LUDV control block of RE 64125/02.

11
Replaces: 01.10
1/22

sandwich plate design

Type SX 14, SX 14 S

Nominal size 14
Series 2X
Maximum pressure, pump side 250 bar
Maximum pressure, actuator side 300 bar
Inlet flow 175 l/min

Table of contents Special features

Contents Page – Distributes the flow between the directional valve elements
Special features 1 according to the requirements, independently of the pressure
About this datasheet 2 and available flow.
Sections 3 – Compact sandwich plate design, can be combined so that
the control block can meet the requirements of several type
Functional description, Symbol 4
of machines.
Technical data 5, 6 – No shuttle valves.
Characteristic curves 7 – Limitation of system maximum pressure via LS pressure
Ordering details 8 to 11 relief valve.
Inlet elements 12 – System protection via LS and secondary pressure relief
Directional valve elements 13 to 15 valves.
Final elements, Circuit example 16
Unit dimensions 17 to 20
Assembly possibilities 21
Pipe connections 22
2/22 Bosch Rexroth AG Hydraulics SX 14, SX 14 S RE 64125/02.11

About this datasheet

This manual describs functioning, technical datas and ordering details of control blocks SX 14 and SX 14 S. This manual is il-
lustrated with hydraulic symbols, sections and unit dimensions drawings.

Related documents

SX 14 and SX 14 S are system components.

• Also follow the instructions for the other system components.

• Also follow the instructions in the following manuals:
- System documentation from the system manufacturer
- Service instruction manual RE64025
- Spare parts manual RDEF64125-E
- Assembly Instructions RE64125-S
RE 64125/02.11 SX 14, SX 14 S Hydraulics Bosch Rexroth AG 3/22

Sections

Standard SX 14 (SX 14)       

 


1 Housing
2 Spool
3 Check valves
 
4 Pressure compensator
5 Secondary valve
6 Plug 

SX 14 S with pressure compensator 5 1 3/4 2 6

and secondary valves (SX 14 S C)
A B

LS

P
T T

SX 14 S without pressure compensator and 1 3 2

without secondary valve (SX 14 S L)

A B

LS

P
T T
4/22 Bosch Rexroth AG Hydraulics SX 14, SX 14 S RE 64125/02.11

Functional description

The SX 14 directional control block basically consists of one check valves (3), a pressure compensator (4), cavities (5)
inlet element, a number of directional valve elements and one for secondary relief/anti-cavitation check valves, and
final element. anti-cavitation check valves or plugs (6).
The inlet element contains 2 fixing points and the pipe Each SX 14 S directional valve element is composed of a
connection ports P, T, LS, M. housing (1), a spool (2), one load holding check valve /
This element also contains all the components required for compensator (3/4) or only a load hold check valve (3), and
the system function, namely: a flow control valve for the if needed of cavity for secondary valves (5) or for plugs (6).
controlled unloading of the LS line and a LS relief valve for The final element has one fixing point.
the limitation of the maximum pressure in the system.
Each standard SX 14 (SX 14) directional valve element is
composed of a housing (1), a spool (2), two load holding

Symbol, hydraulic
4
Standard SX 14 (SX 14)

Ports
6
P Pump
A
A, B Actuator
B 5
T Tank
LS Load Sensing

P LS T
3 2

4 3
SX 14 S with pressure
compensator and 5
secondary valves
(SX 14 S C)
A
B
6

P LS T
2

SX 14 S without pressure
compensator and
without secondary valve
(SX 14 S L) A
B

P LS T
2
RE 64125/02.11 SX 14, SX 14 S Hydraulics Bosch Rexroth AG 5/22

Technical data (for applications outside these parameters, please consult us!)

General
Design Flangeable (up to 9 directional valve elements)
Description Flow distribution between the directional valve elements
according to the requirements, independently of the
pressure and available flow
Type SX 14
Assembly position Any
Connections Threads
Nominal size 14
Standard primer Blue (RAL 5010)

Hydraulic
Max. permissible flow on port P l/min 175
Standard leakage oil flow on load holding cm3/mn 20
(at 100 bar, 36 mm2/s)
Max. operating pressure per connection
– P, M, LS, D, DLS bar 250
– A, B bar 300
–T bar 20
Secondary valves setting pressure tolerances
(at 5 l/min)
– H..0 direct actuated bar
(SX14 S) setting tolerance
71 → 120 -4 / +8
121 → 200 -6 / +12
201 → 270 -8 / +12
271 → 320 -10 / +14
321 → 420 -12 / +18

– H..0 pilot operated bar 0 / +5

(standard SX 14)
Max. control pressure per connection 1)
– a, b bar 35
We recommend the use of control curve 6 to 25 bar,
and inlet pressure (4TH6 curve no. 70)
Pressure fluid Mineral oils (HL, HLP) according to DIN 51524 2).
Other hydraulic fluids, such as HEES (synthetic esters)
according to VDMA 24568, as well as hydraulic fluids as
specified under RE 90221, at request.
Pressure fluid temperature range °C –20 to +100 (for higher temperatures, please consult us)
Viscosity range mm2/s 10 to 380
Max. admissible degree of contamination of the hydraulic Class 9, we therefore recommend a filter
fluid, cleanliness class according to NAS 1638 with a minimum retention rate of ß10 ≥ 75

1) pilot
pressure regulated by a pressure reducing valve and
protected by a relief valve
2) suitable for NBR seals
6/22 Bosch Rexroth AG Hydraulics SX 14, SX 14 S RE 64125/02.11

Technical data (for applications outside these parameters, please consult us!)

Mechanical
Weight – Inlet element kg 10
– Directional valve element SX 14 kg 4.5
– Directional valve element SX 14 S
kg
with secondary valves 5
– Directional valve element SX 14 S
without secondary valve kg 4
– Blanking plate kg 2
Spool return force N Minimum value 54, depending of operation
(for more details please consult us)
Max. permissible actuation force on the spool
(for 1 million cycles)
– axial N 1000 during 20 % of total cycles then 500
– radial N 20
Storage temperature range, ambient °C -40 to +60

Electrical
Electrical detent when spool is pushed (operation S2)
(datas for 25 °C)
– supply voltage V 12 (min. 10; max. 16)
– supply current mA 780 (min. 670; max. 785)
– power input W 9.35 ±5 %
– resistance Ω 15.4 ±5 Ω
– lifetime 1 million cycles at 90 °C, work factor 50 %
– protection classification IP65
– maximum temperature °C 110 at a room temperature of 90 °C
reached by the electro-magnet
Solenoid On / Off (operation V212)
– supply voltage V 12
– supply current A 4
– power input W 48
– resistance Ω 3

Application guidelines
Pipe connections
A, B, P, T3 T a, b, DLS, D
LS, M, T1
Tightening torque for the pipe connections Nm 70 100 20 50
Recommended fixing at 3 locations maximum
Flatness of the mounting surface mm 0.5
Setting of system pressure via the LS relief valve
- Do not direct the jet of a pressure washing unit directly at the unit.
- No free-wheeling diode required for electical operations.
- Mechanical operation spool : a greasy appearance on the tongue side is normal (due to natural effect of seal lubrification). It
could be neccessary to proceed to a regular cleaning of this area.
 RE 64125/02.11 SX 14, SX 14 S Hydraulics Bosch Rexroth AG 7/22

Characteristic curves (measured at ν = 36 mm2/s and θ = 50 °C)

Pressure differential with P switched to A/B Pressure differential with A/B switched to T
with spool 200 l/min with spool 200 l/min

120 30
pressure differential

pressure differential
80 SX 14 20
in bar →

in bar →
SX 14 S
A
to
P T
B to
40 10

0 100 200 0 100 200

flow in l/min → flow in l/min →

Pressure differential in the neutral position Pressure differential in the neutral position
of inlet element type P (Open Center execution) of the inlet element with flushing valve
30 60
pressure differential

pressure differential
in bar (P-T) →

in bar (P-T) →
20 40

10 20

0 100 200 0 100 200

flow in l/min → flow in l/min →

Secondaries valves characteristic Anti-cavitation check valves Characteristic

A/B switched to T T switched to A/B
300 30
pressure differential

pressure differential

H..0
200 pilot operated
in bar →

20
in bar →

H..0
direct actuated
100 10

0 50 100 0 50 100
flow in l/min → flow in l/min →

Priority flow in relationship to the inlet flow

30
priority flow in l/min →

20

10

0 50 100
inlet flow in l/min →
8/22 Bosch Rexroth AG Hydraulics SX 14, SX 14 S RE 64125/02.11

Ordering details: separate elements

Inlet element SX 14 2X ..0 M *

see ordering details page 9

see ordering details of inlet element page 9

Directional SX 14 2X ..0 -..0 M *

valve element

see ordering details pages 9 and 10

see ordering details of directional valve element pages 9 and 10

Final element SX 14 2X M *

see ordering details page 9

see ordering details of final element page 9
RE 64125/02.11 SX 14, SX 14 S Hydraulics Bosch Rexroth AG 9/22

Ordering details: SX 14 directional control block

inlet element directional valve element

final element
1 to 9 elements

Seals
1st directional valve element M= NBR seals
Attention!
SX 14 L 2X ..0 ..0 - ..0 The compatibility of the
2nd directional valve element seals and pressure fluid has
Number or to be taken into account
directional ..0 - ..0 Connection threads
valve spools 01 = Pipe threads to
1to 9 3rd directional valve element
standard ISO 228/1
Medium ..0 - ..0 P, A, B, T3 = G 3/4
pressure =L T =G1
4th directional valve element
Series 20 to 29 = 2X LS, DLS, M = G 1/4
(20 to 29, unchanged ..0 - ..0 D = G 1/2
installation and connec- a, b, T1 = G 1/4
tion dimensions) 5th directional valve element
Inlet element ..0 - ..0 19 = UNF connection
threads to standard
Closed Center =A
6th directional valve element ISO 11926
Closed Center with priority P, A, B, T3 = 1-1/16
flow divider for dynamic ..0 - ..0 UNF-2B
servo-steering T = 1-5/16 UNF-2B
(with flow in the LS line) = CD 7th directional valve element
LS, DLS, M = 9/16
Closed Center with priority ..0 - ..0 UNF-2B
flow divider for static D = 3/4 UNF-2B
servo-steering (without 8th directional valve element a, b, T1 = 9/16 UNF-2B
flow in the LS line) = CS ..0 - ..0 Further
details in
Open Center =P
9th directional valve element clear text
With flushing valve
(use with variable ..0 - ..0 L M *
displacement pump) =S
1) Max.pressure in bar, measured Final element
at M, adjustable via the LS
pressure relief valve L = Blanking plate
Secondary valve at connection port "A"

Secondary valve at connection port "B"

Flow at connection port "A" (in l/mim)

Flow at connection port "B" (in l/mim)

R = Outlet element with

Type of directional valve element

tank bridge
C = Outlet element with
solenoid operated control
valve (12 V)
Directional valve spool

Operation orientation

F = Flushing valve
Type of S element

Type of operation

ordering details : see page 10

1) set
with a ∆p of 15 bar between M and LS
(not for inlet element in Open Center execution)
10/22 Bosch Rexroth AG Hydraulics SX 14, SX 14 S RE 64125/02.11

Ordering details additional details for the directional valve element (page 9)

..0 ..0
Secondary valves 6)

Connection port "A"

Connection port "B"

A..0* = direct actuated pressure relief valve without anti-cavitation
H..0* = relief / anti-cavitation check valve, pilot operated 7)
or direct actuated 8)
* = pressure value in bar
E = anti-cavitation check valve
Q = plug
Z 7) 9) = without cavity for secondary valves
Operation orientation
No code = without mechanical operator
A = mechanical operator on connection side A
B = mechanical operator on connection side B
Type of operation
A2 = spool return via a spring
E2 4) = spool return via a spring, mechanical detent in spool position 3
(4th or float position) pull function only
S2 = spool return via a spring, electrical detent when spool is pushed (12 V)
Z1 = mechanical operator with tongue (Ø 8 or Ø 10)
H 200 = hydraulic operator, spool return via a spring
H 230 = hydraulic operator, spool return via a spring,
stroke limitation on connection sides A and B
V 212 5) = direct electrical operation (12 V)
Type of S element
C = check valve and compensator
L = no compensator (check valve only)
Flow at connection ports
1) 2)

060 = flow at connection port B in l/min

120 = flow at connection port B in l/min
Other flow values (rated in 10 l/min ranges): please consult us
060 = flow at connection port A in l/min
120 = flow at connection port A in l/min
Other flow values (rated in 10 l/min ranges): please consult us
Directional valve spools
B A

1 0 2 = EA
P T
B A
1 0 2 = JA
B A
1 0 2 = QA
B A

1 0 2 3
= WA 3)
P T

Type of directional valve element

No code = standard element
S = S element

2) accuracies: consult us 6) except on SX 14 S without secondary valves

3) for hydraulic operation, consult us 7) only available on standard SX 14
4) on SX 14 S, only available on tongue side A 8) only available on SX 14 S
5) if used, consult us 9) only if both sides are not machined
RE 64125/02.11 SX 14, SX 14 S Hydraulics Bosch Rexroth AG 11/22

Ordering example: complete block SX 14

Desired execution: 4 directional valve elements

Inlet element: Open Center,

Max. pressure = 220 bar

4 directional valve elements:

• 1st element: – Standard element
– Spool symbol = EA
– Flow in A = 120 l/min, flow in B = 80 l/min
– Mechanical operator with tongue on connection side A, spool return via a spring
– Secondary valve in A = relief / anti-cavitation check valve set at 300 bar
– Secondary valve in B = plug

• 2nd element: – S element

– Spool symbol = EA
– Flow in A = 120 l/min, flow in B = 80 l/min
– Check valve + pressure compensator
– Mechanical operator with tongue on connection side A, spool return via a spring
– Secondary valve in A = direct actuated relief / anti-cavitation check valve set at 300 bar
– Secondary valve in B = direct actuated relief / anti-cavitation check valve set at 250 bar

• 3rd element : – S element

– Spool symbol = EA
– Flow in A = 100 l/min, flow in B = 100 l/min
– Check valve
– Mechanical operator with tongue on connection side A, spool return via a spring
– Plugs in A and B

• 4th element : – Standard element

– Spool symbol = JA
– Flow in A = 100 l/min, Flow in B = 100 l/min
– Hydraulic operator, spool return via a spring
– Secondary valves in A and B = anti-cavitation check valve

Final element : Blanking plate

Type code:

inlet element

1st directional valve element

4 SX 14 L 2X P 220 EA 120 - 080 A2Z1 A H300 Q

2nd directional valve element

S EA 120- 080 C A2Z1 A A300 A250

3rd directional valve element

S EA 100- 100 L A2Z1 A Q Q

4th directional valve element

JA 100- 100 H200 E E L M 01

final element
12/22 Bosch Rexroth AG Hydraulics SX 14, SX 14 S RE 64125/02.11

Inlet elements
Closed Center Open Center
Ordering detail Ordering detail
A P
M M

P P

LS LS

T T

T1 T1

Closed Center with priority flow divider Flushing valve

(use with variable displacement pump
for static servo-steering for dynamic servo-steering and qmin)
Ordering detail Ordering detail Ordering detail
CS CD S

LS

M LS D M LS D

DLS DLS

P P

T T

T1
RE 64125/02.11 SX 14, SX 14 S Hydraulics Bosch Rexroth AG 13/22

Directional valve elements

Representation of the SX directional valve element

Simplified symbol used to illustrate SX directional control circuits

A
B

P LS T

Spool variations
Ordering detail

B A

EA...-... : symbol EA 1 0 2

P T

B A

JA...-... : symbol JA 1 0 2

B A

QA...-... : symbol QA 1 0 2

B A

WA...-... : symbol WA 1 0 2 3

P T
14/22 Bosch Rexroth AG Hydraulics SX 14, SX 14 S RE 64125/02.11

Directional valve elements

Type of operation

Hydraulic operator, spool return via a spring A

B
Ordering detail
b a
H200

P LS T

Hydraulic operator with stroke limitation, spool return via

A
a spring B

b a
Ordering detail
H230

P LS T

Mechanical operator with tongue on connection side A,

A
spool return via a spring B

Ordering detail
A2Z1A

P LS T

Mechanical operator with tongue on connection side A,

A
spool return via a spring and mechanical detent when B
spool is pulled

Ordering detail
E2Z1A
P LS T

Direct electrical operation

A
B
Ordering detail
V212

P LS T

Mechanical operator with tongue on connection side A,

A
spool return via a spring and electrical detent when spool B
is pushed

Ordering detail
S2Z1A

P LS T
RE 64125/02.11 SX 14, SX 14 S Hydraulics Bosch Rexroth AG 15/22

Directional valve elements

Secondary valves

Relief / anti-cavitation check valve, pilot operated

(connection side A); direct actuated pressure relief valve
(connection side B) on standard SX 14
(the setting of the given pressure values is carried out A
at a flow of 5 l/min) B

Ordering detail
H...A...
P LS T

Anti-cavitation check valve (connection side A);

plug (connection side B) on standard SX 14

Ordering detail A
EQ B

P LS T

Plug (connection side A); direct actuated pressure relief

valve (connection side B) on SX 14 S

Ordering detail 
QH... 

  
16/22 Bosch Rexroth AG Hydraulics SX 14, SX 14 S RE 64125/02.11

Final elements

Outlet element with solenoid operated control Outlet element with Flushing valve
valve (for use with inlet element CS or CD)

Ordering detail Ordering detail

C F
T

P LS P LS

Blanking plate Outlet element with tank bridge T

Ordering detail Ordering detail
L R

P LS T P LS

Circuit example: complete directional control block

M b B1 A1 b B2 A2 B3 A3 B4 A4 B5 A5 b B6 A6 b B7 A7 b B8 A8
P
LS

T T3

T1 a a a a a

Open center 8 directional Outlet element

inlet valve elements with tank bridge T
RE 64125/02.11 SX 14, SX 14 S Hydraulics Bosch Rexroth AG 17/22

Unit dimensions (in mm)

SX 14 directional control block with inlet element in open center execution


 1 Open center inlet element P
    2 Flow control valve
(tightening torque = 20 ±10 % Nm)
3 LS relief valve
 (tightening torque = 45 ±10 % Nm)
 4 Pressure gauge connection



5 Directional valve element



standard SX 14



6 Directional valve element SX 14 S






  7 Hydraulic operation cover with stroke





limitation, on connection side B

8 Secondary valve


 
  (pressure relief valve)
 (tightening torque = 70 ±10 % Nm)
9 Secondary valve for SX 14 S
 (pressure relief valve)
 
(tightening torque = 32 ±10 % Nm)
  
  10 Hydraulic operation cover,
  on connection side A
 

11 3 tie rods
(tightening torque = 30 to 35 Nm)
12 3 fixation points Ø 11

 

 13 Outlet element with tank bridge T.

 



 


 
 


 
    


 




 

 


 
 








  


 
 








  

 
 
 
 

18/22 Bosch Rexroth AG Hydraulics SX 14, SX 14 S RE 64125/02.11

Unit dimensions (in mm)

Inlet element in open center execution 91

Ordering detail 121,5
64
P
29 91

or

M M
Inlet element in closed center execution T

88

=
Ordering detail

10
44
A P

144
23
29
or

57
LS

=
88
T1
Inlet element with flushing valve 35
Ordering detail

48
S

Ø11
20
63
91

Inlet element in closed center execution 81 121,5

with priority flow divider 52 100
43 89,5
15 69
Ordering detail 20
Ø11

CD or CS

35
DLS DLS
88

=
M
9

144
P

2
LS
29

D
44

9
=
T
88

48

62
Ø26

89,5
RE 64125/02.11 SX 14, SX 14 S Hydraulics Bosch Rexroth AG 19/22

Unit dimensions (in mm)

Hydraulic operator, spool return via a spring
Ordering detail
H200

Ø44

Ø44
61 61

Hydraulic operator with stroke limitation, spool return via a spring

Ordering detail
H230
Ø44

Ø44
30 61 61 30

Mechanical operator with tongue, spool return via a spring

Ordering detail
A2Z1 8 0 8

8 -0,1
0
Ø8F8

35 41,5

Mechanical operator with tongue, mechanical detent in position 3

Ordering detail 5 Position 3
E2Z1
Position 1 and 2
8 0 8
8 -0,1
0

Ø8F8

87,5 41,5

Mechanical operator with tongue, electrical detent when spool is pushed

Ordering detail
S2Z1 Connector DEUTSCH DT 04 - 2P - CE04
(protection IP67)
~
– 550

8 0 8
8 -0,1
0

Ø8F8

90 41,5
20/22 Bosch Rexroth AG Hydraulics SX 14, SX 14 S RE 64125/02.11

Unit dimensions (in mm)

Direct electrical operation

Ordering detail
V212
Connector DEUTSCH DT 04 - 2P - CE04 Connector DEUTSCH DT 04 - 2P - CE04
(protection IP67) (protection IP67)

100 100

129 129

Blanking plate Outlet element with tank Outlet element with sole- Flushing valve
bridge noid operated control valve

Ordering detail Ordering detail Ordering detail Ordering detail

L R C F

49,5

28

47 49,5 25,5 49,5

8,5
34 25,5 25,5
Connector
AMP
Timer Junior

C
88
88

88
56
23
23

23

T3
11

T3
RE 64125/02.11 SX 14, SX 14 S Hydraulics Bosch Rexroth AG 21/22

Assembly possibilities

12
10

11 7

9-2 6

5
9-3
4
9-4

A
3
A
A

2
12
1 10
15
13
14 11
9-1
13
14

1 Inlet element with priority flow divider CD or CS 9-3 Spring return arrangement, mechanical detent in spool
2 Inlet element - Closed Center A - Open Center P position 3, type E2
or with flushing valve S 9-4 Spring return arrangement, electrical detent when spool
3 Directional valve element SX14 or SX14S is pushed, type S2
4 Blanking plate L 10 Hydraulic operator with spool return via a spring H200
5 Oulet element with 11 Hydraulic operator with stroke limitation H230
tank bridge R 12 Direct electrical operation V212
6 Oulet element with solenoid operated control valve C 13 LS relief valve
7 Flushing valve F 14 Flow control valve
9-1 Mechanical operator with tongue Z1 15 Secondary valve
9-2 Spring return arrangement, type A2
22/22 Bosch Rexroth AG Hydraulics SX 14, SX 14 S RE 64125/02.11

Pipe connections

01 19

Ød2 connection d1 Ød2 t1 t2 d1 Ød2 t1 t2

d1 A, B, P, T3 G 3/4 42 25 2,5 1-1/16 UNF-2B 42 24 2,4
t2

T G1 47 27 2,5 1-5/16 UNF-2B 50 24 3,2

t1

M, LS, DLS, a, b, T1 G 1/4 25 16 1,5 9/16 UNF-2B 26 16 1,6

D G 1/2 34 20 2,5 3/4 UNF-2B 32 18 2,4
RE 64125/02.11 SX 14, SX 14 S Hydraulics Bosch Rexroth AG 23/22

Notes

Bosch Rexroth AG Bosch Rexroth DSI S.A.S. © This document, as well as the data, specifications and other informa-
Hydraulics BP 101 tion set forth in it, are the exclusive property of Bosch Rexroth AG. It
Zum Eisengießer 1 91, bd Irène Joliot-Curie may not be reproduced or given to third parties without its consent.
97816 Lohr am Main, Germany 69634 Vénissieux Cedex, France The data specified above only serve to describe the product. No
Phone +49 (0) 93 52 / 18-0 Tél. +33 (0) 4 78 78 52 52 statements concerning a certain condition or suitability for a certain
Fax +49 (0) 93 52 / 18-23 58 Fax. +33 (0) 4 78 78 52 26 application can be derived from our information. The information given
info.brm-mc@boschrexroth.de www.boschrexroth.fr does not release the user from the obligation of own judgment and
www.boschrexroth.com verification. It must be remembered that our products are subject to a
natural process of wear and ageing.
Subject to revision.
24/22 Bosch Rexroth AG Hydraulics SX 14, SX 14 S RE 64125/02.11

Notes

Bosch Rexroth AG Bosch Rexroth DSI S.A.S. © This document, as well as the data, specifications and other informa-
Hydraulics BP 101 tion set forth in it, are the exclusive property of Bosch Rexroth AG. It
Zum Eisengießer 1 91, bd Irène Joliot-Curie may not be reproduced or given to third parties without its consent.
97816 Lohr am Main, Germany 69634 Vénissieux Cedex, France The data specified above only serve to describe the product. No
Phone +49 (0) 93 52 / 18-0 Phone +33 (0) 4 78 78 52 52 statements concerning a certain condition or suitability for a certain
Fax +49 (0) 93 52 / 18-23 58 Fax +33 (0) 4 78 78 52 26 application can be derived from our information. The information given
info.brm-mc@boschrexroth.de www.boschrexroth.fr does not release the user from the obligation of own judgment and
www.boschrexroth.com verification. It must be remembered that our products are subject to a
natural process of wear and ageing.
Subject to revision.