General

Chemistry 2 11
General Chemistry 1 – Grade 11
Quarter 3 – Module 5: Phase diagram of water and carbon dioxide
First Edition, 2020

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 General
Chemistry 2
11
Quarter 3
Self-Learning Module 5
Phase Diagram of Water and
Carbon dioxide
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the General Chemistry 1 Quarter 3 Module 5 on Phase diagram of

water and carbon dioxide!

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and

reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by their
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through their mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthemore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely:
Communication, Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while
taking into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
For the Learner:

Welcome to the General Chemistry 1 Quarter 3 Module 5 on Phase diagram

of water and carbon dioxide!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. Being
an active learner, you will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points the set of knowledge and skills that

you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest – This measures how much you have learned from the
entire module.
 EXPECTATIONS
This module is developed and designed for Senior High School STEM
students. This lesson is about the phase diagram of water and carbon dioxide. Hence,
you are expected to:

1. describe the phase diagram;

2. differentiate the phase diagram between water and carbon dioxide; and
3. appreciate the importance of phase diagram in daily life.

PRE–TEST
Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. Which of the choices is defined as a graph that relates pressure and temperature
to the state of matter?
A. critical point
B. phase change
C. phase diagram
D. triple point

2. Which of the following choices shows a point where all the phases of matter co-
exist at equilibrium?
A. critical point C. phase change
B. critical temperature D. triple point

3. At what temperature and pressure would show the triple point of water?
A. at 1 °C and 6 atm C. -57 °C and 5 atm
B. at 0.01 °C and 0.006 atm D. -57.2 °C and 5.2 atm

4. What should be done to cause water to change from a solid phase to a liquid phase
at a constant temperature?
A. decrease the pressure C. pressure should be at constant also
B. increase the pressure D. it cannot be changed

5. Which best describes the slope of the solid-liquid boundary of water?

A. a negative slope due to its anomalous property
B. a positive slope due to its anomalous property
C. cannot be determined because water is unstable
D. a positive slope because water shows a stable property throughout
 RECAP
You may find out that some of the questions are not familiar, don’t get
disappointed because this module is designed for you to make the topic easier to
understand.

Let us have a recap first!

Direction: Complete the figure below by writing the processes involving the phase
change in matter.

Definition on processes in
phase change of matter
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Ok, let us have a discussion on the phase diagram of matter specifically the water
and carbon dioxide.

L E S S ON

Have you seen dry ice? Is it the same as the ice in your freezer? NO. Dry ice is
the solid form of carbon dioxide while ice in your freezer is the solid form of water.

In chemistry, we study water not just its properties but also the phase changes
that it undergoes. In this module, we will be very specific on interpreting the phase
diagram of water and compare it to other substances like carbon dioxide. We will be
using a graph to help you visualize more on what particular pressure and
temperature they exist as a gas, liquid, and solid. So be attentive as we discuss this
topic.

Phase Change
When energy is added or removed, transformations from one phase to another
will occur e.g. a change of solid-phase having the greatest order to gas phase having
the highest randomness, or vice versa. Let us consider the phase change of water.

Water will become water vapor if heat is added up, making the molecules of
water move faster until it reaches its boiling point. When this happens, all of the
molecules go further apart and become a gas. The process of gas molecules leaving
the liquid to go into the gas is called "evaporation."
 Water will become ice if its temperature reaches around 0°C, making the
molecules stick together and form a solid – ice.

Ice will melt if heat energy (melting point) from the warmer air is absorbed and
enough to break apart the particle arrangements of ice water allowing the molecules
to move faster, breaking the hydrogen bonds between molecules to form liquid water.

Water vapor will condense if the molecules in a gas cool down, losing the heat
energy and making the molecules slow down. As is slows down, the gas molecules
move closer to other gas molecules until these molecules collect together to form a
liquid.

The next thing that we are concerned about is the phase diagram of water
which will then be compared to the phase diagram of carbon dioxide. But before that,
let us be familiar first with what is phase diagram.

Phase diagram

Figure 2

A phase diagram is a graph that relates pressure and temperature to the state
of matter. These two important intensive properties will help us determine the phases
of matter. From the given figure 2 on the phase diagram, we see the three sections
represented by the three phases of matter (solid, liquid, and gas). Lines in the graph
are boundaries that signify the dynamic equilibrium between two or three phases.

How do changes of phase happen? It is by either changing the temperature or

pressure. We have a couple of interesting two points given in the graph which are
triple point and the critical point. Triple point is the point where at a certain pressure
and temperature at equilibrium all three phases of a substance co-exist, meaning it
is the same rate where solid becomes liquid or gas becomes liquid. On the other
hand, a critical point corresponds to a specific pressure and temperature above
which the fluid has both properties of liquid and vapor. This would also mean that
liquid and gas are at the same density, which made them indistinguishable. And
once you go further the critical point, everything beyond this point is considered as
“supercritical fluid”. Critical temperature is where a substance is impossible to
liquefy no matter how you increase or compress the substance.
 Figure 3

The use of a phase diagram is that it can help us easily identify and tell the
state of a substance at a given temperature and pressure. For example, the given
figure 3 above on the generic phase diagram of a substance. The intersection between
the line right about 1.0 atm which is the standard atmospheric pressure and
temperature of 0°C will tell you what particular phase will that substance be.

This time let us be very specific by getting to know more about the phase
diagram of water and carbon dioxide.

Phase diagram of water

Figure 4

Figure 4 shows the phase diagram of water. We know already that the
line separating any two regions or sections indicates conditions under which
two phases co-exist in equilibrium. Triple point is shown at which all three
phases of water can exist at equilibrium in 0.006 atm and 0.01°C. Another is
that, at a point of 1.00 atm and 0°C as you extend the line their intersection
is in its freezing point and melting point. Now if we increase the temperature
up to 100°C at a constant pressure of 1 atm, the water will be in its boiling
point and ready to become a gas. This will give us a conclusion that at 1 atm
water exist at all phases.
 Figure 5

From figure 5, the phase diagram of water tells us that the boundary
between the solid and liquid, the slope becomes negative. Why is this so?
Because water has a special property wherein if the water is in its solid state
the molecules are further apart than in a liquid state. This would mean that
for some given volume of liquid water, liquid water is denser than solid water
(ice cube) as mentioned from the previous module about the anomalous
behavior of water. Which then answers our inquiry of why ice floats on water.

Phase diagram of Carbon dioxide

SOURCE: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Phase_changes_of_CO2.png
Figure 6

Figure 6 above as shown above is the phase diagram of carbon dioxide

which is generally similar to other substances. But in comparison with water,
it is generally also the same only that there are two important deviations on
these properties. Can you cite the differences? Use the simpler representation
of the phase diagram shown in figure 7 below to help you answer this
question.
 Figure 7

We see that at 1 atm, carbon dioxide sublimes directly to gas. In other words,
carbon dioxide at a constant pressure of 1 atm as temperature increases from -78°C,
we can see solid and gas states not in the liquid phase. The liquid phase of carbon
dioxide could only be gotten if we increase the pressure and temperature. Triple point
in this diagram of carbon dioxide could be seen at 1 atm and temperature of -57°C.

The second main difference is that the boundary between solid and liquid
states of carbon dioxide is on a positive slope. This positive slope would convey to us
that solid carbon dioxide is denser than liquid carbon dioxide. To help you visualize
this scenario is by putting the solid carbon dioxide into liquid carbon dioxide. You
will find out that the solid carbon dioxide will sink. Another thing to note is that we
can only have a liquid carbon dioxide if we increase the temperature which is shown
in figure 8. Not like in water, at constant temperature we can make a solid to a liquid
by increasing the pressure of the water.

Figure 8

Knowing now the differences, it should be made clear that unlike most
materials, water is denser as a liquid than as a solid. Along this behavior of the
molecules of water, there is an increasing pressure that favors the liquid instead of
the solid. The significance of this behavior is shown in the negative slope of water
that becomes so important to bring habitat even in colder regions. On the other hand,
the positive slope in the phase diagram of carbon dioxide would simply imply
solid carbon dioxide does not melt at 1 atm pressure but instead sublimes to yield
gaseous CO2.
 Use these facts on the phase diagram of water and carbon dioxide in
answering the following activities.

ACTIVITIES

Activity 1

Direction: Analyze each of the following statements whether it describes the phase
diagrams of water and carbon dioxide. Write TRUE if the statement is correct but if
it’s false, change the underlined word or group of words to make the whole statement
true. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. A phase diagram is a graph that relates pressure and temperature to the state of
matter.
2. The boundary between solid and liquid states of carbon dioxide is on a positive
slope while in water is a negative slope.
3. A critical point is the point where at a certain pressure and temperature at
equilibrium all three phases of a substance co-exist.
4. A “supercritical fluid” is a point in a triple point where liquid and gas are
indistinguishable.
5. A water at a constant pressure of 1 atm as the temperature increases further
from its -78°C, we can see solid and gas phases only that not in its liquid phase.

Now, use these facts on types of intermolecular forces in answering Activity 2.

Activity 2
Direction: Refer to the given phase diagram below to answer the following questions.
Use separate paper to write on your answers.
A. Phase diagram of Carbon dioxide

Questions:
1. Which section would be in:
a. solid phase: _________________________________________
b. liquid phase: ________________________________________
 c. gas phase: __________________________________________
2. At 1 atm, what would be the substance`s:
a. boiling point: _______________________________________
b. melting point: ______________________________________
c. critical temperature: ________________________________
3. At triple point, what would be the substance`s:
a. temperature: ________________________________________
b. pressure: ___________________________________________
4. What would you do to cause a substance to change from a solid phase to a liquid
phase at constant temperature?
__________________________________________________________________________________
5. What would you expect to a substance melting to a liquid phase or subliming to a
gas at 1 atm and room temperature?
__________________________________________________________________________________

WRAP–UP

Direction: Complete the table by writing the differences of the phase diagrams of
water from that of carbon dioxide.
Water Carbon dioxide
Phase present at 1
atm
The slope between
solid and liquid
boundary

VALUING

In some industries, carbon dioxide is stored in large tanks. Assuming that we

live at sea level, suggest or mention ways to liquefy carbon dioxide that will not
harm human being?

Finally, you made it! Take your last step and good luck!
 POST TEST
Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer and write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.

1. Which of the choices is defined as a point where supercritical fluid occurs?

A. critical point
B. phase change
C. phase diagram
D. triple point

2. What are the two intensive properties of matter that will help us determine the
phases of matter?
A. density and volume C. pressure and temperature
B. density and pressure D. temperature and volume

3. Which best describes the slope of the solid-liquid boundary of carbon dioxide?
A. a negative slope
B. a positive slope
C. cannot be determined because carbon dioxide is unstable
D. a positive slope because carbon dioxide shows an unstable property

4. At what temperature and pressure would show the triple point of carbon dioxide?
A. at 1 °C and 6 atm C. -57 °C and 5.11 atm
B. at 0.01 °C and 0.006 atm D. -57.2 °C and 5.2 atm

5. What does the line in the phase diagram represent?

A. boiling point and freezing point of a substance
B. melting point and boiling point of a substance
C. boundaries that signifies the dynamic equilibrium between two or three
phases
D. these are boundaries that would show the sections in any phase diagrams
of substances
 KEY TO CORRECTION
3. B
2. C 5C
1. A 4. C 5. sublime into gas
Posttest pressure
slope 4. increase the
has a positive b. 0.5 atm change of matter.
carbon dioxide 3. a. 50°C involved in the phase
boundary of c. 120°C on the processes
- The solid-liquid b. 70°C learner the description
(solid and gas) 2. a. 100°C Depends on how the
two phases c. C Recap
dioxide exists in b. B
- At 1 atm carbon 1. a. A
Carbon dioxide Activity 2 5. A
negative slope 4. B
water has a 5. Carbon dioxide 3. B
boundary of 4. Critical point 2. D
- The solid0liquid 3. Triple 1. C
phases 2. TRUE Pretest
exist in three 1. TRUE
- At 1 atm water Activity 1
Water Activities
Wrap Up

REFERENCES
Brown, Theodore. 2005. Chemistry: The central Science. Pearson/Prentice-Hall.

Chang, Raymond. 2004. Chemistry 8th edition. McGraw-Hill College.

Kopot, Andrey. 2019. aklectures.com. https://https://aklectures.com/lecture/phase-change/phase-

diagram.

—. 2012. Carbon Dioxide vs Water Phase Diagrams. November 14.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KzWWhCsocog.

—. 2019. Phase Change of Water. December 1. https://aklectures.com/lecture/phase-

change/phase-change-of-water.

StudyLib. 2019. phase-diagram-worksheet. October 8. https://studylib.net/doc/8875108/phase-

diagram-worksheet.