagraha campaigns are correct?

a. ?

13. Which of the following statements about Mahatma Gandhi are correct?
a. He led the first non-cooperation campaign against British rule in 1919
b. He was arrested for conspiracy in 1922
c. He led the Salt March and the Quit India movement
d. He called off the disobedience campaign following the Chauri Chaura massacre

14. What do the countries highlighted on this map have in common?

a. They attended the Non-Aligned Movement Conference in 1961.

15. Which of the following leaders were founding fathers of the Non-Aligned Movement?

a. Josip Broz Tito

b. Jawaharlal Nahru

c. Sukarno

d. Kwame Nkrumah

e. Gamal Abdeò Naser

16. Which of the following were main aims of the Non-Aligned Movement?

a. Non-involvement in Great Power conflicts.

b. Opposing (neo-)colonialism, imperialism and racism.

c. Ending underdevelopment.

33
17. French Indochina comprised of today's Vietnam, Cambodia and .... ?

a. Laos

18. What is the name of the Vietnamese, communist-led organization whose forces fought
against the Japanese and the French in Indochina?

a. Viet Minh

19. What is the full name of the communist revolutionary who became symbol of the
Vietnamese struggle for independence?

a. Ho Chi Minh

20. In what year did Ho Chi Minh declare independence of the Democratic Republic of
Vietnam? (Please answer in numbers)

a. 1945

21. In what year did the French effectively withdraw from Vietnam?

a. 1954

22. Which of the following statements about Vietnam's struggle for independence are
correct?

a. The Americans supported France's attempt of regaining control in Indochina.

b. Between 1950 and 1954, the People's Republic of China (PRC) was fighting a
proxy war in Vietnam.

c. The French were defeated in the Battle of Dien Bien Phu.

23. The countries highlighted on this map are members of which coalition?

a. Group of 77

24. What did UNGA Resolution 1514 call for?

a. For the independence of all states under colonial rule.

25. In what year did Burma and Ceylon (Sri Lanka) gain independence?

a. 1948

26. What does the "second colonial occupation" refer to?

a. The renewed colonial efforts of European Powers after World War II.

34
27. What happened in the Princely State of Kashmir, that caused a lot of friction between
India and Pakistan shortly after independence?

a. The Hindu ruler decided to merge his kingdom into India, even though the
majority of the population was Muslim.

28. What is the collective term for those states that are neither part of the developed
capitalist world nor the communist bloc?

a. Third World

29. Which two countries signed a border treaty in 1954, which stated that relations between
the two states would be regulated by reference to the "five principles of peaceful
co-existence"?

a. India and China

30. What is the common name for the organization of independent self-governing states
linked by their common ties to the former British Empire?

a. Commonwealth

31. What was the purpose of the 'ethical policy' introduced by Dutch colonial rule at the
start of the twentieth century?

a. To provide the foundations for the economic development of the Dutch East
Indies.

32. Which of the following was a direct result of the Dutch 'ethical policy’ in the Dutch East
Indies?

a. The formation of the Volksraad (People's Council)

33. Who was Mohammad Hatta?

a. A leading secular nationalist who fought for the independence of Indonesia.

34. When did the Japanese Empire occupy the Dutch East Indies?

a. From 1942 to 1945

35. In what year did Sakurno proclaim Indonesian Independence, marking the start of the
Indonesian National Revolution?

a. 1945

36. Who was the first President of Indonesia?

a. Sukarno

35
37. In what year did Indonesia effectively gain independence? (Please answer in numbers)

a. 1949

38. What was the main purpose of the Sarekat Islam movement?

a. To gain greater political rights for Muslims in the Dutch East Indies.

39. What is the common name for a completely self-governing colony which is freely
associated with the mother country?

a. Dominion

40. What is the common name for a territory administered by an imperial state without full
annexation taking place, and where delegated powers typically remain in the hands of a
local ruler or rulers?

a. Protectorate

41. Which of the following countries were so-called Dominions of the British Empire?

a. Australia

b. New Zealand

c. The Irish Free State

d. South Africa

e. Canada

42. Which of the following countries were NOT colonized, but retained their sovereignty?

a. Siam (Thailand)

b. Persia (Iran)

c. Ethiopia (Abyssinia)

d. Liberia

43. Which of the following countries was a British protectorate?

a. Egypt

44. Which of the following statements about the end of British rule in India are correct?

a. With independence, British India split into two states: India and Pakistan.

36
 b. The leader of the Muslim League, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, became founding
father of Pakistan.

c. The independence of India symbolized and further stimulated the desire to rid
the Asian continent of European colonialism.

45. In what year did India and Pakistan gain independence?

a. 1947
46. What is the common term for the policy whereby a state publicly dissociates itself from
becoming involved in Great Power conflicts?

a. Neutralism

47. Who was the first major advocate of a policy of 'neutralism'?

a. Jawaharlal Nehru

48. Which international agreement provided for the withdrawal of the French and Viet Minh
to either side of the 17th parallel, and for the independence of Laos and Cambodia?

a. Geneva Accords

49. What is the common term for the process whereby a colonial power grants juridical
independence to a colony, but nevertheless maintains de facto political and economic
control?

a. Neo-colonialism

50. The League of Nations' mandate system involved a contradiction between two ideas.
On the one hand, a spirit of realpolitik, and on the other hand...?

a. Wilson's Fourteen Points

51. Which of the following documents declared the United Kingdom and the Dominions to
be "autonomous Communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way
subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs"?

a. The Balfour Declaration

52. How could East Asia develop into a 'second front' in the Cold War in the late 1940s?

a. Communist movements profited from growing anti-colonial and nationalist

sentiments.

53. What was the main significance of the "Khilafat Movement"?

a. It marked the beginning of Islamic resurgence.

37
54. What is the name of the head of the Congress Party who became the first Prime
Minister of India, and is pictured here on the left?

a. Jawaharlal Nehru

55. What is the common name for the process whereby an imperial power gives up its
formal authority over its colonies?

a. Decolonization

56. Which act effectively established the legislative independence of the self-governing
Dominions of the British Empire from the United Kingdom in 1931?

a. The Statute of Westminster

57. Which of the following statements about the (de)colonization of the Philippines are
correct?

a. The country was occupied by the Japanese during World War II.

b. The Treaty of Manila was signed by U.S. President Truman in 1946, thereby
recognizing the independence of the Philippines.

58. Please list the following historical events in the right chronological order.

a. Easter Rising

b. Establishment of the Irish Free State

c. Britain declares war on behalf of India

d. Ho Chi Minh declares independence

e. The Philippines become independent

f. “Police actions” against the Republic of Indonesia

g. Geneva Conference

59. Please match the following countries to the imperial power by which they were
colonized. You may use the same answer multiple times. Not all answers have to be
used.

a. United States: The Philippines

b. Netherlands (Dutch East Indies): Indonesia

38
c. Portugal: East Timor

d. Japan: Korea

e. France: Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam

f. United Kingdom: Burma, India

39
Test week 6 - Africa

1. According to Wallerstein's World Systems Theory, the _____________ of the

international economic system produces high profit consumption goods.

- Core

Question 2:

According to Wallerstein's World Systems Theory, the _____________ of the international

economic system produces raw materials.

- Periphery

Question 3:

In what year was the OAU founded? Write in the format 1234

- 1963

Question 4:

What does OAU stand for?

- Organisation of African Unity

Question 5:

In what year was the French Union created?

- 1946

Question 6:

In what year was the French Union abolished?

- 1958

Question 7:

Which of the following concepts was essential in articulating both French colonialism and
anti-colonial demands within French colonies after the Second World War?

- Citizenship

Question 8:

What is the name of the political entity created by the Fourth French Republican constitution
that encompassed both metropolitan France and the colonies?

40
 - French Union

Question 9:

In what year was the Atlantic Charter released? Write in the format 1234

- 1941

Question 10:

What is the Atlantic Charter?

- An Anglo-American declaration of war aims that included decolonization

Question 11:

In what year was the French Community created?

- 1958

Question 12:

In what year was the French Community abolished? Write in the format 1234

- 1995

Question 13:

What was the name of the political entity created in 1958 as an association of former French
colonies?

- French Community

Question 14:

What does the acronym UNCTAD stand for?

- United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

Question 15:

Which of the following statements about UNCTAD are correct?

- It was established in 1964

- Although reluctant, Western countries initially did not oppose it, as they thought that
not appearing receptive would act as reverse-propaganda.

Question 16:

When did the Algerian War take place?

41
 - 1954-1962

Question 17:

In what year was the Evian Agreement signed?

- 1962

Question 18:

Which of the following are commonly cited as reasons for the nature and duration of the
Algerian War?

- The fact that Algeria was considered part of Metropolitan France.

- The presence of a large settler population.

- A sense of pride after the loss of Indochina.

Question 19:

Which of the following statements about the Algerian War are correct?

- It is partly responsible for the fall of the Fifth French Republic.

- It took place between the French Army and the FNL.

- It led to the return of Charles de Gaulle to politics.

Question 20:

Which of the following were former Portuguese colonies in Africa?

- Guinea-Bissau

- Mozambique

- Angola

- Cape Verde

- Soa Tomé and Principe

Question 21:

42
Which of the following statements about Portuguese decolonisation in Africa are correct?

- It was partly triggered by a military coup that led to the fall of a dictatorship

- Portuguese decolonisation was relatively more violent when compared to British

decolonisation in Africa.

- Decolonisation took place in 1974-1975

Question 22:

In what year did the Fifth Pan-African Congress take place?

- 1945

Question 23:

What is the name of the anti-capitalist ideology proposed by Pan-Africanists at the 1945
Manchester congress?

- African socialism

Question 24:

Which of the following statements about the Fifth Pan-African Congress are correct?

- It is sometimes referenced as a precedent for the Non-Aligned Movement

- It denounced capitalism.

- It took place in Manchester

- It denounced imperialism

Question 25:

What does the acronym NIEO stand for?

- New International Economic Order

Question 26:

43
Which of the following statements about the NIEO are correct?

- It was issued in the context of a debate about the consequences of the oil crisis

- It is a resolution of the UN General Assembly.

- It demanded a fairer trade system that allowed developing countries to control their
own raw materials and set their price.

- It was passed in 1974.

Question 27:

What is the colonial name of present-day Ghana?

- Gold Coast

Question 28:

In what year did British colonial authorities establish majority African councils in Nigeria and
Gold Coast?

- 1946

Question 29:

In what year did the Gold Coast become independent? Write in the format 1234

- 1957

Question 30:

Order the following events in the process of independence of the Gold Coast.

1. Introduction of African participation in the Governor's council. (1942)

2. Introduction of African majority in the legislative council. (1946)

3. First riots in Accra. (1948)

4. Creation of the Coussey Commission to draft a constitution. (1949)

44
 5. Founding of the Convention People's Party. (1951)

6. First legislative elections with the new parliamentary system. (1951)

7. Nkrumah elected Prime Minister. (1952)

8. Independence of the Gold Coast. (1957)

Question 31:

Which of the following are reasons for the choosing of the Gold Coast as the first African
country to achieve independence?

- The presence of a well-educated and healthy middle class.

- The presence of many relatively successful agricultural producers.
- The presence of a long tradition of local participation in the government of the colony

Question 32:

What was the Casablanca Group?

- A Pan-Africanist group of states that wanted to created a supra-national African

government.

Question 33:

What was the Monrovia Group?

- A Pan-Africanist group of states that wanted to prioritse national sovereignty after

decolonisation.

Question 34:

Please match the following countries with the group to which they belonged.

- Ghana - Casablanca Group

- Guinea
- Mali
- Morocco
- Algeria

45
 - Libya
- Ethiopia - Monrovia Group
- Sierra Leone
- Liberia
- Nigeria

Question 35:

What does the acronym ECOWAS stand for?

- Economic Community Of West African States

Question 36:

What is the name of sovereign state that existed in the former Belgian Congo from 1971 to
1997?

- Zaire

Question 37:

Which African territory did Mussolini's Italy invade in the 1930s?

- Ethiopia

Question 38:

In what year did the Second Italo-Abyssinian war begin? Write in the format 5678

- 1935

Question 39:

What is the name of the policy aimed at incentivising domestic industrialisation and reducing
foreign dependency by establishing high tariffs that make foreign industrial products more
expensive and thus enabling domestic ones to replace them?

- Import Substitution Industralisation

Question 40:

46
Which of the following statements about the Congo Crisis are correct?
- It took place from 1960 to 1965
Question 41:
Which of the following policies were agreed at the 1944 Brazzaville conference?
- Equal rights of colonial French citizens
- End force labour
- Expansion of participation rights in local politics for African peoples.
Question 42:
Which of the following was termed the 'development decade'?
- 1960s
Question 43:
Which of the following statements about the Brandt report are correct?
- It made Keynesian proposal.
- It was commissioned in response to the NIEO.
- It is a report of a Independent Commission chaired by Willy Brandt that reviewed
international trade and development issues.
- It was issued in 1980
- It proposed the 'Brandt line' in order to identify the North/South division between rich
and developing countries.

Question 44:
Which of the following statements about Africa in the inter-war period are correct?
- The inter-war period saw the beginning of large-scale commodity production and
extraction in Africa
- The inter-war period saw the beginning of important socio-economic changes, such as
urbanization and large-scale migration.
Question 45:
Which of the following statements about the 1973 oil crisis are correct?
- It was voluntarily caused by the OPEC as a response to the Yom Kippur War.
- It led to a large increase in debt of developing countries.
- The OPEC is an example of a Raw Material Producer Association as demanded by the
NIEO

47
 - Newly decolonized countries and the NAM expressed their approval of the actions of
the OPEC
Question 46:
Which of the following statements about decolonisation in Africa are correct?
- Nationalist movements and worker movements played an important role
- Many African elites did not initially demand independence, but only increased
self-governance
Question 47:
Which of the following statements about UK policies in Africa in the 1940s are correct?
- British policies increased African participation in the governance of the colonies, but still
did not include governors and leaders of African origin.
Question 48:
Which of the following statements about Africa during the Second World War are correct?
- Loss of the South East Asian colonies meant that exploitation and supply of raw
materials such as rubber and tin shifted to Africa
- The Atlantic Charter created hopes in many anti-colonial movements that
decolonization would rapidly occur after the war
Question 49:
Please match the following leaders to their country.
- Kwame Nkrumah - Gold Coast
- Jomo Kenyatta - Kenya
- Obafemi Awolowo - Nigeria
- Julius Nyerere - Tanzania
- George Padmore - Trinidad
Question 50:
Which of the following organisation was not an actor in Angolan war of independence
(1964-1975) and the following civila war (1975-2002)?
- FRELIMO
Question 51:
Match the following organisations to the country where they mainly developed their activities.
- FRELIMO - Mozambique
- MPLA - Angola
- UGCC - Ghana

48
- FNLA - Angola
- UNITA - Angola
- ZAPU - Zimbabwe
- ZANU - Zimbabwe

49
Test week 7: Eastern Europe
Question 1:
In what year was the Warsaw Pact dissolved?
- 1991

Question 2:
In which Eastern European country was Mazowiecki appointed as first non-communist Prime
Minister since the 1940s?
- Poland

Question 3:
Please list the following historical events in the right chronological order.
- Soviet-Yugoslav split (1948)
- Hungarian Revolution (1956)
- Berlin Wall construction begins (1961)
- Prague Spring (1968)
- Gorbachev comes to power (1990)

Question 4:
Please list the following historical events in the right chronological order.
- Gorbachev ascends to power (1985)
- Chernobyl accident (1986)
- Round Table Agreement and start of democratic transition in Poland
(february-april 1989)
- East German government announces that all GDR citizens can visit West
Germany and West Berlin (november 1989)
- Recognition of independence of the Baltic States by the Soviet Union
(september 1991)
- Dissolution of the Soviet Union (december 1991)
- Dissolution of Czechoslovakia (1993)

Question 5:
Please match the following countries with the right description about when and how they
experienced regime change.
You may use the same answer multiple times. Some answers may be left unmatched.
- Poland: The country's Solidarity movement played an important role in the foundation
of a democratic, non-communist government.

- Lithuania: After a massive campaign of civil resistance against Soviet rule, this country
declared independence in 1990, which was recognized by the Soviet Union in 1991.

50
 - Czechoslovakia: In 1989, the "Velvet Revolution" put an end to Communist one-party
rule and restored democracy.

- Estonia: After a massive campaign of civil resistance against Soviet rule, this country
declared independence in 1990, which was recognized by the Soviet Union in 1991.

- Romania: After the Communist leader was executed in December 1989, the National
Salvation Front (FSN) took power.

- Bulgaria: As a result of the Revolutions of 1989, the Communist Party was forced to give
up its political monopoly in November 1989.

- Hungary: Round Table Talks in the summer of 1989 resulted in the end of Communist
rule and the creation of a multi-party constitutional democracy.

- Latvia: After a massive campaign of civil resistance against Soviet rule, this country
declared independence in 1990, which was recognized by the Soviet Union in 1991.

Question 6:
Please match the names of the following leaders to the right title or description. Two answers
will be left unmatched.
- Josip Broz Tito: Communist revolutionary and former leader of Yugoslavia
- Wojciech Jaruzelski: Military officer and last leader of the People's Republic of Poland
- Lech Walesa: Former President of Poland and co-founder of the trade union/opposition
movement 'Solidarity'
- Imre Nagy: Hungarian communist politician who played an important role during the
Hungarian Revolution
- Alexander Dubcek: Slovak politician and leader of the Prague Spring
- Václav Havel: Dissident turned President of Czechoslovakia and later the Czech
Republic
- Nicolae Ceausescu: Romanian communist leader
Boris Yeltsin: First President of the Russian Federation

Question 7:
The Chernobyl disaster took place in what year?
- 1986

Question 8:
The Hungarian Revolution took place in what year?
- 1956

Question 9:

51
The Hungarian Revolution was a protest against what?
- The Soviet-imposed policies of the Hungarian People's Republic

Question 10:
The Prague Spring took place in what year?
- 1968

Question 11:
The Soviet-Yugoslav split was the result of a conflict between which two leaders?
- Stalin and Josip Broz Tito

Question 12:
The failed Hungarian Revolution resulted in whose execution?
- Imre Nagy

Question 13:
What does "Titoism" refer to?
- An unwillingness to submit to Moscow's demands for conformity in the Communist
bloc.

Question 14:
What happened on 9 November 1989?
- The Berlin Wall was opened

Question 15:
What is the common Russian name for the public policy within the Soviet Union of openly and
frankly discussing economic and political realities, initiated in 1985 by Gorbachev?
- Glasnost

Question 16:
What is the name of the alliance set up in 1955 under a mutual defense treaty, that served as
the Soviet bloc's equivalent of NATO?
- Warsaw Pact

Question 17:
What is the name of the former Politburo member, anti-communist and rival of Gorbachev, who
declared that his goal was an "independent Russia"? (Please give only the last name)
- Yeltsin

Question 18:
What is the name of the former Prime Minister of Poland, who imposed martial law in an effort
to crush the Solidarity democracy movement?

52
 - Wojciech Jaruzelski

Question 19:
What is the name of the international organization that was founded in 1991, and the members
of which are highlighted on this map?
- Commonwealth of Independent States

Question 20:
What is the name of the international organization, founded in 1949, the members (and
observers) of which are highlighted on this map?
(red = member, yellow = observer)
- Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA or Comecon)

Question 21:
What is the name of the last Communist leader of Romania, who was executed in December
1989?
- Nicolae Ceausescu

Question 22:
What is the term attached to the attempts by Mikhail Gorbachev to transform the command
economy of the Soviet Union into a decentralized market-oriented economy?
- Perestrojka/Perestroika

Question 23:
What marked the beginning of the Prague Spring?
- The election of reformist Alexander Dubček as the First Secretary of the Communist
Party.

Question 24:
What was decided with the Belovezh Accords? (also spelled as Belavezha)
- It created the Commonwealth of Independent States.

Question 25:
What was the main significance of the Polish trade union "Solidarity"?
- It was the first trade union in a Warsaw Pact country that was not controlled by a
communist party.

Question 26:
What was the main significance of the Uprising of 1953 in Berlin?
- It escalated into waves of protests against government repressions throughout the GDR.

Question 27:

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What year marked the beginning of the Berlin blockade?
- 1948

Question 28:
What year marked the reunification of Germany?
- 1990

Question 29:
Where did the "Pan-European Picnic" take place?
- On the Austrian-Hungarian border

Question 30:
Which of the following countries signed the Warsaw Pact?
- East Germany
- Poland
- Albania
- Romania
- Soviet Union
- Czechoslovakia

Question 31:
Which of the following countries were member of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance?
- Poland
- Soviet Union
- Romania
- Czechoslovakia
- Hungary

Question 32:
Which of the following events effectively brought about the end of the Soviet Union?
- A failed coup against Gorbachev

Question 33:
Which of the following events contributed to the end of Soviet influence over Central and
Eastern Europe?
- The collapse of the Berlin Wall
- The Romanian Revolution
- The "Velvet Revolution" and the end of one-party rule in Czechoslovakia
- The removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria
- Elections and the fall of communism in Poland

Question 34:

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Which of the following gives the best definition of "perestrojka"?
- The transformation of the command economy of the Soviet Union into a decentralized
market-oriented economy.

Question 35:
Which of the following people was leader and co-founder of the Polish trade union
"Solidarity"?
- Lech Walesa

Question 36:
Which of the following statements about Gorbachev's rule of the Soviet Union are correct?
- He introduced the policies of glasnost and perestrojka.
- He formally resigned in 1991.

Question 37:
Which of the following statements about Boris Yeltsin are correct?
- Yeltsin was increasingly critical of Gorbachev's reform programme.
- Yeltsin started to challenge Gorbachev's authority.
- He established the Commonwealth of Independent States, together with the presidents
of Ukraine and Belarus.

Question 38:
Which organization was meant to prevent countries in the Soviet sphere of influence from
moving towards that of the Americans and South-East Asia?
- Comecon (or CMEA)

Question 39:
Which treaty or agreement officially declared the end of the Soviet Union?
- The Belovezh Accords

Question 40:
Who introduced the programme "Socialism with a human face"?
- Alexander Dubček

Question 41:
Who proclaimed the creation of the Federative People's Republic of Yugoslavia in 1946?
- Josip Broz Tito

Question 42:
Who tried to take control over the country in the Soviet coup d'état attempt in 1991, also
known as the August Coup?
- Conservatives within the Soviet Communist Party

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Question 43:
Who was the last President of Czechoslovakia?
- Václav Havel

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