IGCSE and GCSE Industry

3.2 Industrial systems

Candidates should be able to:

• Classify industries into primary, secondary, and tertiary and be able to give illustrations of each.
Describe and explain how the proportions employed in each sector changes with respect to the level
of development, including Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs).

• Demonstrate an understanding of an industrial system: inputs, processes and outputs (products

and waste). Specific illustrations of high technology industries should be studied along with one
other processing/manufacturing industry.

• Describe how a variety of factors must be considered when seeking the location for high
technology industries and the selected industry.

Industry:

Industry is any business activity or commercial enterprise. This can include anything from teaching
to fishing and accounting to house building.

Because the definition of industry is so broad, industry is often divided into four smaller categories.
The four main types of industry are:

Primary Sector:
The exploitation of raw materials from the land, sea or air e.g. farming and mining.

Secondary Sector:
The manufacturing of primary materials into finished products e.g. car building, food processing or
construction.

Tertiary Sector:
The providing of services to individuals and other businesses e.g. teaching and nursing.

Quaternary Sector:
The generation and sharing of hi-tech knowledge e.g. medical research or computer design.
Industry as a System

Because industry nearly always involves the making or creation of something, it is often looked at as
a system. The three main parts of the system are:

Inputs:
The things that are needed to make or create a product. These maybe physical or human e.g. labour
(workers), money or raw materials.

Processes:
The events or activities that take place to make a product e.g. watering crops or assembling a car.

Outputs:
The finished product that is sold to a consumer e.g. milk, a television or a car.
Location of a Manufacturing Industry

TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING THE LOCATION OF INDUSTRIES

Weight Gain Industry:

An industry that makes products which get heavier in the manufacturing process. A good example
are cars. All the individual parts that go to make a car (tyres, windscreens, mirrors, etc.) don't weigh
very much, but the finished product does weigh a lot. Because of this, weight gain industries tend to
locate near the market place (their customers).

Weight Loss Industry:

An industry that loses weight in the manufacturing process. A good example is steel which uses
huge amounts of iron ore and coke to make it. In the process of making the steel there is a lot of
waste products making the finished product lighter. Because of this, weight loss industries tend to
locate near to the raw material they need because transporting the finished product is cheaper.

Just-in-time Manufacturing (JIT):

Industries that order the supply of parts (components) as and when they need them. By doing this
you can save on storage costs, but it does mean that you have to have excellent communication and
relations with your suppliers.

Just-in-case Manufacturing (JIC):

Industries that stockpile a supply of parts (components) just in case they are needed in the
production process. This increases storage costs, but ensures that they never run out of parts to
manufacture.

Footloose Industries:

Normally tertiary or quaternary industries that are not tied to raw materials and therefore don't
have such strict location requirements. Because of this they might look for more human factors like
skilled labour, good housing and recreational facilities or access to capital.

Perishable Goods:

Products that go rotten very quickly e.g. bread, milk, cakes, fruit and vegetables. Although quicker
transportation and improved refrigeration allow perishable products to be transported all over the
world for customers to receive truly fresh products, these industries have to locate near their market
(customers).
Factors influencing the location of a manufacturing industries

HUMAN FACTORS
Skilled Labour:

In some industries especially quaternary it is important that there is an availability of skilled labour.

Cheap Labour:

In other industries like clothes production an availability of cheap labour is very important. This why
many clothes factories locate in LEDCs.

Available Capital:

For industries to build factories or offices, research and develop new products or enter new
markets, they need access to money.

Market:

For any industry to survive, they need customers. Therefore, it is very important to locate near their
potential market.

Supply Network:

Most industries have a large supply network. To ensure the smooth production of products it helps
being close to suppliers.

Good Housing:

To attract any workers it is important to have suitable housing nearby. For quaternary industries this
might be good quality housing, for secondary industries this might be high density cheaper housing.
Good Schools and Hospitals:

Again, to attract workers and especially their families, it is important to have good nearby schools
and hospitals.

Nearby Universities:

For quaternary industries that carry out a lot research and development they need to be located
near universities that have skilled workers and available laboratories.

Transport Links:

It is important to be close to good roads and rail links so that industries can receive supplies and
distribute products.

Good Communications:

It is now very important for industries to have good communications so that they can contact
suppliers and customers.

Reliable Electricity and Water Supply:

For all industries a constant electricity supply is essential because industries can't afford breaks in
production.

PHYSICAL FACTORS
Flat Land:

It is a lot easier to build on flat land than hilly land so most industries look for flat sites.

Available Land:

If industries are successful they will want to expand, so most industries will look for sites that have
the potential to expand factories/offices.

Unpolluted Land (Greenfield Site):

Most industries would prefer to build on greenfield sites. This is because there are no clean-up costs
before building.

Natural Transport Links:

In an increasingly globalized world, products are now sold worldwide. Therefore, it is important to
be close to natural transport routes e.g. rivers and the coast.

Available Raw Materials:

For any industries that use raw materials (especially weight loss industries), it is very important to be
close to them.
Renewable Energy Sources:

It is becoming increasingly important for companies to demonstrate their sustainability. Therefore it

will become increasingly important to have access to renewable energy sources (wind and sun).

Nice Environment:

For tertiary and quaternary industries who are trying to attract skilled workers it is useful to be near
a nice environment to make working their more attractive.

Water Supply:

For many industries, especially manufacturing, it is very important to be near a reliable water supply
(river or reservoir).

Climate:

For some industries a good climate can be very important. For example you would not locate a solar
panel research and development company in a place where the sun never shines.
An example illustrating the role of location factors

Toyota - Burnaston Manufacturing Plant (Near Derby, UK)

The Toyota factory is in Burnaston, near Derby (Central England).

Toyota is the world's largest producer of cars and opened the Burnaston factory in 1992. It employs
over 2,500 people and has over 200 suppliers, the majority of which are from the UK. There are a
number of human and physical factors why Toyota chose Derby. The reasons included:
Human Factors
Transport:

It is located on the junction of the A50 and A38 roads. Both these main roads have connections with
rest of the country (M1, M6, M42). The plant is also near to East Midlands International Airport and
has rail links to all parts of the UK. Transport links are important to receive supplies and transport
finished products (cars).

Labour:

Derby is a traditional manufacturing location (it already has Rolls Royce and Bombardier factories) so
has a large supply of skilled workers.

Universities:

Burnaston is near Derby, Leicester and Nottingham universities all of whom can provide skilled
graduates and research facilities.

Market:

The UK has a population of 65 million and the EU has a population of over 500 million which is a
huge potential market for Toyota to sell cars to.

European Union: The UK is in the EU. By Toyota being located in the UK it can more easily export
cars to the rest of the EU.

Reliable Electricity:

The UK has a national electricity grid which means everywhere in the country is connected to
electricity. Therefore Burnaston has a reliable electricity supply, although the Toyota factory has
recently installed some solar panels.

Good Communications:

The UK now has very good broadband internet coverage and a comprehensive mobile and landline
network. Post is also fast and reliable making local and international communications quick and
efficient.

School and Hospitals:

Derby is home to a new modern hospital (Royal Derby) and there are number of good state schools
and independent schools that workers can send their children to e.g. Derby Grammar and Denstone
College.

Political Incentives:

The local government was very keen for Toyota to invest in the area and helped with recruitment of
all the workers - they had a dedicated job centre. They also promised to complete the A50 road that
runs past the Toyota factory.

Recreation:

Derby has a major football club (Derby County) and numerous recreation centres (e.g. David Lloyd
Sports Centres), golf courses, cinemas and shopping centres (Westfield) so there is plenty for
potential workers to enjoy.
Physical Factors
Flat Land:

The site near Burnaston was very flat and easy to build on (see photograph right).

Room for Expansion:

The site also has a lot of room for expansion. In fact if you look at the photograph to the right you
might notice the slightly different colour roofs, this is because it has already been expanded once.

Greenfield Site:

Large parts of the site at Burnaston had not been built on (farmland) so there were no clean up
costs.

Pleasant Environment:

Burnaston is right on the edge of the Peak District National Park which means workers can live and
relax in pleasant environments.

Toyota (Burnaston) Industrial System

Just like all industries, Toyota operates as a system with inputs, processes, and outputs. Below are
some of the inputs, processes and outputs that take place at Toyota.

Inputs:
The things that are needed to create a product and therefore have to be added to the industry e.g.
workers or raw materials.

• 2.35million m² of land

• £1.15 billion investment to build the Burnaston factory

• 2,590 workers

• 233 suppliers (tyres, paint, steel rolls, etc.)

• 50% of suppliers are in UK

• 50% of suppliers are in Europe

• Limited number of supplies from Japan

Processes:
The activities or events that take place for a product to be made e.g. designing, painting and
assembling.

• Pressing (shaping) of metal panels

• Welding of metal panels and components

• Painting of car panels

• Plastic moulding

• Assembly – the putting together of all the pieces

Outputs:
The things that happen or are made as a result of the production process e.g. products, waste and
hopefully profit.

• Totota Avensis (68,367 cars) and Toyota Auris (68,687 cars)

• 15% sold in UK

• 70% sold in Europe

• 15% sold worldwide

• Also profit for Toyota and waste (scrap metal, etc.).

Employment Structure
MEDC:

More economically developed country. Basically a richer country where the tertiary/quaternary
sectors are probably the most important.

LEDC:

Less economically developed country. Basically a poorer country where the primary sector is
probably the most important sector of the economy.

NIC:

Newly industrialising country. A country that is developing quickly and the secondary sector is
probably the most important.

BRICS:

Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. These are five countries that are developing quickly and
are often referred to as the emerging markets. They have formed their own group to discuss
economic policy and development.

As countries develop the importance of different sectors of the economy tend to change. There are
several models that attempt to show and explain these changes. Below are two of the most well-
known examples; the Rostow Model and the Clark Model.

The Rostow Model

The Rostow Model was developed by the Historian HW Rostow in 1960. He attempted to
demonstrate all the stages that he believed each country went through.
Stage 1:

Very traditional tribal society where most people are subsistence farmers and therefore
employed in the primary sector.

Stage 2:

Where more people are now commercial farmers, so still mainly employed in the primary
sector but earning money to invest and develop.

Stage 3:

Money is invested into industry and infrastructure so the secondary sector starts to grow

Stage 4:

The economy diversifies and there is now a greater variety of industries. The tertiary sector
starts to grow as people become richer.

Stage 5:

Tertiary sector become the most important sector as people have greater leisure time and
greater wealth. The quaternary sector also grows because the workforce is very skilled and
people demand hi-tech goods.

Diagrams showing employment structures of countries

Hi-tech industry:
 Industries that are focused on research and development and the production of products that often
contain microchips.

The M4 corridor is the area either side of the M4 motorway (main road) running from London in the
east of the UK across to Bristol and Cardiff in Wales (the west of the UK). The area has become
famous because of its concentration of hi-tech industries. Many hi-tech industries are footloose so
not tied to a particular raw material. Therefore they are able to look at other locational factors. The
M4 corridor has become a popular location because of the following factors:-

 Transport - The M4 road runs through the region and connects to the M25 and M5.
London has five airports (including the world's busiest international airport
(Heathrow). There are also further airports in Bristol and Cardiff. A railway line also
runs through the region.
 Labour - there is a large pool of workers, not only in London, but also Swindon,
Reading and Bristol.
 Universities - Cardiff, Bristol, Bath, Reading and of course London have multiple
universities that can not only supply skilled labour but also research and
development facilities.
 There are attractive areas to live nearby and enjoy recreation time e.g. Cotswolds
and Mendip Hills.
 Market - Much of the South of England is wealthy so there is a large potential
market for new products.
 Existing Industries - There is already existing government research facilities and
other research-based companies like British Aerospace and Rolls Royce in the area.
 Conglomeration - If hi-tech firms group together, they can share associated services.
Associated companies may range from cleaning and security firms, to IT repair and
research labs. By sharing services, it should reduce costs and increase the amount
offered.

Globalisation
 Globalisation is the process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected because of
massively increased trade and cultural exchange. Globalisation has increased the production of
goods and services. The biggest companies are no longer national firms but multinational
corporations with subsidiaries in many countries.

Globalisation has been taking place for hundreds of years but has sped up enormously over the last
half-century.

Globalisation has resulted in:

 increased international trade

 a company operating in more than one country
 greater dependence on the global economy
 freer movement of capital, goods, and services
 recognition of companies such as McDonalds and Delta in LEDCs
Although globalisation is probably helping to create more wealth in developing countries - it
is not helping to close the gap between the world's poorest countries and the world's richest.

Reasons for globalisation

There are several key factors which have influenced the process of globalisation:

 Improvements in transportation - larger cargo ships mean that the cost of transporting goods
between countries has decreased. Economies of scale mean the cost per item can reduce when
operating on a larger scale. Transport improvements also mean that goods and people can travel
more quickly.
 Freedom of trade - organisations like the World Trade Organisation (WTO) promote free trade
between countries, which help to remove barriers between countries.
 Improvements of communications - the internet and mobile technology have allowed greater
communication between people in different countries.
 Labour availability and skills - countries such as India have lower labour costs (about a third of
that of the UK) and high skill levels. Labour intensive industries such as clothing can take
advantage of cheaper labour costs and reduced legal restrictions in LEDCs.
THE ROLE OF TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS IN GLOBALISATION

TNCs:

Transnational corporations are companies that operate in more than one country.

Features of TNCs

 They normally locate their headquarters in their home country, for example Toyota has its
headquarters in Japan. This is because this is where the company was first established,
where most of the profits will return to and where most of top management team is from.

 Most TNCs will also have Research and Development facilities which they will locate in
developed country where there is a skilled workforce and a high level technology. Research
and Development (R&D): Scientific facilities that investigate, design, and produce new or
updated products. For example Google and Microsoft are constantly researching and
developing new pieces of software. TNCs are constantly carrying out R&D because they
want to make their products better and attract new customers.

 However, TNCs will often choose to offshore there manufacturing plants. Offshoring: This is
when TNCs move sections of their business overseas. Manufacturing plants are often
moved overseas because labour and production costs are cheaper

 Nearly half of the companies are headquarted in the US, but China already has four and this
figure will only increase in the future as the Chinese economy continues its rapid growth.

 The TNCs are have a turnover more than many LEDCs. For example ExxonMobil employs
about 84,000 people, has a turnover of about $383 billion and a profit of about $30 billion
(this is nearly twice El Salvador's total GDP).

 When a foreign company invests in a country, perhaps by building a factory or a shop, new
road or educating a workforce. This is called inward investment or FDI: Foreign direct
investment.
 Some TNCs are involved in Outsourcing: When certain parts of companies operation are
given to another company to provide. For example most companies outsource catering and
cleaning, maintenance and IT support are also often outsourced. Companies outsourcing in
the hope the services are provided more cheaply and the company is exposed to less risk.
Outsourcing can be cheap because the company they have outsourced specialises in one
business e.g. IT support and therefore can do it on a bigger scale and have cheaper average
costs.

 Deindustrialisation: When factories and industry starts to close down in a country. The UK
has gone through deindustrialisation because production costs became too much and many
companies chose to move overseas.
 Factors attracting TNCs to a country may include:

 cheap raw materials

 cheap labour supply
 good transport
 access to markets where the goods are sold
 friendly government policies

Advantages of TNCs locating in a country

 Creates jobs for local people
 Locals with jobs then spend money in their local economy at local businesses and
therefore there is a positive multiplier effect as extra money gets added to the local
economy.
 TNCs will pay local and government taxes and therefore increase the government
budget.
 Jobs at a TNC will be in the formal economy, so hopefully better regulated in terms
of safety, pay, etc.
 Improves workers skill and education levels
 They introduce new technology into the country
 Infrastructure like roads and ports are often upgraded and benefit the whole
economy
 Diversifies the economy, might move away from the reliance on one industry like
farming or tourism
 The country receives prestige for attracting TNCs and investment into the country.

Disadvantages of TNCs
• Many of the best paid managerial jobs go to foreigners

 Local workers often do manual jobs which are poorly paid and often workers suffer
exploitation (long shifts, no breaks, etc.)
 There will be some economic leakage as profits from TNCs go back to their home
country
 Increasingly manufacturing processes are becoming more mechanised so less
workers are needed in factories.
 One of the attractions of LEDCs is cheap labour, but as a country develops labour
costs increase and TNCs may move to cheaper locations.
 Products produced by TNCs maybe too expensive for locals to buy. TNCs may also
use local raw materials.
 The increased demand created by TNCs may cause local inflation.
 If the government is building new roads or a port for a TNC it probably means that
they can't spend as much money on education or healthcare.
 TNC decision makers are often foreign so policies of TNCs may not always benefit
local people.
 They are criticised because they employ so many people and earn so much money
that they hold power over countries who fear losing the investment of TNCs.
 Because they can afford the best technology, the most skilled workers and the best
lawyers they can also draw up very unfavourable contracts which may exploit poorer
countries.
 Some TNC s develop political muscles that may be responsible for the downfall of
local governments
  Describe and explain the growth of tourism in
relation to the main attractions of the physical and
human landscape
 Evaluate the benefits and disadvantages of tourism
to receiving areas
 Demonstrate an understanding that careful
management of tourism is required for it to
be sustainable

Tourism
Tourists are people who travel away from their homes for pleasure. The growth of tourism
has had an economic, environmental, and social effect on many countries.

Growth of tourism

Tourism is one of the fastest growing industries in the world and it generates a lot of jobs.
The money spent by tourists adds to the wealth of countries (economic growth). For many
years Europe and the USA have had the most tourism but in recent years there has been a
lot of tourism development in Asia and the Middle East.

In 2013, a total of 1.087 billion people travelled to another country as tourists. This has
increased from just 25 million in 1950.

According to the World Tourism Organisation, the top four international destinations in
2010 were:

Rank Country Visitors

1 France 78.95 million

2 United States 60.88 million

3 China 55.98 million

4 Spain 53 million
 Rank Country Visitors

1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 2009 2010

Europe 261.5 304.1 385.6 439.4 485.2 461.5 476.6

Asia and the pacific 55.8 82.0 110.1 153.6 184.1 180.9 203.8

Americas 92.8 109.0 128.2 133.3 147.8 140.6 149.8

Africa 14.8 18.9 26.5 35.4 44.4 46.0 49.5

Middle east 9.6 13.7 24.1 36.3 55.2 52.9 60.3

% change

Europe 3.3%

Asia and the pacific 12.7%

Americas 6.4%

Africa 7.3%

Middle east 14.1%

Why has tourism increased?

 More affluence - since 1950 people have become wealthier. There is more disposable
income. This is money left over once they have paid for essentials.
 People have more paid holidays. People also now have paid time off work for
holidays. In the UK, the number of weeks people have off work has increased
from about two weeks in the 1950s to four to six weeks now.
 Greater awareness - through advertising or television programmes people are
more aware of how and where they can spend their free time. People are visiting
a wider range of places - partly because they have a better knowledge and
 understanding of places. As well as learning about different places at school, we
watch television programmes and browse the internet. This awareness
increases people's expectations.

 More car ownership - more families own a car. This gives greater freedom to choose
when and where to spend time.
 Improvements in technology - travelling today is much quicker. Motorways and
aircraft have helped reduce the time it takes to get to different countries. Travelling
by air has become more accessible as you can book online and choose more budget
options.
 More leisure time - people have paid holidays from work (on average three weeks
per year are paid). Also, people who are retired remain active for longer. There is
also a trend to take more than one holiday in a year.
 More choice - in the past seaside holidays and package holidays were the most
popular. The industry is seeing more people look at ecotourism and more unusual
holiday destinations.

 Many countries have invested money in facilities and infrastructure that make it

easier for tourists, such as roads, airports, and hotels.
 Ageing populations - people can travel in the free time that they have when they
retire.

Types of tourist attractions

Tourist attractions can be divided into different categories. This can be based on places
visited or the type of activities tourists are involved in.

Physical resources are the attractions that have been made by nature such as beaches or
lakes

 Beach holidays, eg in Spain and the Maldives. People can relax on the beach
or take part in water sports.

 Outdoor adventure, eg skiing and walking in the European Alps or the Rocky
Mountains of North America.
 the physical landscape - such as beaches, mountains, rivers, lakes, and
glaciers
 ecosystems - such as rainforest or tropical grasslands such as Hwange
National Park
 weather and climate - most tourists seem to like it warm and dry
 Water falls e.g. the Victoria Falls
Human resources are tourist attractions that have been made by people, such as the Eiffel
Tower in France. 

 According to a recent survey of British people travelling within the UK, the activity
that people like to do the most while on holiday is walking. Walking allows people
to enjoy the physical resources of the countryside such as hills, rivers, and lakes.

 The second most popular activity was visiting heritage sites. This includes
historical buildings and sites of historic significance.
 Another popular activity was swimming. People like to swim at the beach or in
lakes (physical resources) or swimming pools (human resources).
 Other popular activities were visiting art exhibitions, watching performing arts and
visiting theme parks (all human resources).
 Cultural/historic, eg people like to visit historic sites, art galleries and museums in
cities such as Rome and Paris. In cities like New York and London they can go
shopping or see shows.
 Ecotourism is catering for holiday makers in the natural environment without damaging it or
disturbing habitats. It is a form of tourism involving visiting fragile, pristine, and relatively
undisturbed natural areas, intended as a low-impact and often small scale alternative to
standard commercial mass tourism.eg small numbers of people go trekking in the
Amazon rainforest or on whale and dolphin conservation holidays in Scotland. This
type of tourism is designed to be sustainable. Sustainable tourism provides
tourism opportunities for visitors and jobs for locals while protecting the
environment and culture from damaging change. This means that in the future,
people will continue to enjoy and benefit from them.

Examples of World Popular tourist activities

Walking in N Ireland

The Eiffel Tower, Paris

The Eiffel Tower in Paris is an example of a cultural monument and a place of architectural
interest. As well as admiring it from ground level, tourists can go to the top and see a great
view of Paris, including the River Seine (physical resource) and many beautiful buildings
(human resources).
Guard Tower at Robben Island
Robben Island in South Africa is an example of a historical or political site. Many people
who visit South Africa go to Robben Island to see where Nelson Mandela spent most of his
27 years in prison. People are interested because Nelson Mandela's struggle and sacrifice
helped end Apartheid in South Africa.

Beach on Rawa Island, Malaysia

National parks in the UK

Some places are very popular with visitors. They attract such large numbers of visitors that
they have become known as honeypot sites.

National parks are areas of great natural beauty that give the opportunity for recreation.
Some parts of national parks contain many honeypot sites. They need to be looked after to
prevent the large numbers of visitors destroying the attraction.

Positive and negative impacts of tourism

Tourism can provide jobs and improve the wealth of an area. Many developing countries are
keen to develop tourism to become richer and to improve the quality of life for their people.
However, when large numbers of visitors go to one place it is called mass tourism. This can
have both positive and negative impacts on the area.
 Positive Negative

Jobs are often seasonal (based on the time of year) and are poorly
Jobs created
paid

More money for the country Most money goes out of the area to big companies, not locals

Local traditions and customs

are kept alive because
Culture and traditions change as outsiders arrive
tourists enjoy traditional
shows, eg Flamenco dancing

Money from tourists can be Damage to the natural environment, eg footpath erosion (the
used to protect the natural wearing away of footpaths), litter, habitats destroyed to build
landscape hotels

New facilities for the tourists

also benefit locals, eg new Overcrowding and traffic jams
roads

Prices increase in local shops as tourists are often wealthier than

the local population

Some countries rely heavily on tourism and this can be a problem

if tourists stop coming.
Greater demand for local
Sometimes tourist numbers fall due to natural disasters such as
food and crafts
floods or because of war or unrest. For example, some countries
suffered from a fall in tourism after the 2004 Asian Tsunami and
tourists were encouraged to leave Tunisia and Egypt during
protests and unrest in 2011.

Managing tourism
Many different types of people use the UK national parks. Managing these different groups
in terms of land use and conflict can sometimes be very difficult.

Below is a list of some of the groups who use the parks:

 farmers - grow crops and keep animals
 holiday-makers and day visitors - come on trips, e.g. to walk or climb
 local people need homes and places to work
 mining companies - quarry for rocks such as limestone and slate
 the Forestry Commission - woodland is protected and new trees are planted
 water companies - many parks are in highland, rural areas where dams can be built
 conservationists - want reserves to protect wildlife

There are many conflicts within national parks.

For example:

 Too many visitors in an area can destroy the environment that they have come to see.
 Much of the land within the national parks is privately owned - and the owners may not
like people roaming across their land.
 People may buy second homes within national parks because they like the environment
offered. This pushes up house prices for locals.
Footpath erosion is common in many national parks and steps must be taken to repair
paths and prevent ugly scars appearing.

Methods of protecting footpaths include:

 marking routes to direct visitors away from sensitive or eroded areas

 fencing off eroded paths for a short time to let them recover
 reinforcing the surface with harder materials, eg re-constructing the path in stone or
gravel

Case Study required for 3.4

• An area where tourism is important-Learners should know a case study of an area where tourism is
important.
The scale of this case study should be a resort or region. Please ensure place-specific detail – for example, the
number of tourists each year or climate data or named attractions.

Learners produce sketch map of the area and describe its location.
Graph the growth of tourism over time and write a description.

Annotate photographs to show the physical and human attractions of the destination to explain the growth of
tourism. Learners may include climate graphs or maps of information such as tourist resorts or communication
networks of the named attractions.

The learners can present the information as an entry for a holiday brochure or webpage advertising a resort or
region.

Learners describe and list the problems and benefits of tourism and write up as a newspaper article.

For each problem, learners produce a short presentation to their peers on the solutions and how tourism has
been managed in the case study region.

Extension activity: Tourism – good or bad? For your chosen case study region. Justify. (I)

Suggested example: a case study of an area where tourism is important.

THE VICTORIA FALLS!

One of the most spectacular sights in Africa, Victoria Falls is a mile-long marvel of mist and
spray marking the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe. Known to locals as Mosi-oa-
Tunya, “the smoke that thunders”, the roar from the world’s largest single curtain of falling
water can be heard 40km away.

The falls were named after Britain’s Queen Victoria by David Livingstone, the first European
known to have crossed the Dark Continent. On coming face to face with the waterfall in
1855, the explorer and missionary incredulously recorded, “It has never been seen before
by European eyes, but scenes so wonderful must have been gazed upon by angels in their
flight.”
Chief Sekeletu, of the local Makololo tribe, paddled the adventurous Scotsman to Goat
Island, now Livingstone Island, which is as close to the dramatic cataract as you can get.
Well, almost. Today’s tourists take the same route until they, too, are surrounded by the
tossing, tumbling Zambezi River. Water levels are at their lowest from late August to early
January and this is when fearless (or foolish) foreigners dive in and swim to Devil’s Pool

There are activities at Vic Falls for all tastes and types - from the mildly adventurous traveler to the
raging adrenalin junkie. That is why it's known as the Adventure Capital of Africa!

Vic Falls bungee bridge -

10 Best Adventure Activities at Victoria Falls:

1. Bungee Jumping at Victoria Falls

2. White Water Rafting on the Zambezi River

3. Helicopter & Microlight Flights over Vic Falls - Flight of Angels

4. High Wire Activities - Zipline, Gorge Swing & Flying Fox

5. Devil's Pool - Swim on the Edge of Victoria Falls

6. Tandem Skydiving at Victoria Falls

7. Soft Adventure: Zambezi River Canoeing Trips at Vic Falls

8. Soft Adventure: Victoria Falls Canopy Tours

9. Soft-ish Adventure: Abseiling at Vic Falls

10. Soft Adventure: Zambezi River Sunset Boat Cruises above Vic Falls
• More Victoria Falls activity ideas

1. Bungee Jumping at Victoria Falls

Top of the Victoria Falls adventure activity list: bungee from Victoria Falls Bridge. Then freefall 111m,
with Vic Falls nearby in the background. If anything is going to kick-start your adrenalin then it’s this
bungee jump, one of the highest in the world!

About 50 000 people safely jump off Vic Falls bridge every year. The safety record is 99.9% with one
non-fatal accident in 2012.

Bridge Swing off Victoria Falls Bridge

For a similar mega-rush to the bungee jump, but facing the right way up and secured in a harness,
try the Bridge Swing. Then there's the tandem bungee swing (bridge swing) into the gorge for double
the fun.

Victoria Falls bungee jumping –

2. White Water Rafting on the Zambezi River

One of the best places in the world for white water rafting, this is a not-to-be-missed adventure
activity at Vic Falls.

The British Canoe Union has ranked the Zambezi at Victoria Falls as Grade 5 river rafting with:

"extremely difficult, long and violent rapids, steep gradients, big drops and pressure areas".

Whitewater rafting down the Zambezi is an adrenaline-inducing experience! Imagine hurtling down
the 8m drop at the Stairway to Heaven rapid or down the three waves of Oblivion... not to mention
the most infamous Commercial Suicide rapid rated 5 to 6 in difficulty.

Zambezi River Rafting -

Choose from half-day to full- or multi-day rafting trips down the Zambezi River. You'll be navigating
some of the best rapids in the world in the famous Batoka Gorge! The best time to go white water
rafting at Vic Falls is between July and February when the water levels are low. Whitewater rafting
operations close shop around April to May depending on the rains.

3. Helicopter Flights over Vic Falls - The Flight of Angels

An exhilarating helicopter or microlight flight offers the best views of the famous Victoria Falls. The
views of the Smoke that Thunders (Mosi-oa-Tunya) and surroundings are spectacular. You'll see in
the video below (skip to 5 minutes, to watch from take-off)!

The thrilling flight over the Falls gives you a bird’s eye view of the largest sheet of falling water in the
world. Peering into a 108-meter deep chasm is sure to give you perspective on this huge natural
wonder. You can also take helicopter flights upstream to do some game viewing from above.
“The Flight of Angels” gets its name from David Livingstone's description of the waterfall when he
first saw it. He called it a scene so lovely that it must have been "gazed upon by angels in their
flight".

Victoria Falls helicopter flight -

Microlight Flights over Vic Falls

You can also do Flight of the Angels in a microlight. This is a slower-paced trip with the wind blowing
through your hair. Yet, micro lighting over Vic Falls is said to be more thrilling, because of the open
cockpit, smaller size and less powerful engine.

4. High Wire Activities - Zipline, Gorge Swing & Flying Fox

Take it a notch down with the hire wire activities at Vic Falls. The tamest option, the Flying Fox
zipline ride, is a good place to start.

Slide across the 200-metre-wide gorge about 120 metres above the floor or the gorge. For this
daring cable slide, you are attached to a high-wire in a face-down position (like you're flying) or
sitting in a harness. Although the Flying Fox is less hair-raising than the other high wire activities it
still pumps up your adrenaline levels and delivers stunning views.

To take the fear factor up a notch try the longer zipline ride which runs 425m across the gorge,
starting out at about 120 metres above the floor of the gorge. They say you reach speeds of up to
106 km's on the Zip Line Ride, as it runs downhill at an angle.

Next level of daring - the Gorge Swing, like the Bridge Swing but jumping off the 120-metre high
edge of the gorge. Start with a heart-stopping 70-metre freefall before swinging 95 metres across
Batoka Gorge. Woohoo!

You can also do the zip line rides and gorge swinging in tandem to share the thrills.

High Wire Activity Tip: It is cheaper to book your high wire adventure activities together. You can
book them as a package deal on the Zimbabwe side.

5. Devil's Pool - Swim on the Edge of Victoria Falls

Splash in a rock pool on the very edge of Victoria Falls! This exciting and unique Vic Falls activity is
definitely one of the best.

You can take a guided trip to Devil's Pool from the Zambian side of Vic Falls (see Livingstone tour
departures). This is one of the best spots for marvelling at Vic Falls. Plus, splashing in the pool is a
thrilling and invigorating way to admire the natural wonder.

The Devil's Pool activity is only done during the dry season (from about September to December)
and/or when water levels are low enough for swimming.

You take a boat to Livingstone Island (Zambia) above Vic Falls and from there you walk over rocks
and swim to get to Devil's Pool. Once at the pool on the precipice you need to jump in from the
rocks above it. The guides help keep you safe and can hold onto your legs as you lie over the rocky
wall on the edge, peering into the misty gorge below. The drop from Devil's Pool is over 100 metres,
so this activity isn't for the faint-hearted!

6. Tandem Skydiving at Victoria Falls

The king of adrenalin activities at Vic Falls. Forget the fear-triggering 100 metres of the bungee, zip
line and bridge swing. With skydiving, we are talking 10 000 metres!

Take off from the Zambezi National Park in Zimbabwe and fly over Vic Falls in the small plane. On the
way up you get to admire the breathtaking views of Devils Cataract, the Main Falls, Rainbow Falls
and Horseshoe Falls from above.

Then the plane circles back and then you (and your instructor) jump out, some 10 000 metres above
ground level. Freefall at around 200kph until your parachute opens and you drift back down to the
drop zone in Zambezi National Park.

7. Zambezi River Canoeing Trips at Vic Falls

There are a few good operators offering canoeing or kayaking trips on the Upper Zambezi, above
Victoria Falls. You can also try more challenging riverboarding, jet boating and rafting options below
the falls.

The Zambezi River Canoeing and Kayaking Trips are ideal for taking in the wild scenery and spotting
hippos, birds and other wildlife. You can opt for an easy, slow paddle for the whole family or crank it
up with the white water options for the fit daredevil!

8. Victoria Falls Canopy Tours

This one is perfect for families in search of a milder adventure for kids and seniors. Explore a
network of nine elevated slides and a bridge walkway suspended between platforms in the forest
canopy. The canopy tour is great for soaking up views of the Zambezi River, Victoria Falls Bridge &
the spray of Vic Falls.

Slide distances range from 40 to 85 metres and heights vary. The Vic Falls Canopy Tour takes about
two and a half hours.

9. Abseiling at Vic Falls

One of the softer adventures at Vic Falls, also known as rappelling. Abseil 53m down Batoka Gorge!
And take in the spectacular views of the Eastern Cataract of Vic Falls, with the Victoria Falls bridge in
the distance and boiling pot rapids below.

10. Low-key Adventure: Zambezi River Sunset Boat Cruises above Vic Falls

One of the best things to do at Vic Falls is a Zambezi River Sunset Cruise. If you’ve seen photos of the
sunset boat cruise then you’ll know why this activity is a real gem. The setting is magnificent and the
sunsets are spectacular.

Zambezi River boat cruise -

The Zambezi boat cruise is a great way to unwind and relax, after skyrocketing your adrenaline levels
on the more extreme activities. After an action-packed day, you get to sit back and sip on
sundowners. Keep an eye out for wildlife along the banks and in the shallows of the Zambezi.

You can also join a smaller speedboat trip for a more intimate Zambezi River Sunset Cruise.

A good variety of birds are commonly spotted, along with hippos, elephants, antelopes and giraffes.
The sunset cruises are run by a variety of lodges and operators throughout the year.
These Top 10 Adventure Activities at Victoria Falls are by no means the only worthwhile things to do
at Vic Falls, the list definitely goes on...

A few more Vic Falls activity ideas...

(i)Visit Victoria Falls waterfall:

Don't forget to visit the impressive Victoria Falls waterfall. It's a must. Go witness (and feel) the spray
up close and hear the thundering waters as they plummet into the narrow gorge below.

Victoria Falls waterfall -

(ii) Horse-riding Safaris at Vic Falls:

A horse riding safari at Vic Falls is another memorable adventure, especially for nature lovers. Riding
a horse through the African bush on a safari at Vic Falls is an unobtrusive way of game viewing. It
also enables you to get to know the wild surroundings better.

(ii) Wildlife Safaris at Vic Falls & Chobe Day Trips:

You can embark on game viewing drives in Zambezi National Park in Zimbabwe or Mosi-Oa-Tunya
National Park in Zambia. Night game drives are also offered in some of the private game reserves
near Victoria Falls. Heading into the bush at night in an open 4x4 in search of nocturnal animals is a
thrilling wildlife experience!

Victoria Falls is however not a classical wildlife safari destination. The game parks at Vic Falls are
relatively small and not as wild and diverse as more famous game viewing destinations in the region.
We recommend Zimbabwe's leading game reserve, Hwange National Park, for an authentic wildlife
experience. Or head to the world-renowned Chobe National Park in neighbouring Botswana. Chobe
Day Tours are very popular and our short Budget Victoria Falls Safaris include a day trip to Chobe
Park.

Chobe lion safari - Steven dosRemedios

(iii) Cultural activities at Vic Falls:

Cultural experiences on the Zambian side include Mukuni’s village and Maramba market in
Livingstone. In Zimbabwe, boma dinners with live dancing, story-telling and musical performances
make for memorable cultural experiences.

Please note: we advise travellers to avoid animal interactions. These unethical activities (walking
with lions and riding elephants) have negative impacts on conservation.

With so many amazing activities at Victoria Falls, it is no wonder that this natural wonder is
considered the adventure capital of Africa!
Benefits of tourism to the surrounding communities

 Interconnectedness between hosts and tourists

Some residents did not have a once off relationship with tourists just when they
were in the village, instead they developed personal relationships to the extent of
identifying each other as friends. There are tourists that come very regularly, and
they become almost like friends to communities. ‘Oh, you are back again!’ And they
say, ‘Yes we are here and we brought family this time’. Tourists ask all sorts of
questions about everything and they get pretty close to some of the villagers. This
closeness allows the hosts to interact with their clients sharing vital information
instrumental in acculturation and evolvement of the local community. New concepts
are borrowed from tourists and implemented in the village improving the quality of
life of the villagers. The feelings of friendship were also noted among the tourists
with most of them saying that they felt welcomed in the village and are proud of the
positive feelings they got from the villagers. The ability of the villagers to identify
them and associate with them made them feel part and parcel of the community.
Positive interaction presents a better platform to share developmental ideas which
can make the village better off in the long run.
 Pride in own community identity

Residents perceive that the community’s identity and pride have improved through
tourism so felt. Villagers were surprised at how much their little village could be so
visible on the international tourism map. One villager indicated that the community
is now on the social interaction network and KoMpisi Village is the name of the
facebook page. The page currently has 84 likes. Interestingly the people who liked
the page and those commenting on various postings on the page are spread
throughout the world covering USA, Asia, South America, Europe, and Africa. The
residents therefore feel part and parcel of the global community and being able to
influence global trends as much as they are influenced by them.

 Learning of other cultures and languages

Tourism development provides villagers with an opportunity to learn about and

experience different cultures, obtain new skills and knowledge, and reflect on one’s
own cultural circumstances. They believed that tourism exposes the locals to other
cultures and can result in tolerance and understanding of tourists. Through this
interaction there are high chances for the community to venture into education for
them to be able to communicate well with tourists and learn foreign languages”.

 Recreational opportunities

Tourism is a major reason for the variety of entertainment in the community. Most
tourists are grateful of wider range of recreational facilities offered in Victoria Falls.
Host communities will also have access to more recreational activities which if not of
tourism would not have been in existence. Participating in recreational activities,
locals can be able to manage stress”. Stress management is critical for a healthy
society thus tourism development is proving critical in making the community
healthier.

 Employment and qualification impacts

Tourism development creates employment opportunities for residents. Children

that are not bright in school but had talent in making souvenirs and other craft now
can earn a living. Tourism development provides jobs especially for the rural
communities since it attracts a remarkable pool of semi-skilled and unskilled labour.
Tourism may also encourage people to study a new profession, languages or to
learn old skills and old traditions. This is essential if the villagers are to be able to
wade off competition from migrants coming to the destination looking for survival
 than serving the tourism industry who end staging and selling fake items for the
sake of money.

 Standard of living

The standard of living has improved due to tourists spending in the community. The
quality of life of the community is raised as all those who manufacture artefacts and
souvenirs have had their social standards raised.

 Agricultural benefits
There are about 300 smallholders living in the village of Livingstone, Zambia. Close
by, lies the national park of Mosi-oa-Tunya and Victoria Falls, which is one of the
biggest drives for tourism in the area. The Royal Livingstone hotel is launching a
biweekly Smallholder Farmers’ Market at the hotel’s warehouse. Doing so will cut
out the middleman and offer to buy the smallholders’ produce at a fair price. The
hotel has also invested in a local farm — the Maramba Women’s Mushroom
Farm — which helped to divert its closure. The farm grows specialist mushrooms
that are sold sold to the hotel industry.

 Social responsibilities

It also enables the community to survive and flourish “by providing education,
medication and support services to residents affected by HIV/AIDS. As a result of this
initiative, 15 women are enabled to take care of 160 orphans, widows, and
vulnerable adults”. The Libuyu Women’s Peanut Butter Project is another project
empowering HIV-positive woman in the area. The hotel has also given training to
farmworkers in sustainable agriculture techniques at the Nsongwe Women’s Farm,
which employs more than 3,000 people.

Challenges faced by tourists in Vic Falls

 empty ATMs

 long queues for petrol

 Long queues for food mean panic buying and hoarding are part of everyday life for
Zimbabweans and, despite the introduction of a multiple-currency system,
American dollars are scarce. In fact, the strength of the greenback (if you can get
hold of any) has made Zimbabwe the most expensive country in the region –
another reason tourists are basing themselves on the Zambian side of the falls.

 Inflation and a ballooning national debt have also resulted in a chronic shortage of
medicines. Try not to fall ill in Zimbabwe.
  Failed state it might be, but Zim is famous for its incredibly friendly people. Times
are tough, though, and street vendors have had to become persistent to survive.

 Even those employed in an official capacity, such as tour guides and shopkeepers,
occasionally indulge in price gouging scams. You may not realise you’re being
fleeced, or, in some cases, robbed. In a four-month period last year, 100 Victoria
Falls hotel guests had money and other items stolen from their rooms.

 Safety and security risks aren’t restricted to light-fingered humans, however. This is
Africa and wild animals present an altogether different kind of threat. In August, a
crocodile was captured on Victoria Falls Bridge, not far from where Will Smith
bungee jumped. Then, in September, a German tourist in Victoria Falls, the town,
was attacked and trampled on by an irate elephant. He survived after hawkers
threw stones at the beast to distract it.

A male elephant near Victoria Falls.

 Hippos are responsible for more human fatalities than any other large animal in
Africa and boating out to Livingstone Island is arguably riskier than sitting in the
Devil’s Pool.

 Capsizing incidents are not unheard of in these parts. In 1910, a Mr Orchard and a
Mrs Moss were swept into the misty abyss after an inquisitive hippo upended their
canoes at the top of the falls. Their bodies were later found to have been mutilated
by crocodiles.
Baboons in Zimbabwe.

 With long, razor-sharp canines, baboons are perhaps the most menacing animals
that tourists are likely to encounter. From pulling power cables loose, which left
50,000 residents in Livingstone without electricity last year, to ambushing shoppers
as they carry groceries home, the opportunistic primates are at best a nuisance, at
worse unpredictable and aggressive. In April, a baboon mauled a one-year-old baby
in Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe, causing life-threatening injuries. To add insult to injury,
mother and daughter had to cross into Zambia for emergency treatment due to a
lack of medication on their side of the border.

Problems created by Tourism development to the nearby rural peripheries

The introduction of tourism to the local community brought several undesirable activities
within the nearby villages. Community members registered their unhappiness over activities
now taking place within their village whose origin they attribute to tourism development.

 Crime against villagers

It was reported that as village tours increased, so did the crime rate. Villagers say it
is risk to walk during late hours due to the thieves looking for money esp during late
hours if you are coming from town to the village. There are random muggings on
other residents of the village who might be coming home after spending the day
working in the city centre or even from visiting other areas. This creates an unsafe
environment for villagers who were used to living in harmony as a community
where members would look out for each other than mug each other.

 Crime against tourists

The crimes are also targeted at tourists who are believed to have lots of money to
spend and carry valuables such as cameras and jewellery. Villagers indicate that
“crime against tourists has increased; tourists are losing valuables to local thieves”.
 This is not ideal for a developing community that hopes to gain more from tourism
in the future. Tourists may be accidental or specific victims of crime violence
because they are easier victims. The criminals consider tourists easy targets as they
are not familiar with the destination and usually behave more carelessly.

 Alcoholism and drug abuse

Alcoholism and drug abuse are on the rise in most villages surrounding the Vic falls
such as Jambezi and Matetsi and 80% of locals have attributed such to tourism
development. The youths are into alcoholism as they abuse the money they get
from selling crafts”. Though disturbing, this finding is not new in tourist destinations
but rather confirms early findings in tourism research.

 Prostitution
Villages around the town viewed that tourism has paved way for the increase in
prostitution activities. Prostitution is now high in the areas as members of the
community try to look for money from tourists as well as those who get money from
tourism related activities. The need to protect the girl child and develop as a nation
cannot be attained if such behaviours continue spreading in rural peripheries around
major attractions. Prostitution remains relevant in contemporary societies as a key
economic, socio-cultural and health issue. Orphans are being left in the village in the
custody of old grandparents due to the HIV and Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome (AIDS) pandemic. Villagers say “Most women are venturing into
prostitution and they end up being infected by the deadly disease. I am taking care
of my grand children whose parents died of HIV/AIDS. My Son was very
promiscuous, and he ended up being infected and infected his wife. They died at a
younger age leaving me in disharmony”. These were words of wisdom and anguish
in the community with all the blame pointed at tourism development. So it true that
the tourism process creates locations and environments that attracts prostitutes
and their clients. Given that tourism has become a conduit for fast spread of
diseases, the healthy risk experienced by the people visiting and resident in villages
can be felt throughout the surrounding villages.

 Early marriages

Early marriages amongst the youth who see themselves as self-sustainable due to
the tourism income they acquire are increasing. Young people get married at 18
years as soon as they got a job at a Tour operator company. When contracts were
terminated, they cannot sustain marriages and end up divorcing soon after job loss”.
This Hollywood lifestyle is not ideal for a poor community that does not have
resources to support the children, hence creating a poverty circle that will take
generations to break. Most working women were divorced in this area. Working
Villagers indicate that “At work places, most of the women employees were once
married or have divorced their husbands, I think the men were not comfortable
 having their wives working in hotels with the nature of the working shifts which are
not flexible for a women to be working at the same time to be house wife”.

 High Cost of living

The price of many goods and services in the community has increased significantly
because of tourism. One villager said, “Everything is very expensive, and we cannot
afford what we desire in our social life and we are always stressed.” The high costs
of living are not limited to the peripheries. Villagers alluded to fact that “there is
crowding in houses as rentals are very expensive, for example in Chinotimba (a
suburb in Victoria Falls town) people share a small room which they partition using
curtains. Thus, the residents do not have anywhere to turn to for cheaper items as
both the village and town economies are expensive leaving the residents poorer.
According to Neto (2003), tourism development increases pressure on the
availability and prices of the resources consumed by the local community such as
food, energy, and raw materials.

 Loss of interest in schooling

Residents indicated that their children have lost interest in education because of
tourism activities in the village. They argue that these children skip school to go after
tourists and expose themselves to tourism related activities. School children no
longer value formal education and there are a number of school dropouts in the
village. Residents are worried about the level of promiscuity of their children.
Denying children pocket money as a deterrent measure against children promiscuity
is no longer effective as children now earn money from tourism. However as most of
them do not have the necessary skills to make enough money, they end up peddling
drugs and themselves abusing drugs. As a result, they start harassing tourists who
visit the village exposing the tourists to crime risk which if not managed can be fatal.

 Growth of foreign vulgar language

The growth of tourism in the Victoria Falls rural peripheries is also associated with
the introduction of what is locally considered an unacceptable vulgar language.
Common words the youths are using include, ‘fuck you, damn you”. In a
conservative society like Victoria Falls rural periphery the use of such language is
totally unacceptable. Linking such to tourism, Mbaiwa (2003) state that the bad
foreign language or words and many other insulting expressions are commonly
derived from the English mostly spoken in United States. The continued interaction
between tourists and the community exposes the children to such language.
Character modelling and imitation results in the children thinking that these
behaviours are normal bringing conflict within the community.
 Disruption of traditional cultural behaviour patterns
Traditionally knit villages around major attractions are crumbling under the influence
of tourism development. Fear is now high on where exactly the tourism
development is taking the community. People are no longer mourning at funerals as
they are always busy searching for money, selling craft work. When a person passes
away in the village it is a mandatory requirement and responsibility of locals to
attend funerals especially the men who do the digging of the grave but very few
people are attending the funeral. People are more concerned about searching for
money from tourists. Funerals are community problems and members are socially
expected to participate knowing that on another day, they too will need community
sympathy and empathy. These changes often altar community structure, family
relationships, collective traditional life styles, ceremonies and morality.
 Demonstration effects

the demonstration effect is merely shown through local populations mimicking

visible aspects of tourists’ culture such as apparel, haircuts, and dressing. They are
attracted by the tourists’ clothing and eating habits and their spending patterns. This
is called the ‘demonstration effect’. The problem is that the local population often
cannot afford the tourists’ way of life, which may lead to feelings of frustration.
Many villagers highlighted that the local people are copying the way the foreigners
dress. For example it was observed that many young ladies are wearing miniskirts
and trousers as a way to imitate what the female tourists do wear as well as the
male counterparts wear safari type of dressing the khaki shirts and shorts just to
look like the male tourist.” Whilst it gives the locals confidence, it also makes them
lose their identity falling into an identity crisis. It also makes it difficult for tourists to
identify the local people when they need help leaving them susceptible to abuse by
conmen and thieves who pretend to be genuine tourists yet have bad intentions.
Locals also felt that there is now a new trend in hairstyles sported by locals,
especially males. There are many dreadlocked men in the village because of the
perceived belief that white females think that being dark complexioned, muscular
and savage looking means one is sexually potent. Their hope is to attract female
white tourists for various favours such as sex, purchases of their artefacts, long term
friendships and even marriages.

 Spending patterns

The spending pattern of locals has been greatly influenced by the presents of
tourists. Locals now want to buy expensive cameras and cellular phones like those
they see with tourists. Some are even buying mineral water instead of drinking their
usual well water as they think mineral water is safe to drink because tourists are
always drinking it. Host communities do not realise that each day a new tourist
 arrives in their area showcasing the same characteristics consistent with tourists.
The is that that tourists are not as rich and successful as they seem to potray. Some
tourists use their lifelong savings for that dream holiday and locals simply cannot
match that dream and live it daily.

 Change in the way of life

In Mpisi, the community structure has changed greatly. More people came from
other towns for employment and our wives no longer want to stay in the village as
they believe that man will take other women in the town centre. Seasonal demand
for labour in the tourist town has attracted people from other areas. However,
when the demand goes down, these seasonal workers become destitute and settle
in the nearby village where they are not harassed by local council authorities as is
the case when they settle in the town itself. This is distorting the community
structure of the local village and feelings of resentment towards both the settlers
and tourists (believed to have brought them) are on the high in the village.

 Distortion of cultural values

Tourists often, out of ignorance or carelessness, fail to respect local customs and
moral values. Residents are more worried about the way tourists behave. More than
90% of the residents hate the way tourists behave. The continued perceived
disrespect for local values will trigger resentment towards tourists. If not managed
well tourism development in the area will not be welcome as it will be detrimental
to societal growth. With tourism taking place throughout the year some residents of
the area are completely ignoring their traditional way of life hoping to solely survive
on earnings from the tourism industry. However, as expectations exceeds reality
villagers become desperate and end up harassing tourists for tips and tokens of
appreciation for any hand or assistance they offer to a tourist. Tourists are not
happy with this behaviour as it threatens long-term sustainability of tourism in the
area. Locals were equally unhappy with such aggressive tactics to get money as
people are now becoming more concerned about money than relations whenever
they assist someone, a social characteristic not welcome in conservative
communities like most African rural areas were oneness is highly valued.

 In 2009 news reports highlighted concerns over noise pollution from helicopter
flights over the Falls, stirred by proposals to issue further licenses to new
operators and to increase the numbers allowed to fly at any one time from five
to up to 20. Several major hotels formerly complained to the World Heritage
Commission regarding the high levels of disturbance already caused by excessive
noise pollution levels over the town