Forced & Damped Oscillations (INSP)

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“ Physics will never be the same again ”
Theory Notes
On
“ Forced Oscillations ”
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DAMPED AND DRIVEN OSCILLATIONS
JEE ADV [EXTRA SYLLABUS ]
FOUNDATION OLYMPIAD
Standard Harmonic Oscillator
Consider a spring block system on a smooth horizontal surface attached to the rigid vertical wall, as
shown in the figure.
After displacing the block by a displacement of x and when the black is released, it oscillates. In this
case, the restoring force
FR  − x
FR = – kx
Then Fnet = ma
d2x
FR  − x  m 2 + kx = 0 … (1)
dt
[INSP][www.inspedu.in] YT : Indian school of physics NITIN SACHAN
Damped Harmonic Oscillator
As shown in the figure, the block is pulled away and released, and then it oscillates.
It has two cases.
Restoring force: FR  – x  FR = – kx.
Dissipative force :FD  – v  FD = − v
Fnet = ma
d2x
m 2 + kx + v = 0
dt
d2x
Fd  v  m 2 + kx + v = 0
dt Restoring dissipation
force
 → dissipation coefficient of dimensions of force/velocity

The differential equation of motion of a Damped Harmonic Oscillator is of the form given below.
d2x dx
m 2 +  + kx = 0 …(2)
dt dt restoring
dissipation force
kx → restoring force
 → dissipation
The solution of the above equation is dissipation x ( t ) = A e t … (i)
x = length, A = length
1
 = constant 
time
Differentiating the above equation w.r.t. time, we get

dx
( t ) = A  e t …(ii)
dt
Differentiating the above equation w.r.t. time, we get
d2x
2 ( )
t = A  2 et …(iii)
dt
Keeping all the above equations in equation (2), we get
m A 2 et +  A  et + k Aet = 0
m A 2 et +  A  et + k Aet = 0
et  m A  2 +  A  + kA  = 0
=0
m A  2 +  A  + kA = 0
 r2 k
=−  − …(iv)
2m 4m 2 m
Substituting (iv) in (i)
Then the solution becomes
x ( t ) = A e t
 2 k
t  − t
−
 4m
2 m 
= Ae 2m e
 2 k 
 −  −
 4m 2 m 
t
− t
x(t) = Ae 2m e  
 2 k  2 k
  −  −  −
2 m  4m2 m 
t t
− t  − t
x ( t ) = C1  4m   
e 2m e + C2 e 2m e …(v)
To write in a simple form, let
 2 k
p= q= 2
−
2m 4m m
Then the equation becomes
x ( t ) = C1 e − pt eqt + C 2 e − pt e − qt
x ( t ) = e−pt C1 eqt + C2 e−qt  …(vi)

Case 1: Over Damping
q= q
LetBE
2 k 2 k
q  0, −  0 or
2 m 2

4m 4m m
x ( t ) = e− pt C1 eqt + C2 e−qt 
 
Let
D1 = C1 + C2 and damping
Dz
then
D1 + D 2 D1 − D2
C1 = C2 =
2 2
 D + D 2 qt D1 − D 2 − qt 
x ( t ) = e − pt  1 e + e 
 2 2 
 
 
− pt   eqt + e − qt   eqt − e − qt  
x ( t ) = e  D1   + D 2   
 2 2
    
 cos h ( qt ) sin h ( qt ) 
= e− pt  D1 cos h ( qt ) + D2 sin h ( qt ) 
Boundary conditions At t = 0, x = 0 and D1= 0
q= q
Now the solution becomes
x ( t ) = D2 e− pt sin h ( qt )
p0
q0
2 k
2

4m m
2
x(t) 1   2
1
t
No oscillation is Possible

Case 2: Critical Damping
Let q = q
q=0
2 k 2 k
q = 0, − = 0 or =
4m2 m 4m2 m
Now the solution becomes
x ( t ) = C1 e−pt eqt + C2 e−pt e−qt
x ( t ) = C1 e−pt + C2 e−pt = ( C1 + C2 ) e−pt = Ce−pt
Let x1 ( t ) = Ce−pt
x 2 ( t ) = D t e−pt and x 2 ( t )  constant x1 ( t )
Then
x ( t ) = x1 ( t ) + x 2 ( t ) = Ce−pt + Dt e−pt = ( C + Dt ) e−pt
x ( t ) = ( C + Dt ) e−pt
q = 0 critical damping
x(t)
x max
t
2m
t max =


Case 3:Under Damping
Let q = q and q  0
2 k 2 k
q  0, −  0 or 
4m2 m 4m2 m
 2 k  2 k
  −  t  −  −
 4m 2 m 
2 m
t
− t − t
The solution becomes x ( t ) = C1
4m
e 2m e   + C2 e 2m e  
x ( t ) = C1 e−pt eqt + C2 e−pt e− qt

1/2 1/2
k 2 2 k k 2  k 2 
q  0,  => − = −  − = i −
 m 4m 2   m 4m 2 
1
m 4m2 4m 2 m    
 i
k
−
2
t −i
k
−
2
t

 m 4m2 m 4m 2 
 
Now the solution becomes x ( t ) = e− pt C1 e 1
+ C2 e 1

 
 
 
x ( t ) = e − pt C1 ei 1t + C2 e − i 1t 
 
k
The natural frequency of the oscillator becomes 02 =
m
C i C k 2
C1 = e , C 2 = − e −i , 12 = −
2i 2i m 4m2
C − pt  i i 1t
x (t) = e e e − e − i e − i 1t  , 0  1
2i  
 i ( 1t +) − e− i( 1t +) 
− pt e e ( 1 ) −e ( 1 )
i  t + − i  t +
=Ce   but = sin ( 1t + )
 2i  2i
x ( t ) = C e−pt sin ( 1t + )
x(t) e− pt
2 2T1 3T1
T1 =
1
If  = 0, p = 0 ; x ( t ) = Csin ( 1t +  ) = Csin ( 0 t +  )
Standard oscillation

Characterizing the Damped Harmonic Oscillator: Q values (Quality factor)
2 k
 q0
4m2 m

− t
e 2m 
− 1
x(t) e 2m
0 t
2 2
1 1

− t
x ( t ) = A0 e 2m cos ( 1t +  )
The amplitude of the oscillation at the time 1


− 1
A1 = A 0 e 2m
The amplitude of the oscillation at the time 21


− ( 21 )
A 2 = A0 e 2m
The amplitude of the oscillation at the time n1


− n1
A n = A0 e 2m
 An
Let  = 1 and A n = A 0 e − n  = e− n
2m A0
A 
n  n  = −n
 A0 

Relaxation time
The DHO takes the time for its amplitude to fall from A0 to A0/e.

A0 − t
= A 0 e 2m
e
A0 is the initial amplitude (at t = 0)
 2m
t = 1  tr = → Relaxation time
2m 
Q-value (quality factor) of Damped Harmonic Oscillator

The Q – value is the ratio between energy stored in the oscillator and energy lost per cycle.
Physical significance: It tells us the energy is spent on practical work to improve the quality of the
device.
Derivation:
We know that

− t
A ( t ) = A0 e 2m
then E  A2

− t
E(t) = A (t) =
2 2
A0 e m
E0 → initial energy at t = 0
E 0  A 02
Then

− t
E ( t ) = E0 e m
E0 m
The time taken for energy to fall from E0 to E0/e, i.e., E 0 → is t = .
e 
T → 2
m
→


2 m m
  =
T  
Hence the quality factor

m1
Q= …(vii)

Where the Frequency of DHO is
k 2
12 = −
m 4m 2
If   1 then 1  0 (Frequency of the free oscillations)
m0
Now Q-value of the oscillator Q =


− t
E ( t ) = E0 e m
Differentiating the above equation w.r.t. time, the equation becomes

dE
−E = t
dt

− t  
−E = E 0 e m
 −  t
 m
 
−E = E  −  t
 m
E 
= t  
E m
2
But t =
1
Then the equation becomes
E 2      
=   = 2  
E 1  m   m0 
E 1  m0  1
= = Q
E 2    2

Energy stored in the oscillator Q
=
Energy lost / cycle 2
Q → Dimensionless quantity.
The energy of the DHO at any instant E(t) :

The damped harmonic oscillator [DHO] at any instant has a total energy
1 1 1 1
E = kx 2 + mv 2 = kx 2 + mx 2
2 2 2 2
dE dx dx d 2 x dx  d 2 x 
= kx +m =  m + kx 
dt dt dt dt 2 dt  dt 2 
dE
For undamped = 0 (Energy is conserved)
dt
2
dE dx  dx   dx 
=  −  = −    0 (Energy is lost)
dt dt  dt   dt 
For Undampled Oscillator
d2x
m 2 + kx = 0
dt
For Damped Harmonic Oscillator
d2x dx
m 2 + + kx = 0
dt dt

Forced Oscillator
Elastic Force X
kx
K Driving Force
Inertial Force
Damper
Damping Force
As shown in the diagram, when the block is pulled away from the support by a distance x and
released, it oscillates with damping amplitude which is the case of a damped harmonic oscillator. In
this case, two forces are acting, one is restoring force, FR = − kx and the other is a dissipative force.
Fd = − v
Where v → velocity of oscillator
Where  is the dissipative constant or damping constant.
To maintain the sustained oscillations, a force of driving agency is acting on it with an applied
frequency  . In this case, the driving force is F = F0 cos t . Comparatively, it can be written for
forced oscillator and damped oscillator as follows.
Forced oscillator Damped oscillator

d2x dx d2x dx
m 2 + + kx = F0 cos t …(1) m 2 + + kx = 0 …(2)
dt dt dt dt
The above is the non-homogeneous This above equation is the homogeneous,
2nd order ordinary differential equation. second-order ordinary differential equation.
The general solution of the above non- The general solution of the above
homogeneous second order x ( t ) = x c ( t ) + x p ( t ) homogeneous second-order ordinary
differential equation is given by x c ( t )
x c ( t ) → typical for forced oscillator and damped oscillator (complementary solution)
x p ( t ) → any solution for equation (1) (particular solution)

But x c ( t ) : e − pt kills (predominates) oscillations as t → 
This solution corresponds transient state.

x p ( t ) : Steady state solution as t → 
d2x dx
m 2 + + kx = F0 cos t
dt dt
The equation can also be written below.
d2x dx
m + + kx = F0 eit (3)
dt dt
Let x ( t ) = A eit (i)
Differentiating the above equation, we get

dx
( t ) = Ai eit (ii)
dt
Differentiating again, we get
d2x
2 ( )
t = − A2 eit (iii)
dt
substituting (i),(ii), and (iii) in equation (3), we get
− mA2 eit + Ai eit + kAeit = F0 eit
( −mA 2
)
+ iA + kA = F0
The amplitude of the forced oscillator is
F0
A=
(
i + k − m2 )
This equation can also be written as
−i F0 −i F0
A= = …(iv)
 + i ( m − k / )
 Z
Where Z is the Impedance
Z =  + i ( m− k / )
The displacement can be written as
−i F0 it
x (t) = e (since, from equation (i))
Z
Now the impedance can be written as Z = Z ei
−iF0 eit −iF0 i ( t −)
x(t) = = e
 Z ei  Z
−iF0 i ( t −)
x(t) = e
Z
Z =  2 + ( m − k / )
2
tan  =
( m − k / )

Here the external forcing function F0 eit
(1) External forcing and displacement have the same angular frequency.
(2) Phase difference  between forcing and displacement.
(3) Even if  = 0 there would be a phase difference of  / 2
(4) Maximum amplitude is ( F0 /  Z ) .
d2x dx
If m +  + kx = F0 sin t
dt 2 dt
−iF0 i( t −) −iF0
Then x ( t ) = e = cos ( t − ) + isin ( t − )
Z Z 
F0
= −i cos ( t − ) + sin ( t −  )
Z 
−F0
x(t) = cos ( t − )
Z
The above solution has two cases.
(i) If the forcing function is F0 sin t (ii) If the forcing function is F0 cos t
−F0 F0
x(t) = cos ( t − ) x(t) = sin ( t − )
Z Z
−iF0 i( t −)
x(t) = e
( Z)
Differentiating displacement w.r.t. time we obtain
−iF0
ie (
i t −)
v(t) =
( Z)
F0 i( t −)
v(t) = e
Z

If the forcing function is F0 sin t If the forcing function is F0 cos t
F F
then, v ( t ) = 0 sin ( t − ) then, v ( t ) = 0 cos ( t −  )
Z Z
m − k / 
tan  =

The final equations when forcing function is F0 cos t :
d2x dx
m 2
+ + kx = F0 cos t … (1*)
dt dt
F
x ( t ) = 0 sin ( t − ) ...(2*)
Z
F0
v(t) = cos ( t −  ) ...(3*)
Z
Forced oscillator (Instantaneous Power and Q value)

The non-homogeneous first-order ordinary differential equation (ODE) is
d2x dx
m 2
+ + kx = F0 cos t
dt dt
Driving Force
The solution of the above equation (Displacement) is given by

F0
x(t) = sin ( t − ) → displacement
Z
Differentiating the above equation, the equation becomes

F0
v(t) = cos ( t −  ) → velocity
Z
The product of the driving force and velocity of the forced oscillator at any instant of time is defined
as instantaneous power.
P ( t ) = F( t ) v ( t )
P ( t ) → Instantaneous power is supplied to the oscillator at any instant.

F 
P ( t ) = ( F0 cos t )  0 cos ( t −  ) 
Z 
Average power P : The total power of the forced oscillator per unit cycle
T
1
P =  P ( t ) dt (viii)
T0
T: the period of oscillation

2
T=

Now equation (viii) becomes
T
1 F02
P =  cos t cos ( t −  ) dt
T0 Z
T
F02
cos t cos ( t −  ) dt
T Z 0
=
T
F02
cos t  cos t cos  + sin t sin  dt
T Z 0
P =
2 / 
1
But  cos 2 t dt =
2
0
2/ 

2  sin t cos t dt = 0
0
F02
Hence P = cos  ….(ix)
2Z
The above equation gives the average power supplied to the oscillator over one time period.

* Average power consumed by the oscillator in one complete cycle.
2
 dx  dx  dx 
  =  
 dt  dt  dt 
Now the average power becomes
T 2 T
1  dx   F2
P 2 =     dt =  02 cos 2 ( t −  ) dt
T 0  dt  T0 Z
T
F02
 cos ( t − ) dt
2
P 2
= 2
TZ 0
F02  F02 F02

= =  =
2
cos  = P 2
2Z 2Z Z 2Z
 k
Z =  + i  m − 
 
2
 2k
Z =  +  m − 
 
k
m −
tan  = 

Hence
k
m −
 
cos  = and sin  =
Z Z
The average power supplied in one cycle = Average power dissipated in one cycle.
F02
Average power P max =
2Z
If  = 0 then cos  = 1
k k
m − = 0  2 = = 02
 m

F02
2Z
P
 = 0 
Resonance curve
The quality factor
0
Q=
2 − 1
Bandwidth:
The frequencies at which the average power becomes half its maximum value are called cut-off
frequencies. (here 1 and 2 )
The difference between higher and lower cut-off frequencies at which the average power becomes
half its maximum value is called bandwidth.
Bandwidth = 2 − 1
P
P = max
for defining 1 and 2
2
P
P max
P max
2
1 0 2 
 k
The impedance of the forced oscillator is Z =  + i  m − 
 
2
 2 k
Z =  +  m − 
 
k
m −
and tan  = 


k
m −
 
hence cos  = , sin  =
Z Z
The average power supplied in one cycle = Average power dissipated in one cycle.
( Q =  −0 )
2 1
we know that
P
P = max
for defining 1 and 2
2
F02 1 F02
=
2Z
2
2 2
2
Z = 2 2
2
 k
 +  m −  = 2 2
2
 
2
 k 2  k
 m −  =    m −  = 
   
P
P max
P max
2
1 0 2 
k
m − =

k
m − = −

k
m2 − =   2
2
k
m1 − = −  1
1

2 − 1 
=
0 m0
0
Q=
2 − 1
Q value; the amplification factor

F0
The amplitude of displacement :
Z
At resonance:  = r → resonant frequency
2
then r = 02 −
2m 2
F0 F
the maximum amplitude is given by A max = = 0
0 Z r 
At A 0 → reference amplitude  → 0 (boundary condition)
Then it can be written as

F0 F0
Lt = Lt
→0  Z →0 2
2  k
  +  m − 
 m
F0 F
= = 0
k k


But the initial amplitude is
F0
A0 =
k
We can write as
2
 A max  F02 k 2
  = 2 2 2 …(x)
 A0  1  F0
k
the frequency of free oscillations is 02 =
m

02 m 2
=
 2 
 2  02 − 
 4m 2 
However, we know the quality factor.

m0
Q=

Substituting the Q value in equation (x), we get

2
 A max  Q2
  =
 A0   1 2
1 − Q 
 4 
A max Q
=
A0 1
1 − Q2
4
If Q  1
Then
A max Q
= =Q
A0 1 2
1− Q
4
A max
=Q
A0
Q=3
Q=2
x max
F0
A0 =
k 
The general equations for driving force, displacement, and velocity are given by
f ( t ) = F0eit → External driving force. …(xi)

 
−iF0 i ( t −) F i  t −− 2 
x (t) = e = 0 e …(xii)
Z Z
F0 i ( t −)
v(t) = e …(xiii)
Z
The graph between  vs 
The impedance of the driven oscillator

2
2 k
Z =  +  m − 
 
We know that ei  = cos  + isin 
e− i /2 = −i
F0 i ( t −)
but  ( t ) = e
Z
 k
now Z =  + i  m − 
 
2
2 k
Z =  +  m − 
 
 k
 m − 

and tan  = 

 k
 m − 
 = tan −1  

  
 

k
m −
If  = 0 then  = 0  2 = k = 2
0
 m
 1
2 2

0 
 = 0
  2  1
−
2
v leads F v lags F
Velocity Resonance:
The velocity of the driven oscillator at any instant is
F0 i ( t −)
v(t) = e
Z
F0
where = vmax ( )
Z
if Z it is minimum and   0 then
F0 F0
v max ( ) = =
Z  k
2
2
 +  m − 
 m
F0
=
2
2 m2  2 k 
 + 2  − 
  m
F0
v max ( ) =
m2 2
( )
2
2 + 2
 − 02

2
 2k k
Z =  +  m −  , = 02
  m

v max Resonance curve
 = 0 
Velocity resonance
Displacement resonance
f ( t ) = F0 ei  t
 
− i F0 i ( t −) F0 i  t −− 2 
x(t) = e = e
Z Z
2
 2 k
Z =  +  m − 
 

Total phase angle : −  −
2
Phase angle : 
x lags F 
−
2
Total 
phase 
angle x lags F

0 −
2
x(t) & f (t)
are in phase
 
F i  t −− 2  F0
x(t) = 0 e  x max =
Z Z

d 2
d
( Z ) = 0 2 2
 = 0 −
2m 2
k
02 = → natural frequency
m
F0 F0
The amplitude A = =
Z 2
2  k
  +  m − 
 
F0
At  = 0 the amplitude = A MAX
2
 k 
0  2 +  m0 − 
 0 
1
 2  1
x max
2

0  = 0
Displacement resonance

Problem 1 :
For a damped harmonic oscillator 02 − 12 = 10−6 02 . The value of the quality factor Q is
A) 250
B) 500
C) 125
D) 200
Sol: Option A
2
12 = 02 −
4m 2
2
02 − 12 =
4m 2
−6 2
10 02 =
4m 2
2
2 2
= 10−6
4m 0
1
2
= 10−6
4Q
12 106
 Q = =
4  10−6 4
103 1000
Q= = = 500
2 2

Problem 2 :
During each oscillatory cycle, the amplitude of a damped oscillator decreases by 5%. Therefore the
percentage of mechanical energy of the oscillator lost in each cycle will be?
A) 0.6 %
B) 0.8 %
C) 0.5 %
D) 0.9 %
Ans: Option B
A0
Sol: = e
A1
A0
= e
0.95A 0
e− = 0.95
n e− = n 0.95
 = 0.051
 '
= = 0.051
2m
2 2
' = =
1 0
 2 
= =
2m 0 m0

 
=  Q=
Q 
Energy stored 
Q= =
Energy lost / cycle 
Energy stored → E 0
Energy lost → qE 0
E0  
=  q=
qE 0  
0.051
q=  0.0081
3.141
0.8% of the energy is lost/cycle
Problem 3 :
k
The fractional change in the natural frequency 02 = of a damped simple harmonic oscillator is
m
1
approximately . Find n.
nQ 2
(Q is the quality factor, k is restoring constant, and m is the mass of the oscillator.)
Ans: 8
2
Sol: 12 = 02 −
4m 2
 2 
12 = 02 1 − 2 2

 4m 0 
1/2
1  2 
= 1 − 
0  4m 202 
 2 
= 1 − 2 2 
 8m 0 
Note that
(1 + x )q  1 + qx
1 − 0 1 m0
=− 2 Q=
0 8Q r
0 − 1 1
=
0 8Q 2
Problem 4 :
A mass is subjected to dissipative force − v but does not have a restoring force term. Its
displacement as a function of time will be.
Ans:
d2x d2x
Sol: m 2 + 2 +kx =0
dt dt
2
d x d2x
m 2 + 2 =0
dt dt
Let x ( t ) = A et
dx
( t ) = A  e t
dt
d2x
2 ( )
t = A  2 e t
dt
m A  2 et +  A  et = 0
et mA 2 +  A   = 0
m 2 +   = 0

2 +  = 0
m
 r 
 +  = 0
 m

 = 0 or  = −
m
x ( t ) = A e t

mv0 − m t
=0 x(t) = A x(t) = A − e



 − t
=− x ( t ) = Ae m
m

− t
x(t) = A + B e m
dx
( 0 ) = v0
dt

 − t
( t ) = B  −  e m
dx
dt  m

( 0 ) = B  −  = v0
dx mv0
B=−
dt  m 
Problem 5 :
d2y dy dy
Consider the damped oscillator of the form 2 + 2 + 10y = 0 . If y ( 0 ) = 4 ( 0 ) = − 4 then, find
dt dt dt
the displacement as a function of time.
A) y ( t ) = 3e − t cos ( 4t )
B) y ( t ) = 4e − t cos ( 4t )
C) y ( t ) = 3e − t cos ( 3t )
D) y ( t ) = 4e − t cos ( 3t )
Ans: Option D
d2y dy d 2 y  dy k
Sol: m +  + ky = 0  + + =0
dt 2 dt dt 2 m dt m
 k
= 2 and = 10
m m
2 k
= 2
− = 1 − 10 = −9
4m m
   0 Oscillatory solutions.
 2 k  2 k
− t − t − t − − t
y ( t ) = C1 e
2
2m e 4m m
+ C2 e 2m e 4m 2 m
y ( t ) = e− t C1 e3it + C2 e− 3it 
dy
( t ) = − e− t C1 e3it + C2 e−3it  + e− t 3i C1 e3it − 3i C2 e− 3it 
dt
dy
y ( 0 ) = 4 and (0) = 4
dt
dy
y ( 0 ) = C1 + C2 = 4, ( 0 ) = − ( C1 + C2 ) + 3i ( C1 − C2 ) = − 4
dt
C1 + C2 = 4 − ( C1 + C2 ) = −4
2C = 4 3i ( C1 − C2 ) = 0  C1 = C2 = C
C=2 C1 = C2 = C = 2
y ( t ) = e− t C1 e3it + C2 e−3it 
y ( t ) = e− t 2e3it + 2e−3it 
 e3it + e − 3it 
= 2e − t  2
 2 
cot ( 3t )
y ( t ) = 4e − t cos ( 3t )

Problem 6 :
The figure shows the mean input power (P) for a mass hanging from a spring with damping. If the
driving force is removed, energy decreases as E = E0 e−t . Find Q. Find  .
(The Q value is sufficiently large.)
0 
0.95 0 1.05 0
1 2
Ans:
0 
0.95 0 1.05 0
1 2
Sol:

0 0 0
Q= = =
2 − 1 1.050 − 0.950 0 (1.05 − 0.95)
1
= = 10 Q = 10
0.1
 m0
E = E0 e−t = Q=
m 
10 Q m
= = =
0 0 
Problem 7:
A block of mass 2 kg stretches by 2.5cm when hung from a spring. The top end of the spring
oscillates up and down with an amplitude of 2mm. The Q-value of this system is 15.
What is 0 this system? What is the amplitude of forced oscillations  = 0 ?
Ans:
Sol: Q = 15
mg = kx
k = spring constant
2mm
2mm
2.5cm
2kg
k g 9.81msec−1
02 = = = = 400
m x 2.5  10−2 m
0 = 400 = 20Hz

F0 F0
The amplitude of forced oscillations = :
Z  k
2
  2 +  m − 
 
F0
At  = 0 the amplitude = A MAX
2
 k 
0  2 +  m0 − 
 0 
m0
Q=

m0 2  20 8
= = = F0 = 2mm = 2 10−3 m
Q 15 3
0 = 20Hz
Problem 8 :
The initial amplitude of a damped oscillator is A. The amplitude decreases to A/e after N complete
periods. Let T0 be the time period without damping and Td the time period with damping. Show that
T0 1
= 1+
Td 4N 2
Ans:
2 2
Sol: T= , T0 =
 0
2
Td =
d
2 k
d = − 2
+
4m m
02
A(t)

− t  
= e 2m at t = NT0 => t= ( NT0 ) = 1
A0 2m 2m
k 2
− 2
T0 2 d d m 4m 2 = 1 − 
=  = =
Td 0 2 0 k 4km
m
Problem 9 :
An oscillator has the natural frequency of 0 . The width of the resonance, in the presence of a
driving force, is 0 / 5 . Find the Q value.
Ans: 5
0 0 5
Sol: Q= = = 0 =5
2 − 1 0 / 5 0
width of
the resonance
curve
Q=5
P m
5
m 
1 2
Problem 10 :
An external periodic forcing function of frequency f 2 drives a damped harmonic frequency f1
oscillator. At the steady state, the oscillator frequency will be:
f1 + f 2
(A) f1 (B) f 2 (C) f1 − f 2 (D)
2
Ans: B
Sol: When an external periodic force is switched on a harmonic oscillator, the oscillator's motion, in the
beginning, is irregular because the oscillator tries to oscillate with its natural frequency where, as the
driving force gets successful in imposing its frequency. In this state, called the steady state, the
oscillator oscillates with constant amplitude and frequency equal to that of the driving force.
Problem 11 :
An oscillator, under the influence of an external periodic forcing function, generally vibrates with
(A) its natural frequency of vibration and its amplitude is small
(B) its natural frequency of vibration, but its amplitude is large
(C) the frequency of the external force with a large amplitude
(D) the frequency of the external force with a small amplitude
Ans: D
Sol: In forced SHM, the body oscillates with the frequency of external force, and its amplitude is small.
Problem 12 :
Pav ( max )
1
Pav ( max )
2
P

1 0 2
The variation of the average power ( Pav ) with the frequency of the external forcing function acting
on an oscillator is shown in the graph.
Choose the Correct statements.
(1) The damping constant determines the sharpness of the peak at resonance.
2 − 1
(2) The sharpness of resonance is defined by
0
(3) The peak occurs at the frequency of velocity resonance when the power absorbed by the
oscillator from the driving force is maximum
(A) 2 and 3 (B)1 and 2 (C)1 and 3 (D) None of

these
Ans: C

0
Sol: The quality factor Q measure sharpness and Q =
2 − 1
0
Sharpness = Q =
2 − 1
Hence statement (2) is wrong
Problem 13 :
In the case of a forced oscillator, the maximum amplitude occurs at the
(A) the natural frequency of the oscillator
(B) frequency of the forcing function
(C) frequency more significant than the natural frequency of the oscillator
(D) frequency less than the natural frequency of the oscillator
Ans: D
Sol: The equation of forced oscillation is given as
d2x
2
+ 2x + 02 x = f 0 sin t
dt
f0
The amplitude of the forced oscillation is given as A = 1
( 2 − 2 )2 + 4 22  2
 0 
It becomes maximum when  = 0 − 2

2
( 2 2
)
 The maximum amplitude occurs when   0

Problem 14 :
The variation of amplitude (A) with driving frequency ( ) for different values of damping constant
is shown in the figure. The curve which represents minimum damping is the curve labelled:
W
X
Y
(A) W (B) X (C) Y (D) Z

Ans: A
f0
Sol: A max = Thus, as damping decreases, the response curve becomes sharper, increasing its
2  02 −  2
amplitude gradually. Thus when damping is zero, amplitude becomes infinite. Thus curve W
represents the response curve having minimum damping.

Problem 15 :
The resonance curve, in the case of a forced oscillation, becomes very sharp when the :
(A) damping force is small (B) restoring force is small
(C) applied oscillatory force is small (D) quality factor is small
Ans: A
Sol: If m be mass of a particle, then the forced vibration equation is given as
d2x dx k
m 2 +  + x = F0 sin t …(i)
dt dt m
Where F0 is the magnitude of the applied force of frequency p?
Dividing equation (i) by m, we get
d 2 x  dx k F0 d2x dx F
2
+ + x = sin t or + 2k + 02 x = f 0 sin t where f 0 = 0 .
dt m dt m m dt dt m
When the steady state has been attained, the oscillator has settled down to oscillate with forcing

frequency and a constant amplitude.
2
Let the solution of equation (i) be given as x = Asin ( t −  )
where  is the phase difference between the applied force and displacement of the oscillator? The
solution can be written as

f0 2k
A= where  = tan −1
( 2 − 2 )2 + 4k 22 
1/2
( 02 − 2 )
 0 
f0
At the resonance frequency, the amplitude is given as A max =
2k ( 2 + k 2 )
1/2
Sharpness is a measure of the rate of fall of amplitude from its maximum value at resonance
frequency on either side of it. The sharper the fall in amplitude, the sharper the resonance.
Problem 16 :
Which of the following closely depicts the frequency response curve of a damped forced oscillator?
(R = amplitude, v R = Frequency)
R R
vR vR
(A) (B)
R R
vR vR
(C) (D)
Ans: B
Sol: The differential equation of forced oscillation is given as
d2x dx
2
+ 2k + 02 x = f 0 sin t
dt dt

f0
solving this, the amplitude is given as A =
( 02 − 2 ) + ( 2k)2 
1/2
 
The curve given for this amplitude is given as
Displacement
Frequency
Problem 17 :
d2x dx
m 2 + + kx = 0 It is the equation of motion of an object of mass m, connected to a spring of
dt dt
stiffness k, oscillating in a medium of damping constant  . Let it 0 be its natural frequency. Which
of the following is/are correct?
(A) critical damping occurs when  = 2mk
(B) Non-oscillatory, aperiodic motion occurs when   2m0
(C) Oscillations about equilibrium with an exponentially decaying amplitude occur when   2m0
(D) Non-oscillatory and quicker return to equilibrium occurs when  = 2 mk

Ans: BCD
2
Sol: The damped Frequency of the oscillator is  = 02 −
4m2
(i) Critical damping occurs when  = 2m0 = 2 mk . It provides for a faster return to equilibrium
(ii) Under damping (or light damping) occurs, when   2m0

it entails oscillation about equilibrium with exponentially decaying amplitude
(iii) Overdamping (or heavy damping) occurs when   2m0

It gives non-oscillatory, aperiodic motion with a monatomic approach to equilibrium at late times,
which is slower than critical damping.
Problem 18 :
A flat disc of mass 200 g is suspended vertically from a spring; the other end is attached to a rigid
support. The frequency of the system is 20 Hz. The amplitude of the damped oscillation reduces to
half of its initial value in 60s. Choose the correct statement
.
(A) as amplitude decreases with a time Time period of oscillation decreases
1
(B) The time in which amplitude decays to of initial value is 8.6 sec
e
(C) The constant damping b is 4.6 10−3 Nsm−1
1
(D) The time in which energy decreases to its initial value is 4.3 sec
e
Ans: BC
Sol: (A) Time period of damped oscillation is independent of its amplitude
2 2
T= =
 2
02 −
4m 2
(B) The amplitude of the damped oscillator at an instant t is given by A = A 0e − c t .

1 − c  60 A 1
 =e = when t = 1 minute = 60 sec
2 A0 2
2.303  0.301
e60c = 2 or c = = 0.116s −1
60
 The constant damping b is
 = 2cm = 2  0.116s −1  200  10−3 kg = 4.6 10−3 Nsm−1
1 1
(C) The time in which amplitude decay to of initial value is  = = 8.6 sec
e c
1
(D) The time in which energy decreases to of initial value is T = 2 = 17.24 sec
e
Problem 19 :
Damped Harmonic Oscillator: A light spring of elasticity constant 20 N/m is hung from a rigid
1
support. A mass of 0.2kg is hung from its lower end. Its energy decays to of initial value in 50 sec.
e
Which of the following statements is/are correct?
1
(A) The time in which amplitude decays to of initial value is 100 sec
e
(B) Damping constant b is 8 10−3 Nsm−1

(C) Quality factor Q is 500
(D) Natural Frequency of oscillation 0 is 10 rad/sec
Ans: BCD
Sol: Given T = 50 sec
T 50
(A)  = = = 25sec
2 2
2m 2  0.2
(B)  = = = 8  10−3 Nsm−1
 25

2 2
2 1
(10 ) −   = 99.9 = 9.99
2 1
(C) Q = T,  =  − 2
0 = 02 −   =

2
4m  25 
  10 rad / sec  Q = 10  50 = 500
K 20
(D) 0 = = = 10 rad / sec
m 0.2
Problem 20 :
A force of constant magnitude but of variable frequency  drives a particular mechanical system.
The power resonance curve of which is shown in the figure.
Choose the Correct statement.
100
p ( )
50
99 100 101
( )
 s−1
(A) The resonance frequency 0 is 100 rad/sec
(B) The full width at half maxima (FWHM) is 2sec−1

(C) The quality factor Q is 100
1
(D) The energy decays to of initial value in the absence of driving force in 0.5 sec
e
Ans: ABD
Sol: (A) The maximum value of the mean power input occurs when the angular frequency  of the
driving force is equal to the resonant angular frequency  of the oscillator
  = 0 = 100 rad / sec
(B) FWHM =  = 2sec−1
0 100 100
(C) Q = = = = 50
 101 − 99 2
−( ) t 1 1
(D) E = E 0e = E 0e −2t , when t = = 0.5 sec energy E decays to its initial value
2 e
Problem 21 :
The initial angular amplitude of a pendulum of length 1.0m is 15 . It takes 1000 sec for its amplitude
to reduce 5.5 . If amplitude A = A0e−t , then the value of  is ………… sec −1

Ans: 0.001
Sol: 0 = 15 and  ( t = 1000 ) = 5.5
A A0e− 1000 5.5  5.5 

Now, A = A0e−t  = =  ln   = −1000    = 0.001 sec
−1
A0 A0 15  15 
Problem 22 :
A 10.6 kg object is attached to the lower end of a vertical spring of stiffness 2.05 104 N / m . The
damping coefficient represent  = 3N  s / m s the viscous drag. The frequency of the damped
oscillation is …….. Hz
Ans: 7
k 2.05  104 N / m
Sol: The Frequency of the undamped oscillator is 0 = = = 44Hz
m 10.6kg
The frequency of damped oscillation is
2 2
  
( 44 ) − 
2 3  −1
=  − 2
0  =  = 1933.96 − 0.02 = 44 sec
 2m   2  1.06 
 44
 f= = = 7 Hz
2 2
Problem 23 :
An object of mass 2.0 kg attached to a spring oscillates frictionlessly and is driven by a forcing
function given F = ( 3.0 N ) sin ( 2t ) . If the spring constant of the spring is 20 N/m, then the
amplitude of the oscillation is ……….. cm

Ans: 5.09
N
Sol: Given F = ( 3.0 N ) sin ( 2 t ) and k = 20
m
2 k 20
 = = 2 rad / sec also 0 = = = 3.10 rad / sec
T m 2
The equation for the amplitude of a driven oscillator, with b = 0, gives
F0 2 3
(  − 02 ) =  42 − ( 3.16 )   A = 0.0509m = 5.09 cm
2 −1
−1
A=
m 2 
Problem 24 :

N
A weight of 40N is suspended from a spring with a force constant of 200 . The system is
m
undamped and is subjected to a harmonic driving force of frequency 10 Hz resulting in a forced
motion amplitude of 2 cm. The maximum value of the driving force is …………. N
Ans: 318
F0
Sol: Amplitude of a driven oscillator with no damping A = m
( − 02 )
2 2
k 200
Where  = 2 f = 20 sec−1 , 02 = = = 49 sec−2
m  40 
 
 9.8 
 40 
 F0 = mA ( 2 − 02 ) =   ( 2  10 ) ( 3950 − 49 ) = 318 N  F0 = 318 N
−2
 9.8 
Problem 25 :
An underdamped harmonic oscillator of frequency 480 Hz has a Q – value of 80000. The number of
1
oscillations performed in time in which its amplitude decays to its initial value is ……….
e
Ans: 25464.8
1
Sol: If  m is the meantime in which amplitude decays to of initial value. Then the number of
e
Q 80000
oscillations in time  m is N = = = 25464.8
 
Problem 26 :
The Q-value of the piano string of frequency 256 Hz, whose energy reduces to half its initial value
in 2s, is …….
Ans: 4641

−t
The average energy of the oscillation is E ( t ) = E 0e

Q0
Sol:
−2 0 2 0
1 E
 =e in t = 2 sec, E ( t ) = 0  e 0 = 2
Q0 Q
2 2
20 2 2  2v0 4v0
 = ln 2  Q0 = 0 = =
Q0 ln 2 ln 2 ln 2
4    256 3216.99
 Q0 = = = 4641
ln 2 0.693
Problem 27 :
A sonometer wire of frequency 500 Hz has a quality factor of 5000. The time taken for the energy
1
to decay to its initial value is ……… sec
e
Ans: 1.6
−0 t
The average energy of oscillation is E ( t ) = E 0 e

Q0
Sol: . It means that Q is related to the number of
1
oscillation over which the energy fall to its initial value E 0 . It happen t =  s at a time when
e
0  Q Q
 =1   = =
Q 0 2v0
5000 10 5
 T= = = = 1.59 = 1.6 sec
2 ( 500 ) 2 

Q = 5000, v0 = 500Hz
Problem 28 :
A force of constant magnitude but variable frequency  drives a particular mechanical system. The
power resonance curve of which is shown
100
p ( )
50
199 200 201

( )
 s−1
The quality factor of the system is ……..

Ans: 100
0
Sol: Quality factor is defined as Q = where 0 = 200 rad / sec and

200
 = 201 − 199 = 2 rad / sec  Q = = 100
2
Problem 29 :
An object of mass 2 kg is suspended from a massless spring of stiffness 800 N/m. The equilibrium
extension of the spring, with the object attached, is 2.5 cm. The spring's top end oscillates simple
harmonically with an amplitude of 0.2 cm. The damping constant is 0.5 sec −1 . The resonance
amplitude of forced oscillations (  = 0 ) is ……… cm

Ans: 4
F0
Sol: The amplitude of forced oscillation is A = m
( 0 − 2 ) + 4 22
2

F0
At  = 0 , we get A = m . To evaluate A, we need to know F0 the driving force's amplitude and 
20
which measures the system's damping.
F0 = spring constant  displacement amplitude = ( 800 N / m ) ( 2  10−3 m ) = 1.6 N
k 800 N / m
where 0 = =  0 = 20 rad / sec
m 2
1.6
2 0.8
A= = = 0.04m, A = 4 cm .
2  0.5  20 20

Forced & Damped Oscillations (INSP)

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DAMPED AND DRIVEN OSCILLATIONS

JEE ADV [EXTRA SYLLABUS ]

Standard Harmonic Oscillator

shown in the figure.

case, the restoring force

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Damped Harmonic Oscillator

 → dissipation coefficient of dimensions of force/velocity

The solution of the above equation is dissipation x ( t ) = A e t … (i)

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m A 2 et +  A  et + k Aet = 0

To write in a simple form, let

x ( t ) = e−pt C1 eqt + C2 e−qt  …(vi)

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x ( t ) = C1 e−pt eqt + C2 e−pt e−qt

x ( t ) = C1 e−pt + C2 e−pt = ( C1 + C2 ) e−pt = Ce−pt

x 2 ( t ) = D t e−pt and x 2 ( t )  constant x1 ( t )

x ( t ) = x1 ( t ) + x 2 ( t ) = Ce−pt + Dt e−pt = ( C + Dt ) e−pt

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x ( t ) = C1 e−pt eqt + C2 e−pt e− qt

x ( t ) = C e−pt sin ( 1t + )

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The amplitude of the oscillation at the time 1

The amplitude of the oscillation at the time 21

The amplitude of the oscillation at the time n1

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Q-value (quality factor) of Damped Harmonic Oscillator

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Hence the quality factor

Differentiating the above equation w.r.t. time, the equation becomes

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The energy of the DHO at any instant E(t) :

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Forced oscillator Damped oscillator

x c ( t ) → typical for forced oscillator and damped oscillator (complementary solution)

x p ( t ) → any solution for equation (1) (particular solution)

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This solution corresponds transient state.

Differentiating the above equation, we get

(4) Maximum amplitude is ( F0 /  Z ) .

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Forced oscillator (Instantaneous Power and Q value)

The solution of the above equation (Displacement) is given by

Differentiating the above equation, the equation becomes

P ( t ) → Instantaneous power is supplied to the oscillator at any instant.

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T: the period of oscillation

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F02  F02 F02

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[INSP][www.inspedu.in] YT : Indian school of physics NITIN SACHAN