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    Module 2

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    Yash Choraria
    This document discusses temperature measurement using thermometers and thermocouples. It provides equations to model the dynamic response of liquid-in-glass thermometers, both with and without including the thermal capacitance of the glass wall. Graphs of the step response are presented. The document also lists various types of thermocouples used for industrial temperature measurement, including mineral insulated, fabricated specialist, extension leads, melt bolt, and exposed junction models made of materials like PFA and PTFE.

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    Module 2

    Uploaded by

    Yash Choraria
    36 views114 pages
    This document discusses temperature measurement using thermometers and thermocouples. It provides equations to model the dynamic response of liquid-in-glass thermometers, both with and without including the thermal capacitance of the glass wall. Graphs of the step response are presented. The document also lists various types of thermocouples used for industrial temperature measurement, including mineral insulated, fabricated specialist, extension leads, melt bolt, and exposed junction models made of materials like PFA and PTFE.

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    This document discusses temperature measurement using thermometers and thermocouples. It provides equations to model the dynamic response of liquid-in-glass thermometers, both with and without including the thermal capacitance of the glass wall. Graphs of the step response are presented. The document also lists various types of thermocouples used for industrial temperature measurement, including mineral insulated, fabricated specialist, extension leads, melt bolt, and exposed junction models made of materials like PFA and PTFE.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    36 views114 pages

    Module 2

    Uploaded by

    Yash Choraria
    This document discusses temperature measurement using thermometers and thermocouples. It provides equations to model the dynamic response of liquid-in-glass thermometers, both with and without including the thermal capacitance of the glass wall. Graphs of the step response are presented. The document also lists various types of thermocouples used for industrial temperature measurement, including mineral insulated, fabricated specialist, extension leads, melt bolt, and exposed junction models made of materials like PFA and PTFE.

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    Temperature

    measurement
    Dr Sourav Poddar
    National Institute of Technology
    Warangal, TS, India
    Perfluoroalkoxy alkanes (PFA), Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
    Industrial thermocouples
    Dynamic characteristic of liquid-in-glass thermometer (thermal capacitance of
    glass wall is not included)

    The heat energy balance for mercury in the bulb:

     accumulation _ of _ heat   flow _ of _ heat   flow _ of _ heat 


     within _ a _ system   in _ the _ system   out _ of _ the _ system  (1)
         
     = − 
     time _ period   time _ period   time _ period 
         

    Thermal capacitance of (2) (3)


    the glass walls is
    neglected.
    (4) (5)

    (6) (7)

    (8)
    (9)
    (10)
    (11)

    (12)

    (13) (14)

    (15)
    (16)
    Figure A - shows a dynamic response of this thermometer to a step change in temperature.

    Dynamic Response of a Liquid-in-Glass Thermometer to a Step Change in


    Temperature
    10

    Temperature (in deviation form), C


    8

    0
    0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
    Time, s
    Figure A. Dynamic response of liquid-in-glass thermometer to a step change in temperature. From equation (12) we can
    get:

    (18)
    (17)

    Using a block diagram in Figure B we can get the following expression for a transfer function:

    y '( s ) Tm' ( s ) 1
    G( s) = = = (19)
    f '( s ) T fl ( s ) (s + 1)
    '

    Figure B. Block diagram of a thermometer.


    Dynamic characteristic of liquid-in-glass thermometer (thermal capacitance of glass
    wall is included)

    (1)

    (2) (3)

    (4) (5)
    Figure C. Liquid-in-glass thermometer.
    (6) (7)

    (8)

    (9)
    (10) (11)

    (12) (13)

    (14)

    (15)
    Substitute (9) into (15) and after manipulations we get:

    (16)

    (17)

    Equation (17) is a second-order differential equation.


    (18) (19)
    (20)

    (21)
    (22)

    (23)
    (24)

    (25)
    Let: A = 10oC and ζ = 85,s . Then we can plot a transient response of this thermometer to a step change in the input
    variable (see Figure D).

    T ra n s ie n t re s p o n s e o f L iq u id -in -G la s s T h e rm o m e te r

    10

    T e mpe rature (in de v iation form), C


    8

    0
    0 100 200 300 400 500 600

    T ime , s

    Figure D. Transient response of liquid-in-glass thermometer.


    Mineral Insulated Thermocouples
    Fabricated and Specialist Thermocouples
    Thermocouple Extension Leads with Miniature or Standard
    Thermocouple Connectors
    Melt Bolt Thermocouple
    PFA Exposed Junction Thermocouples
    PTFE Exposed Junction Thermocouples
    Fine Gauge PFA Exposed Junction Thermocouple
    PFA Exposed Junction Thermocouples with a
    Fitted Cable Tidy
    PFA Exposed Junction Thermocouples with a Moulded-
    on Plug
    THANK YOU

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