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    Medieval 170320195427

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    anuj dhuppad
    1) Medieval cities developed from a variety of origins including bishop's seats, monasteries, marketplaces, and pre-existing Roman towns. 2) Medieval cities ranged in size from small towns of 4-10 hectares to larger cities of over 50 hectares and populations of 25,000 people. 3) Medieval cities were established in many locations based on factors like protection, trade, and fertile land, resulting in varied town layouts and shapes that sometimes followed the local topography.

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    Medieval 170320195427

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    anuj dhuppad
    49 views21 pages
    1) Medieval cities developed from a variety of origins including bishop's seats, monasteries, marketplaces, and pre-existing Roman towns. 2) Medieval cities ranged in size from small towns of 4-10 hectares to larger cities of over 50 hectares and populations of 25,000 people. 3) Medieval cities were established in many locations based on factors like protection, trade, and fertile land, resulting in varied town layouts and shapes that sometimes followed the local topography.

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    1) Medieval cities developed from a variety of origins including bishop's seats, monasteries, marketplaces, and pre-existing Roman towns. 2) Medieval cities ranged in size from small towns of 4-10 hectares to larger cities of over 50 hectares and populations of 25,000 people. 3) Medieval cities were established in many locations based on factors like protection, trade, and fertile land, resulting in varied town layouts and shapes that sometimes followed the local topography.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    49 views21 pages

    Medieval 170320195427

    Uploaded by

    anuj dhuppad
    1) Medieval cities developed from a variety of origins including bishop's seats, monasteries, marketplaces, and pre-existing Roman towns. 2) Medieval cities ranged in size from small towns of 4-10 hectares to larger cities of over 50 hectares and populations of 25,000 people. 3) Medieval cities were established in many locations based on factors like protection, trade, and fertile land, resulting in varied town layouts and shapes that sometimes followed the local topography.

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    MEDIEVAL CITIES OF

    EUROPE
    The eclipse in the
    European civilization
    between the fall of the
    Roman Empire in the
    West ( 4th and 5th
    centuries) and the re-
    emergence of activity in
    the Early Middle
    Ages (10th-12th
    centuries), is known as
    the DARK AGES.

    Rottweil, Germany
    12th century Zähringer New Town
    ORIGINS OF MEDIEVAL ClTIES
    The Medieval city developed out of a variety of nuclei. It is possible to distinguish the
    following important original growth points or take-off points on which the development of the
    medieval city is based:

    The amphitheatre at Arles


    serving as fortification for urban housing since early medieval period
    View of 1686
    Cathedral, Church, Cloister, Monastery (i.e. the Bishop’s seat)

    - Urban research considers the


    residences of the early medieval
    bishops (often fortresses, courts
    and associated institutions for
    worship) as the principal link
    between Roman and Medieval
    Cities.

    Notre-Dame de Paris
    A medieval Catholic
    cathedral
    Palatinate (Pfalz)

    Name given to a territory ruled by a


    Count Palatine i.e. a nobleman, who for
    some deed or service rendered, is granted
    jurisdiction over his territory such as
    elsewhere belongs to the royal sovereign
    alone.
    Reichsburg in
    Cochem
    The Market Place/Staging
    Points
    Wherever a trade route crossed such a
    spiritual or worldly landscape, market
    settlements, warehouses and business centres
    would form. Crossing points of two or more
    trade routes would also often result in birth
    and development of a settlement.
    Depiction of a performance of the
    Mystery Play of Saint
    Clement in Metz during the Middle
    Ages.
    The Free Settlements (i.e.
    independent)

    Granted special rights (e.g. to market, to


    law courts) privileges established
    spontaneously for a particular reason.

    Court of
    Chancery
    The Historic Towns (usually old Roman
    ones)

    Old Roman towns were changing


    and reviving their great public
    buildings: amphitheatres, baths, law
    courts presented ideal containers of
    high-density housing.
    Urbe
    MEDIEVAL TOWN
    FOUNDATIONS
    The Medieval Age was the greatest town founding period in history. It began with
    Charlemagne who laid foundations of many new towns (800-814 AD). It was also a period in
    history when ordinary people began to take an acknowledged place in society. Birth, wealth,
    and power began to give way to personal merit.

    This new attitude was reflected in the form that towns took. They evolved to meet human
    needs and their pattern changed to match increased social responsibility. Medieval cities
    become both protectors and symbols of civic rights and liberties.

    The process of medieval urbanization proceeded from


    West --> East and from South --> North. The great
    urban colonization of much of Europe was characterized
    by Bastides, planned, geometric new towns. It was a
    period of great colonization in which the urban ideal
    was firmly implanted on a largely rural continent.
    Medieval colonization has been compared by some
    with that of classical Greece.
    Bastide in the City of Monpazier, in the Dordogne.

    Not only new towns but existing villages and hamlets


    are extended, spontaneously or by design, and cities grow and flourish widely.
    Area of Medieval City:
    Medium-sized towns not over 50 ha [124 acres]
    Many small sized towns 4– 10 ha [10-25 acres]

    Population:
    e.g. Köln (Cologne) 1248 25,000
    population

    (largest city in German realm) Cologne in medieval


    1500 age.
    Location:
    35,000 population
    Medieval cities did establish in many and varied locations: in plains, on hillsides, on
    hilltops, on island, in valleys, on river crossings. Site selection would depend on a
    combination of traditional needs such as protection, commercial advantage, suitable
    communications or fertile hinterland. City layouts, therefore, follow different planning styles
    depending on location and topography.

    Shape
    The shape or outline of town plans was delineated by the wall which would best protect
    the city. A wall had to have the shortest circumference possible and take advantage of
    topographical features. Obviously, this often limited the use of geometric shapes; yet simple,
    geometric plans were adopted whenever possible, especially in flat country.
    Classification:
    Medieval towns can be classified according to
    function e.g.:
    Farm Towns - especially in Scandinavia and
    Britain
    Fortress Towns - Toledo, Edinburgh, Tours,
    Warwick
    Church Towns - York, Chartres
    Merchant Prince Towns - Florence, Siena Farm town in
    Merchant Guild Towns - Hanseatic League England
    towns

    Warwick castle, Chartres cathedral, Merchant town Hanseatic Port,


    England France in Florence of Germany
    Mediaval age.
    MEDIEVAL TOWN
    PLANS
    These occurred in an inexhaustible variety of forms, shapes reflecting different planning ideas
    and needs. The plans depended on location, time, method and purpose of the city’s
    foundation, and the existence of any previous settlements.

    Principal Types of
    Plans Linear plans
    Spontaneous/Organic towns:
    Towns which grew by slow stages out
    of a village or group of villages under
    the protection of a monastery, a
    church, or a castle - these would
    conform to topographical and
    geographical peculiarities, and change
    from generation to generation.

    Two medieval villages in Essex,


    England:
    Witham, Anglo-Saxon ‘burh , and late medieval
    ‘town’ of Wulvesford, built
    Structure:
    can be regarded as the archetype of the industrial settlement with a long, narrow street
    flanked by houses of tradespeople.
    linear plans have one or more axes (hence axial plans ) with longitudinal main streets,
    lined with (almost) continuous buildings running through the settlement.

    Simplest form of axial or linear plan with A controlled linear plan layout with two
    side streets. principal axes.
    Kienzhein near Kaisersberg, Germany. Mühldorf, Germany.
    Form of Growth:
    The principal axis
    invariably ensured the
    formation of a street
    market settlement. This
    preceded the later,
    centralized market square.
    e.g. in south-west Germany
    12th most towns were
    based on street market
    plans; in the 13th century
    market squares become
    more common.
    Medieval urban street patterns developed on a route
    axis.
    1 Rib pattern 2 Parallel
    street pattern
    3 Spindle or elliptical 4 Grid patterns
    Normal mode of Growth:
    (expansion)
    Initial development of one linear street with market function - the main street.
    2 or more street market systems could intersect at right angles forming a cross and,
    ultimately, nearby a market place. Regular spaced pattern of interconnecting streets would
    form rib or fishbone patterns.

    Development of the market place in relation to


    Gosen, Brandenburg, Germany the route axis.
    Two intersecting linear routes forming cross 1 Street Markets. 2 Rectangular or Long
    pattern. markets.
    3 Rectangular or long markets in a spindle
    pattern.
    Location:
    Linear Plan type is found
    predominantly in flat country.
    Although distorted linear
    layouts, following contours,
    can be found on hilltops
    orhillsides. village of Giesen, Pomerania,
    Germany

    Herrenberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Cordes, France.


    A linear plan distorted by contour lines linear plan developed along ridge of a hill
    street layout reflects contour lines.
    Radial or Radio-Concentric Plans:
    Grew gradually, house by house, around a central nucleus such as a church,
    monastery/abbey, or castle. Urban expansion takes place by series of consecutive rings of
    residential development (usually quite irregular rings) around the original growth point. Shapes
    of these towns range from irregular forms to oval, circular, rectangular, or even star shaped
    outlines.

    St.Quentin, France showing first Plan of Nördlingen, Germany The growth of Aachen.
    nucleus of settlement grouped around 1.Nucleus of Carolingian palace ,
    the cathedral with market place church and baths,
    outside it. around which cluster settlement. 2.Areas
    walled by Frederick Barbarossa.
    3.Areas walled in the 14th century
    ‘Natural’ or Historic plans:
    ‘Natural’ or historic plans are those spontaneous types which originated in antiquity, generally
    Roman cities, and which were revived in medieval times.

    Plan of old Carcassone, Regensburg, Bavaria,


    France. Germany.
    its Roman origin is only vaguely Roman castrum shown in black, contained cathedral
    recognizable; more usually, the ‘natural and palaces of bishop. A mercantile settlement lies to
    or historic type tends to have an the west, became part of town.
    ancient i.e. Roman nucleus and a
    radio-concentric development around it.
    Planned, Geometric towns:
    This category comprises the numerous planned new foundations of the high middle ages:
    i.e. the colonial towns, laid out on the grid-iron plan and commonly referred to as
    Bastides. These represent a significant aspect of medieval city development.

    Plan of Monpazier in Guyenne, France.


    Beaumont-en-Perigord,
    A most perfect checkerboard layout 400 x 200
    Plan of Aigues-Mortes, France.
    m based on a standard module:
    France. house plots frontage 24’,depth 72’. Streets
    For about 15,000 inhabitants. 20’wide, lanes at rear of house plots 6’.
    Grid-iron plan measures about 3 streets run length of plan, 4 run width,
    650 x 300 yards and is forming total of 20 building blocks, one of
    somewhat distorted. which was reserved for the market, 1/2 of
    another for the church and a small space
    associated with it.
    Reconstruction of Bern’s
    Plan of Caernavon, Wales, View of Villingen, a Zähringer
    homestead plan, Dukes of
    Britain. New Town in the eastern Black
    Forest, Germany.
    Zähringen, Germany.
    64 homesteads of 60 x 100
    feet.
    MEDIEVAL
    TOWNSCAPE

    The 3-dimensional Structure of the medieval city:


    Throughout the period, and particularly during the later medieval days, three elements
    dominated the city in varying degrees of balance and competed for supremacy,
    physically as well as spiritually.

    1 . Church element
    - church, cathedral, cloisters, monastery.
    2 . Secular element
    - castle or fortress
    - especially dominant in England and Germany
    3 . Civic element
    - Walls and gates, town houses, town hall, guild hall, market place.

    These three elements, in combination, form the total organisation of the medieval city
    and its community. The first two elements church and feudal castle dominated
    medieval townscape in its formative and adolescent stages; the mature stage, however,
    saw the growing strength and development of the merchant community.
    Greifswald, north-eastern Germany‘bastide’ or colonial town of c.
    1250.
    THANK YOU

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