Lighting Pollution Research Submission

LIGHT POLLUTION
Ain Shams University

Faculty of Engineering
Architecture Department
2022
By
Amr Ahmed Hassan 1900380
Ahmed Magdy Ahmed 1901152
Ebrahem Abdalkader Mohamed 1900107
Mustafa Ayman Mahmoud 1501429
Abdallah Eid Said 1901434
Mahmood Rashwan Alsiddiq 1901707
Philopatier magdy makram 2000958
Ahmed Elsayed Mohamed 1901511
Mohamed Sameh Abdelmonem 1900936
Mahmoud Tamer Mahmoud 1901599
ARC 361
Lighting in Architecture
Table of Contents
1. Definition …………………………………………………………………… 2
2. History …………………………………………………………………… 2
3. Types of Light Pollution …………………………………………………… 2
4. Light Pollution Effects …………………………………………………… 3
5. Human Health ………………………………………………………………. 6
6. Light Pollution Effects on Wildlife and Ecosystems …………………… 7
7. Solutions for Light Pollutions …………………………………………… 8
8. Measurements of Light Pollution …………………………………………. 10
9. Case Studies ………………………………………………………………… 11
9.1 Case Study_01 …………………………………………………… 11
9.2 Case Study_02 …………………………………………………… 14
9.3 Case Study_03 …………………………………………………… 20
9.4 Case Study_04 …………………………………………………… 23
9.5 Case Study_05 …………………………………………………… 26
10. Conclusion ………………………………………………………………… 28
11. References ………………………………………………………………… 28
1
ARC 361
1. Definition
The inappropriate or excessive use of artificial light.
2. History
• Awareness of the deleterious effects of light
pollution began in the second half of the 19th
century, but efforts to address effects did not
begin until the 1950s.
• In the 1980s a global dark-sky movement
emerged with the founding of the
international dry-sky association (IDA).
• There are now such educational and advocacy
organizations in many countries worldwide.
3. Types of Light Pollution
• Glare
o Excessive brightness that causes visual discomfort.
2
ARC 361
• Skyglow
o Brightening of the night sky over inhabited areas.
• Light trespass
o Light falling where it is not intended or needed.
• Clutter
o Bright, confusing and excessive groupings of light sources.
4. Light Pollution Effects
• Light Pollution Wastes Energy and Money
3
ARC 361
o Lighting that emits too much light or

shines when and where it’s not needed
is wasteful. Wasting energy has huge
economic and environmental
consequences.
o In an average year in the U.S. alone,
outdoor lighting uses about 120
terawatt-hours of energy, mostly to illuminate streets
and parking lots. That’s enough energy to meet New
York City’s total electricity needs for two years!
o IDA estimates that least 30 percent of all outdoor
lighting in the U.S. Alone is wasted, mostly by lights
that aren’t shielded. That adds up to $3.3 billion and
the release of 21 million tons of carbon dioxide per
year! To offset all that carbon dioxide, we’d have to
plant 875 million trees annually.
o Environmental responsibility requires energy
efficiency and conservation.
o Installing quality outdoor lighting could cut energy
use by 60–70 percent, save billions of dollars and cut carbon emissions.
o Outdoor lighting should be fully shielded and direct light down where it is needed,
not into the sky.
o Fully shielded fixtures can provide the same level of illumination on the ground as
unshielded ones, but with less energy and cost.
o Unnecessary indoor lighting – particularly in empty office buildings at night –
should be turned off.
4
ARC 361
• Lighting, Crime and Safety

o A 2015 study published in the Journal of
Epidemiology and Community Health
found that streetlights don’t prevent
accidents or crime but do cost a lot of
money. The researchers looked at data
on road traffic collisions and crime in 62
local authorities in England and Wales
and found that lighting had no effect,
whether authorities had turned them off completely, dimmed them, turned them
off at certain hours, or substituted low-power LED lamps.
o According to the study, “[W]hen risks are carefully considered, local authorities
can safely reduce street lighting saving both costs and energy … without
necessarily impacting negatively upon road traffic collisions and crime.”
o According to a 2011 study of London Street lighting and crime, there is no good
evidence that increased lighting reduces total crime.” A 1997 National Institute of
Justice study concluded, “We can have very little confidence that improved
lighting prevents crime.
o The truth is bad outdoor lighting can decrease safety by making victims and
property easier to see. A Chicago Alley Lighting Project showed a correlation
between brightly lit alleyways and increased crime.
o According to a 2012 report of the American Medical Association, “Glare from
nighttime lighting can create hazards ranging from discomfort to frank visual
disability.
o In fact, most property crime occurs in the light of the day. And some crimes like
vandalism and graffiti thrive on night lighting.
o A dark sky does not necessarily mean a dark ground. Smart lighting that directs
light where it is needed creates a balance between safety and starlight.
5
ARC 361
5. Human Health
• Exposure to Artificial Light at Night Can Harm Your Health.
• Humans evolved to the rhythms of the natural light-dark cycle of day and night. The
spread of artificial lighting means most of us no longer experience truly dark nights.
• Research suggests that artificial light at night can negatively affect human health,
increasing risks for obesity, depression, sleep disorders, diabetes, breast cancer and
more.
• Circadian Rhythm and Melatonin.
• Like most life on Earth, humans adhere to a circadian rhythm — our biological clock — a
sleep-wake pattern governed by the day-night cycle. Artificial light at night can disrupt
that cycle.
• Our bodies produce the hormone melatonin in response to circadian rhythm. Melatonin
helps keep us healthy. It has antioxidant properties, induces sleep, boosts the immune
system, lowers cholesterol, and helps the functioning of the thyroid, pancreas, ovaries,
testes and adrenal glands. Nighttime exposure to artificial light suppresses melatonin
production.
• Not All Artificial Light Is Created Equally.
• Exposure to blue light at night is
particularly harmful. Unfortunately, most
LEDs used for outdoor lighting — as well
as computer screens, TVs, and other
electronic displays — create abundant
blue light.
• A 2016 American Medical Association
report expressed concern about exposure to blue light from outdoor lighting and
recommends shielding all light fixtures and only using lighting with 3000K color
temperature and below.
6
ARC 361
6. Light Pollution Effects on Wildlife and Ecosystems

• Plants and animals depend on Earth’s daily cycle of light and dark rhythm to govern life-
sustaining behaviors such as reproduction, nourishment, sleep, and protection from
predators.
• Scientific evidence suggests that artificial light at night has negative and deadly effects on
many creatures including amphibians, birds, mammals, insects, and plants.
• Artificial Lights Disrupt the World’s Ecosystems.
• Nocturnal animals sleep during the day and are
active at night. Light pollution radically alters
their nighttime environment by turning night
into day.
• “Predators use light to hunt, and prey species use darkness as cover,” Kyba explains “Near
cities, cloudy skies are now hundreds, or even thousands of times brighter than they were
200 years ago. We are only beginning to learn what a drastic effect this has had on
nocturnal ecology.”
• Glare from artificial lights can also impact wetland habitats that are home to amphibians
such as frogs and toads, whose nighttime croaking is part of the breeding ritual. Artificial
lights disrupt this nocturnal activity, interfering with reproduction and reducing
populations.
• Artificial Lights Can Lead Baby Sea turtles to
their Demise.
• Sea turtles live in the ocean but hatch at night
on the beach. Hatchlings find the sea by
detecting the bright horizon over the ocean.
Artificial lights draw them away from the ocean.
In Florida alone, millions of hatchlings die this way every year.
• Artificial Lights have Devastating Effects on Many Bird Species.
7
ARC 361
• Birds that migrate or hunt at night navigate by

moonlight and starlight. Artificial light can cause
them to wander off course and toward the
dangerous nighttime landscapes of cities. Every
year millions of birds die colliding with
needlessly illuminated buildings and towers.
Migratory birds depend on cues from properly
timed seasonal schedules. Artificial lights can
cause them to migrate too early or too late and
miss ideal climate conditions for nesting,
foraging and other behaviors.
• Ecosystems: Everything is Connected.
• Many insects are drawn to light, but artificial
lights can create a fatal attraction. Declining insect populations negatively impact all
species that rely on insects for food or pollination. Some predators exploit this attraction
to their advantage, affecting food webs in unanticipated ways.
7. Solutions for Light Pollutions

• The main key to solve many of the light pollutions problems is to educate everyone about
the value of the light:
o Use only good lighting. Seems obvious, but it is not, as evidenced for all the poor
lighting in most of our cities. Good lighting is really just a commonsense thing.
Let’s not any of us tolerate bad lighting.
o Shine the light down, where it is needed. Control the light output to locations
where it is needed; do not shine it where it is not needed. Don’t waste the light.
This means using good lighting fixtures, ones that control the light output. "Full
8
ARC 361
cut-off’ lighting fixtures have no direct up light and very little light at the higher
angles that cause most of the glare.
o Use time controls when possible, and dimmers or other controls , to insure that
light is there when needed and not there when not needed.
o Design the lighting installations so that glare is minimized or completely avoided.
Most all glare comes from poor lighting fixtures or poor installations. There is no
need for either. Glare never helps visibility!
o Use the right amount of light for the task, not overkill. More lighting is not always
better. When not blinded by glare, the eye is a remarkable instrument and can see
very well at what seems to be quite low lighting levels. In addition, going fr om
over lit to darker areas means that we don’t see too well (called “transient
adaptation” ), and the opposite holds to some extent also. Dark shadows near over
lit areas are dangerous.
• HOW CAN WE DO IT ?
o In almost every location where we have been able to devote the time to educating
people in all the communities (astronomy, lighting, governmental, business and
the public), we have been successful. There are many outdoor lighting ordinances
now in place, and they work well. They have support from all the communities,
and they help greatly in improving the nighttime environment, both for astronomy
and for living. We know that the solutions work! For example, one can still see the
Milky Way from Tucson, a city of over 700 000 inhabitants, and the major
observatories only 50 km from Tucson still have prime dark skies. But it has taken
a great of effort and time over the years to accomplish these results.
o Many consider the whole thing too big a problem to deal with. “How can one
convert Nos Angeles to better lighting? It’s impossible.” But it is not. In fact, the
City of Los Angeles is now using all full-cut-off lighting fixtures for all their new
installations and is retrofitting the older fixtures, the ones with lots of glare and
9
ARC 361
waste, to full-cut-off fixtures as fast as budgets allow. The city engineer in charge
of lighting for Los Angeles is now on the IDA Board of Directors even!
8. Measurements of Light Pollution
• Measure the brightness of the night sky:
Due to light pollution, the night sky over many of our cities is hundreds of times brighter
than a natural, starlit sky. This skyglow hides the stars from our sight and prevents us and
all life on Earth from experiencing a natural night, even in areas hundreds of miles away
from urban development. An important part of solving the problem of light pollution is to
have a thorough understanding of its magnitude, and a great way to do that is to measure
the brightness of the night sky.
• Tool 1 : Mobile Applications:

It’s possible to use your smartphone to
make night sky brightness measurements.
The Dark Sky Meter app makes use of the
iPhone camera to record the brightness of
the night sky, while the Loss of the Night app
walks the user through the sky as measurements are made with a different
sensitive tool – the human eye. It’s available for both Android devices and iPhones.
• Tool 2 :Sky Quality Meter:
The "Sky Quality Meter" is an affordable
meter measuring the brightness of the night
sky in magnitudes per square arcsecond.
Unprecedented sensitivity in a handheld
meter. It’s used for Finding out how good the
night or site REALLY is, Compare the sky
10
ARC 361
brightness at different sites quantitatively, Document the evolution of light

pollution in your area, Calibrate the effect of sky brightness on qualitative
measures such as the Bortle Scale, investigate how sky brightness correlates with
the solar cycle and month-to-month sunspot activity. This device is characterized
by many features like Audible signal while measurement is in progress, Sky
brightness displayed in visual magnitudes per square arcsecond, Infrared blocking
filter restricts measurement to visual bandpass, Precision readings at even the
darkest sites.
9. Case Studies
• Case Study_01
By Mahmoud Tamer Mahmoud _ 1901599
By Mohamed Sameh Abdelmonem _ 1900936
WARSAW AT NIGHT FUKUOKA AT NIGHT
• STUDY AREA:
The study covered two highly urbanized areas – Warsaw (20°51' – 21°16′ E, 52°
6' – 52°22′ N) and Fukuoka (130° 2' – 130°30′ E, 33°26' – 33°52′ N). Both cities have similar
populations: 1 777 972 in Warsaw and 1 554 229 in Fukuoka.
• BORTLE SCALE ARTIFICIAL LIGHT AT NIGHT:

The starting material for the study was the World Atlas 2015 overlay. The Bortle
scale (Table 1), approximate total sky brightness (TB) (mcd·m −2) and artificial sky brightness (AB)
11
ARC 361
(mcd·m−2) in zenith in Warsaw and Fukuoka were acquired from the mapping
application www.lightpollutionmap.info/(Falchi et al., 2016b).
Class Title NELM1 Clouds

1 Excellent dark-sky site 7.6–8.0 all dark
2 Typical truly dark site 7.1–7.5 all dark
3 Rural sky 6.6–7.0 lit near the horizon, dark overhead
4 Rural/suburban transition 6.1–6.5 lit in distance, dark overhead
5 Suburban sky 5.6–6.0 brighter than sky
6 Bright suburban sky 5.1–5.5 fairly bright
7 Suburban/urban transition 4.6–5.0 brilliantly lit
8 and 9 City sky and Inner-city sky <4.5 brilliantly lit
1
NELM - naked-eye limiting magnitude Source: based on Bortle (2001)..
• ARTIFICIAL LIGHT FACTORS:

To recognize and describe factors causing differences in light pollution in Warsaw
and Fukuoka, field measurements were conducted of outdoor lighting characteristics, which
include: illuminance (lx), color temperature (K), and peak and dominant wavelength (nm) in
Warsaw and Fukuoka.
Measurements were carried out in each district of Warsaw (54 measurement points) and in
each ward of Fukuoka (52 measurement points)
Fig. 1. Measurement sites
in Warsaw (a) and
Fukuoka (b) Arabic
numbers represent the
names of administrative
districts. Numbers in
parentheses indicate the
number of measurement
sites in individual districts
Source: own elaboration.
12
ARC 361
• ZENITH SKY BRIGHTNESS:

All residents of Warsaw live under a polluted sky, The most light-polluted area
was located in the Śródmieście district (city centre) next to the Palace of Culture and Science, the
central train station and shopping malls (TB 10.943 mcd m−2).
In the case of Fukuoka almost all residents live under a light-polluted sky, but in this city the
phenomenon was much more diversified. The most light-polluted area in Fukuoka is Hakata next
to the bridge on the Naka River (TB 6.071 mcd m−2)
• LIGHTING CHARECTERISTICS:
The following table shows the main light characteristics of each region:
Light characteristics Area Avg Min Max Q1 Q2 Q3 skewness

Illumination Warszawa 22.6 1.5 61.9 12.2 20.6 32.1 2.0
Fukuoka 19.9 1.5 97.0 6.9 12.6 28.2 0.7
Colour temperature Warszawa 2652 1773 4594 1905 2100 3370 0.6
Fukuoka 4084 1781 9311 2776 4341 4732 1.0
Peak wavelength Warszawa 587 451 613 593 596 598 −3.1
Fukuoka 542 433 780 452 547 594 0.2
Dominant wavelength Warszawa 571 476 591 570 573 584 −3.0
Fukuoka 585 570 592 580 587 589 −0.6
• RADIANCE:
Artificial light at night is affected not only by the characteristics of the lighting
infrastructure luminaires and their light, but also by the number of light sources (indicated by
13
ARC 361
radiance value). In Warsaw, significantly higher values of radiance (than in their surroundings)
were seen the city centre and the largest communication routes that radiate towards the city
limits.
The highest radiance
in Fukuoka in 2019
226∙10−9 W∙sr−1∙cm−2)
observed in Hakata
near a bridge on the
Naka River was lower
than the value
observed in Warsaw
• Case Study_02
By Amr Ahmed Hassan _ 1900380
By Abdallah Eid Said _ 1901434
• STUDY AREA:
The city of Bangalore in the
southern Indian state of Karnataka lies at the
height of approx. 3000ft above mean sea level.
The city had a population of approximately 12.5
million in 2018 and is the fastest- growing Indian
metropolis behind Delhi.
Bangalore, India at night
14
ARC 361
Night-time imagery and migratory bird routes through India.
• Impact on Human Health and Anthropogenic Activities:

In several sections of the world, particularly cities, health care and living
conditions have improved considerably since the last decade. But these urban environments do
not appear to be certainly the healthiest places for living. Besides numerous common health
concerns, like water and air pollution, lifestyle stress and various new health issues emerge
continually. A couple of wellness issues are linked to light pollution; these include increased
headache inci- dences, anxiety, diabetes, worker fatigue, weight gain, high blood pressure,
increased breast cancer risk, and depression. The human eyes are receptive to only a portion of
the natural light spectrum from violet to red which is known as visible light. It has been recently
known that a blue share of this visible spectrum has the potential to regulate the time rhythms
in humans and animals; this is commonly observed on day-to-day basis as loss of sleep due to
mobile phone usage at night-time which uses blue light spectrum. Typically, the illuminance of a
sunlit surface is about 100,000 lx, a full moon night sky is approximately 0.2 lx, whereas streets
at night are lit to about 5–50 lx. In densely populated areas, sky brightness can sometimes be as
much as 100 times brighter than the natural setting. Other than the adverse impact on health,
15
ARC 361
ALAN results in energy wastage and effects anthropogenic activities like astronomy that are
darkness dependant. Lighting is responsible for 25% of the electricity consumption in the world,
also according to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), public lighting is one of the most
prominent causes of greenhouse gas emissions Each kilowatt of which releases 1.3 lb of carbon
dioxide gas, 2 gm of sulphur dioxide, and 1.6 gm of nitrogen dioxide into the atmosphere.
• ZENITH SKY BRIGHTNESS:
All residents of Bangalore live under a polluted sky grading from the center to zones around
the city.
16
ARC 361
All residents of Bangalore live under a polluted sky grading from the center to zones around the
city.
17
ARC 361
18
ARC 361
19
ARC 361
• Case Study_03
By Ebrahem Abdalkader Mohamed _ 1900107
By Philopatier Magdy Makram _ 2000958
Study took place in USA.
• Skyglow
Although light pollution exists throughout the day, its
impacts are intensified through the night with the
difference of night. It has been determined that 83% of
the people worldwide live under light-polluted skies and
that 23% of the globe’s landmass area is affected by
skyglow. Light pollution hides the Milky Way from 80%
of Americans.
• Pollution and health in USA

Darkness is crucial to our physical health. For centenaries before the increase of artificial light,
homo sapiens had become related to a day-night cycle. This cycle, closely connected with our
circadian rhythms, is dramatically influenced by
the presence of light at night.
Disturbance of the circadian rhythm has been
connected to sleep disturbances, prolonged sleep-
phase syndrome, hypertension, heart disease,
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,
depression, obesity, and diabetes.
Another crucial biological function disturbed by
light at night is melatonin generation, anti-oxidant, anti-carcinogen, effective for regulating
metabolism and immune responses. According to research published in the journal
Environmental Health Perspectives, women who reside in areas where it is artificial light
enough to read a book outside at midnight had a 73% higher
risk of developing breast cancer than women existing in less
brightly lit areas.
But humans aren’t the unique beings affected by light
pollution. Different aspects of life for animals such as feeding,
reproduction, hunting, migration, and reproduction are
considerably affected by light pollution.
20
ARC 361
Recognition of the harmful impacts of light pollution started beginning in the twentieth century
when light pollution across the United States increased significantly. The map below shows
changes in levels of light pollution across the lower 48 U.S. states between the late 1950s and
2025.
• Laws in UAS
Most state laws are limited to outdoor lighting fixtures installed on the grounds of a state
building or facility or on a public roadway. The most common dark skies legislation requires the
installation of shielded light fixtures which emit light only downward. Replacement of
unshielded with fully shielded lighting units often allows for use of a lower wattage bulb,
resulting in energy savings. Other laws require the use of low-glare or low-wattage lighting,
regulate the amount of time that certain lighting can be used, and the incorporation of
Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) guidelines into state regulations.
Texas is the only state with a law in place specifically aimed at reducing light pollution around
military installations. In 2007, the Texas Legislature amended an existing law regarding the
regulation of outdoor lighting to authorize state counties, at the request of the military, to
adopt measures governing the use of outdoor lighting within five miles of a military installation
(Tex. Local Government Code Ann. §240.032). The provision only applies to counties with at
least five military bases and a population of more than 1,000,000 people or adjacent counties
located within five miles of a base. County regulations must be designed to protect against
interferences with military training activities. Counties may accomplish this goal in a number of
ways: (1) require that a permit be obtained before installing certain types of lighting; (2)
prohibit the use of particular lighting fixtures; (3)
21
ARC 361
establish requirements for the shielding of outdoor lighting; or (4) regulate the times during
which certain types of lighting may be used.
• Population, industrialization and its relationship to light pollution
Light pollution is most strongly in densely populated and highly industrialized areas of the
United States. The eastern part of the United States has the highest level of light pollution. D.C.
is the most light-polluted area of the U.S., with higher than 200 thousand times the artificial
brightness of the U.S. darkest spot, the city of Yakutat in Alaska.
We present descriptive statistics for all

variables in Table depicts the spatial
distribution of artificial light across
continental US census tracts. Light
pollution is most apparent in the heavily
urbanized northeastern portion of the
country. Additionally, zones of high
artificial light at night appear along the
west coast. While some areas of high
artificial light at night are present in the central portions of the US, particularly in urbanized
areas to the east, the west-central
• Conclusion
What can cities do to reduce light pollution? Some steps are evident and make obvious
economic sense: use of only the lighting necessary for the intended purpose, proper shielding
of lighting fixtures so light is directed to where it is needed, and the use of timers to turn
lighting off when it is not needed. However, even when all these measures are taken, helpful as
they are, light pollution from cities can have serious impact on astronomical observation if care
is not paid to the type of lighting used. Lick Observatory urges cities in the Santa Clara Valley to
use LPS to light its streets and parking lots, both public and private, and to use HPS in areas
where color rendering is more critical. We urge that metal halide lighting be used sparingly.
22
ARC 361
United States at night
• Case Study_04
By Ahmed Magdy Ahmed _ 1901152
By Ahmed El Sayed Mohamed _ 1901511
• Birds and the ‘Post Tower’ in Bonn, Germany
Summary: During six consecutive autumn seasons we registered birds that were
attracted to an illuminated 41-storey building in Bonn, Germany, the so-called ‘Post Tower’. Casualties
on the ground were disoriented by the light and in most cases collided with the building. All-night
observations with numbers of casualties, effective light sources, moon, and weather parameters Regis-
tered hourly allowed for analyses of the role of these factors for the attraction and disorientation of
numerous migratory birds. As expected, the conspicuous façade illumination was responsible for many
casualties (fatal or non-fatal). Additionally, the illuminated roof logos and even faint light sources like
the emergency lights were attractive and led to casualties. Moon and rain were negatively correlated
with casualties, but there was no clear correlation with other weather parameters. Turning off lights was
key, but effects of other ex post mitigation measures were limited: shutters were not originally intended
for the attenuation of light emissions, control technology was insufficient, and there was a lack of
willingness of the building owner to reduce light emissions consistently, even during core bird migration
periods. Conservation recommendations are derived from this case study.
23
ARC 361
Light systems and regime:
Both façades of the tower are illuminated in the evening using different light colors and patterns (Fig. 1,
left). The façade illumination is the first of three sources of light we consider in our analyses. The second
source of light are the emergency lights in the corridors inside the building, which are permanently on.
Façade and emergency lights can be attenuated by shutters lowered behind the main façades. However,
these shutters are sunshades and not designed to maximally reduce light emission from the building:
they are translucent, there is a gap between adjacent shutters, and shutters are lacking at the slender
façade areas (Fig. 1, right, and especially S3 and
S4 in the electronic supplement). The third
source of light are strong spotlights installed on
the roof and directed vertically into the sky,
backlighting two large, mainly yellow logos on
the top edge of the building (logo lights; Fig. 1,
left)
Fig. 1 The Post Tower with full façade

illumination (in blue [see digital article]) and
logo lights and emergency lights on (left), and
with façade illumination and logo lights off, and emergency lights maximally attenuated (right; maximal
attenuation of emergency lights only incompletely shields off light emissions)
Correlations between light regime, time, and year
A major challenge for the inferential analyses was the strong Figure 1:post-Tower core-
relation among the light situations at the tower,
the hour of the night, and the year, as described
above. Since façade illumine- tion was on only in
the first part of the night, it was not possible to
separate this effect from a general pattern of
casualty numbers across the night (reflecting
changing migration activity across the night). using
an interaction between façade illumination and the
night hour relative to switching off this
illumination, the hours "on1" to "off6" as shown in
Fig. 2
Figure 2
24
ARC 361
Results: In the periods analyzed, 1478 bird Species Total Dead

casualties were found at the Post Tower, 107 of
these were already dead when found. At least 25 Common Fircrest Regulus ignicapilla 661 30
species were affected (Table 1), with kinglets
European Robin Erithacus rubecula 229 31
accounting for 63.6% of all casualties. Other
common case- alties were European Robin and the Goldcrest Regulus regulus 154 6
thrushes, while war- blurs, flycatchers, tits, and
others were less commonly found. unidentified kinglet Regulus sp. 125 0
Table 1 Number of casualties found per species unidentified small bird 118 0
during the nights 12–13
Eurasian Wren Troglodytes troglodytes 63 3
September to 31 October—1 November of the years
Song Thrush Turdus philomelos 39 12
2008— 2013 at the Post Tower in Bonn (dead or
alive). Dead casualties are given separately, too Common Blackbird Turdus merula 13 1
wing wall, which "collects" the birds coming from Feathers left from scavenger 8 8
the north. The southern façade also showed a
concentration inside the wing wall.
The number of casualties was clearly lower in the years with a reduced light regime
(Table 2). A comparison with the numbers found during the same autumn period in
2007 is hampered by the different search protocol in 2007, when searches were less
systematic and only in some cases covered most night.
Fig. 3 Ground plan of the Post Tower and the Conference center building (without
projecting roofs of the conference center), and the density of bird casualties found
per location during the study period 12 September—1 November and 2008–2013.
The strongest con centration’s were observed inside the "wing wall" areas (glass
walls extending 3.5 m beyond Figure 3
both edges of the tower:
arrows). N = 1478 casualties in
total
Figure 5: Estimated average number of bird casualties, in the course of the night, Figure 4: Effects of the Post Tower shutters, and the logo
during the first 2 or 3 h, with façade illumination, and the following hours without lights on the number of bird casualties found
façade illumination, separately Figure
for nights with full
6: Effect vs.95%
(with reduced façade
credible illumination
interval) of rain and moon on the estimated number of casualties. Moon:
during percentage of visible moon disk; 0% includes hours with moon below horizon irrespective of moon phase
25
ARC 361
• Case Study_05
26
ARC 361
27
ARC 361
10. Conclusion
• Light pollution is a significant problem in our nowadays society.
• Although it may not seem like a big issue compared to other problems like global
warming, it still causes severe problems on humanity as well as on our whole
environmental system.
• These include adverse impact on our sleep which is likely to increase our stress
levels and in turn may even lead to cardiovascular diseases like heart attacks.
• There are plenty of measures which we can apply in our daily lives to reduce the
adverse effects caused by light pollution.
• Most of these measures are quite easy to apply and also do not cost lots of money.
• This means it all depends on our will to change our behavior in order to prevent
light pollution and the implied adverse effects.
• If everyone contributes just a little bit, we could greatly reduce light pollution and
therefore increase our living quality.
11. References
• M.D. Simpson, A flexible approach to lighting design, Proc. CIBSE National Lighting
Conference, Cambridge, 8–11 April 1990, 182-189, Chartered Institution of
Building Services Engineers.
• https://www.globeatnight.org/light-pollution.php
• Flanders, Tony (December 5, 2008). "Rate Your Skyglow". Sky & Telescope. AAS
Sky Publishing. Retrieved 2020-02-26.
• https://www.globeatnight.org/light-pollution.php
• https://www.darksky.org/
• https://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/nlpip/lightinganswers/lightpollution/lightTres
pass.asp
• https://www.researchgate.net/
28

Lighting Pollution Research Submission

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lighting Pollution Research Submission

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lighting Pollution Research Submission

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

LIGHT POLLUTION

Ain Shams University

3. Types of Light Pollution …………………………………………………… 2

4. Light Pollution Effects …………………………………………………… 3

5. Human Health ………………………………………………………………. 6

6. Light Pollution Effects on Wildlife and Ecosystems …………………… 7

7. Solutions for Light Pollutions …………………………………………… 8

8. Measurements of Light Pollution …………………………………………. 10

9. Case Studies ………………………………………………………………… 11

9.1 Case Study_01 …………………………………………………… 11

9.2 Case Study_02 …………………………………………………… 14

9.3 Case Study_03 …………………………………………………… 20

9.4 Case Study_04 …………………………………………………… 23

9.5 Case Study_05 …………………………………………………… 26

10. Conclusion ………………………………………………………………… 28

11. References ………………………………………………………………… 28

3. Types of Light Pollution

4. Light Pollution Effects

• Light Pollution Wastes Energy and Money

o Lighting that emits too much light or

• Lighting, Crime and Safety

6. Light Pollution Effects on Wildlife and Ecosystems

• Birds that migrate or hunt at night navigate by

7. Solutions for Light Pollutions

8. Measurements of Light Pollution

• Measure the brightness of the night sky:

• Tool 1 : Mobile Applications:

brightness at different sites quantitatively, Document the evolution of light

WARSAW AT NIGHT FUKUOKA AT NIGHT

• BORTLE SCALE ARTIFICIAL LIGHT AT NIGHT:

Class Title NELM1 Clouds

• ARTIFICIAL LIGHT FACTORS:

• ZENITH SKY BRIGHTNESS:

Light characteristics Area Avg Min Max Q1 Q2 Q3 skewness

Bangalore, India at night

Night-time imagery and migratory bird routes through India.

• Impact on Human Health and Anthropogenic Activities:

• ZENITH SKY BRIGHTNESS:

• Pollution and health in USA

prohibit the use of particular lighting fixtures; (3)

• Population, industrialization and its relationship to light pollution

We present descriptive statistics for all

United States at night

• Birds and the ‘Post Tower’ in Bonn, Germany

Light systems and regime:

Fig. 1 The Post Tower with full façade

Correlations between light regime, time, and year

Results: In the periods analyzed, 1478 bird Species Total Dead

You might also like