طاقة الرياح

The People's Democratic Republic of Algeria
Mohamed Boudiaf University
Prepared by :
 Aouachria Ali
 Mohamed Wassim
 Mohamed Dhiya eddine
Wind Energy
Introduction:
Wind energy is a form of solar energy. Wind
energy (or wind power) describes the process by
which wind is used to generate electricity. Wind
turbines convert the kinetic energy in the wind into
mechanical power. A generator can convert
mechanical power into electricity. Mechanical
power can also be utilized directly for specific
tasks such as pumping water. The US
DOE developed a short wind power animation that
provides an overview of how a wind turbine works
and describes the wind resources in the United
States.
Wind Energy Basics:
Wind is caused by the uneven heating of the

atmosphere by the sun, variations in the earth's
surface, and rotation of the earth. Mountains,
bodies of water, and vegetation all influence
wind flow patterns . Wind turbines convert the
energy in wind to electricity by rotating
propeller-like blades around a rotor. The rotor
turns the drive shaft, which turns an electric
generator. Three key factors affect the amount
of energy a turbine can harness from the wind:
wind speed, air density, and swept area.
Equation for Wind Power:
 Wind speed:
The amount of energy in the wind varies
with the cube of the wind speed, in other
words, if the wind speed doubles, there is
eight times more energy in the wind
(2^3=2x2x2=8). Small changes in wind
speed have a large impact on the amount of
power available in the wind .
. Density of the air:
The more dense the air, the more energy
received by the turbine. Air density varies
with elevation and temperature. Air is less
dense at higher elevations than at sea level,
and warm air is less dense than cold air. All
else being equal, turbines will produce more
power at lower elevations and in locations
with cooler average temperatures.
 Swept area of the turbine:
The larger the swept area (the size of the
area through which the rotor spins), the
more power the turbine can capture from
the wind. Since swept area is
, where r = radius of the rotor, a small

increase in blade length results in a larger
increase in the power available to the
turbine.
DOE Wind Programs

and Information:
 DOE's Wind Energy Technologies
Office works to improve the
performance, lower the costs, and
accelerate the deployment of
innovative wind and water power
technologies. Greater use of the
nation's abundant wind and water
resources for electric power generation
will help stabilize energy costs,
enhance energy security, and improve
our environment.
 WINDExchange is a nationwide
initiative designed to increase the use
of wind energy across the United States
by working with regional stakeholders.
The WINDExchange program
illustrates the Department of
Energy's commitment to dramatically
increase the use of wind energy in the
United States. The WINDExchange
website provides a wide range of wind-
related information, including: State-
by-state breakdowns of wind resource
potential, success stories, installed
wind capacity, news, events, and other
resources, which are updated regularly.
 The National Wind Technology Center
(NWTC) is the nation's premier wind
energy technology research facility.
The goal of the research conducted at
NWTC is to help industry reduce the
cost of energy so that wind can
compete with traditional energy
sources, providing a clean, renewable
alternative for our nation's energy
needs.
Worldwide Installed
Capacity:
Total Total Total
Capacit Capacit Capacit
Countr
y, end of y, June y, end of
y
2014 2010 2009
(MW) (MW) (MW)
U.S. 65,900 36,300 35,159
China 114,600 33,800 25,853
Germany 40,000 26,400 25,813
Spain 23,000 19,500 18,748
India 22,500 12,100 10,827
France 9,300 5,000 4,775
U.K 12,200 4,600 4,340
Portugal 4,953 3,800 3,474
Denmark 4,883 3,700 3,408

United States Installed
Capacity:
In the U.S., installed wind energy capacity has
advanced significantly over the past ten years. As
of the third quarter of 2017, the U.S. now has an
installed wind capacity of 84,944 MW with over
29,634 MW of wind currently under construction
or in advanced development—a 27% year-over-
year increase, the highest since the American
Wind Energy Association began tracking the
categories.
Wind Farm
Development:
Siting a wind farm varies from one location to
another, but there are some important matters for
land owners to consider:
1. Understand your wind resource
2. Evaluate distance from existing
transmission lines
3. Determine benefits of and barriers to
allowing your land to be developed
4. Establish access to capital
5. Identify reliable power purchaser or
market
6. Address siting and project feasibility
considerations
7. Understand wind energy’s economics
8. Obtain zoning and permitting expertise
9. Establish dialogue with turbine
manufacturers and project developers
10. Secure agreement to meet O&M needs
Necessary Services to
Avail:
Wind power project or WPP involves development
through own resources and manpower or by availing
the technical services from consultant organisations:
1. SITE IDENTIFICATION: The process starts

with regional overviews and precision GIS
mapping, through which the specific
opportunities are determined at a feasible site.
This also involves mapping of project
boundaries, turbine micro-siting and
optimisation.
2. WIND RESOURCE ASSESSMENT: Accurate
Wind Resource Assessment of a widely
variable resource is the most critical feature
for success of a WPP. Meso-Scale and then
Micro-Scale Wind Power Density/Wind Speed
Map is produced for the site location through
input of accurate contour/terrain data. Ideal
spot is selected to install Anemometry System.
The recorded wind data is critically analyzed
and formatted to represent wind
characteristics. A preliminary wind resource
assessment can be carried out by using the
freely available Global Wind Atlas.
3. MICRO-SITING & ENERGY ESTIMATION: This
constitutes the foundation of a Wind Power
Project. Wind Resource data is formatted in
terms of Speed and direction. The
characteristic power of selected Wind Electric
Generator (WEG) is formatted. Detailed
Contour data at close interval is prepared
indicating roughness and terrain features.
WEG layout is optimised and Micro-siting Map
is prepared using software and then estimated
is energy generation.
4. DETAILED PROJECT REPORT: Once the site,
make and rating of WEG and the selling option
are finalized, detailed survey and field study is
conducted. Comprehensive layout design is
prepared with optimization of generation
along with detailed design for approach road
and grid evacuation. Detailed costing and
financial analysis is carried out to establish
overall viability.
5. PROJECT MANAGEMENT: Implementation and
Management of Wind power project, WPP,
calls for Multi-disciplinary activities related to
Technical, Financial and Commercial aspects.
Not only quality of works needs to be checked,
it is equally important to ensure close co-
ordination and monitoring for timely
commissioning.
6. MONITORING: Energy generation with respect
to wind resource, frequency and type of
machine and system failures needs to be
critically monitored and analyzed to optimize
generation. Income from WPP can be
optimized only if break down and failure of
WEG and evacuation system is avoided
particularly during the limited high wind
months.
7. PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT: For the
existing Wind Power projects also there is
often need to ensure its performance
improvement, which goes down with time.
Critical analysis of monitoring reports along
with on-site observations and in depth study
immensely help in performance improvement
through reduction in break-down time and
interval losses. Due to seasonal availability of
wind resource, generation increasing in cubic
proportion of wind speed and overall low
Plant Load Factor, parameter setting and
operational/control logic needs to be site
specific.
8. LENDER'S ENGINEERS: To meet the need of
expert engineers to serve a project especially
for a definite term or contract, where the task
may not be managed with the available
resources, the clients are provided Lenders
Engineer’s services as per the requirements
assessed mutually with the client. This
involves serving through deputing or
appointing suitable personnel and thus
meeting the need of the project at a given
point of time of various technical types.
Land Requirements:
The amount of land required for a wind farm
varies considerably, and is particularly dependent
on two key factors: the desired size of the wind
farm (which can be defined either by installed
capacity or the number of turbines) and the
characteristics of the local terrain. Typically,
wind turbine spacing is determined by the rotor
diameter and local wind conditions. Some
estimates suggest spacing turbines between 5 and
10 rotor diameters apart. If prevailing winds are
generally from the same direction, turbines may
be installed 3 or 4 rotor diameters apart (in the
direction perpendicular to the prevailing winds);
under multi-directional wind conditions, spacing
of between 5 and 7 rotor diameters is
recommended.
References:
1. "AWEA Website Wind Energy Basics"
2. "US DOE EERE: Wind Program: How Wind
Turbines Work"
3. "Danish Wind Industry Association Where
does Wind Energy come From"
4. "Danish Wind Industry Association The
Energy in the Wind"
5. Gipe, Paul. (2009).Wind Energy Basics.
Chelsea Green Publishing Company. ISBN 978-
1-60358-030-4
6. "EERE Wind Energy Technologies Office"
7. "WINDExchange"
8. (Published: November 2015) "US DOE 2014
Renewable Energy Data Book"
9. "16 Gigawatt of Wind Power added in First
Half of 2010"
10. (Published: Aug 2010) "2009 Renewable
Energy Data Book"
11. (Published: October 25, 2017 "U.S. Wind
Industry Third Quarter 2017 Market Report"
12. "AWEA: Ten Steps to Developing a Wind
Farm (Updated 3-2010)"
13. "Detail of Technical ServicesWind Energy
Services"
14. "Wind Power Project Site Identification and
Land Requirements Prepared by: Global
Energy Concepts and AWS Truewind, LLC"

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The People's Democratic Republic of Algeria

Mohamed Boudiaf University

Wind Energy Basics:

Wind is caused by the uneven heating of the

Equation for Wind Power:

, where r = radius of the rotor, a small

DOE Wind Programs

U.S. 65,900 36,300 35,159

China 114,600 33,800 25,853

Germany 40,000 26,400 25,813

Spain 23,000 19,500 18,748

India 22,500 12,100 10,827

France 9,300 5,000 4,775

U.K 12,200 4,600 4,340

Portugal 4,953 3,800 3,474

Denmark 4,883 3,700 3,408

1. SITE IDENTIFICATION: The process starts

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