MIS UNIT 5b

1/13/2022
UNIT-V
Artificial Intelligence (AI),

Applications of Artificial Intelligence:
Expert systems
Overview of Artificial Intelligence

• Artificial intelligence (AI)
– the ability of computer systems to mimic or
duplicate the functions of the human
brain/human intelligence.
• Artificial intelligence systems
– The people, procedures, hardware, software, data,
and knowledge needed to develop computer
systems and machines that demonstrate the
characteristics of intelligence
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Overview of Artificial Intelligence

• Intelligent behaviour
– Learn from experience
– Apply knowledge acquired from experience
– Handle complex situations
– Solve problems when important information is missing
– Determine what is important
– React quickly and correctly to a new situation
– Understand visual images
– Process and manipulate symbols
– Be creative and imaginative
– Use heuristics
Major Branches of AI
– Perceptive system
• A system that approximates the way a human sees, hears, and
feels objects
– Vision system
• Capture, store, and manipulate visual images and pictures
– Robotics
• Mechanical and computer devices that perform tedious tasks with
high precision
– Expert system
• Stores knowledge and makes inferences
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Major Branches of AI
– Learning system
• Computer changes how it functions or reacts to situations based
on feedback
– Natural language processing
• Computers understand and react to statements and commands
made in a “natural” language, such as English
– Neural network
• Computer system that can act like or simulate the functioning of
the human brain
Artificial
intelligence
Vision Learning
systems systems
Robotics
Expert systems
Neural networks
Natural language
processing
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Artificial Intelligence
The branch of computer science concerned with making computers

behave like humans. The term was coined in 1956 by John McCarthy
at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Artificial intelligence
includes
– games playing: programming computers to play games such as
chess and checkers
– expert systems : programming computers to make decisions in real-life
situations (for example, some expert systems help doctors diagnose
diseases based on symptoms)
– natural language : programming computers to understand natural
human languages
– neural networks : Systems that simulate intelligence by attempting

to reproduce the types of physical connections that occur in animal
brains
– robotics : programming computers to see and hear and react to
other sensory stimuli
Currently, no computers exhibit full artificial intelligence (that is, are

able to simulate human behavior). The greatest advances have
occurred in the field of games playing. The best computer chess
programs are now capable of beating humans. In May, 1997, an IBM
super-computer called Deep Blue defeated world chess champion
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Gary Kasparov in a chess match.
In the area of robotics, computers are now widely used in assembly

plants, but they are capable only of very limited tasks. Robots have
great difficulty identifying objects based on appearance or feel, and
they still move and handle objects clumsily.
Natural-language processing offers the greatest potential rewards

because it would allow people to interact with computers without
needing any specialized knowledge. You could simply walk up to a
computer and talk to it. Unfortunately, programming computers to

understand natural languages has proved to be more difficult than
originally thought. Some rudimentary translation systems that
translate from one human language to another are in existence, but
they are not nearly as good as human translators. There are also
voice recognition systems that can convert spoken sounds into
written words, but they do not understand what they are writing;
they simply take dictation. Even these systems are quite limited --
you must speak slowly and distinctly.
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In the early 1980s, expert systems were believed to represent the

future of artificial intelligence and of computers in general. To date,
however, they have not lived up to expectations. Many expert
systems help human experts in such fields as medicine and
engineering, but they are very expensive to produce and are helpful
only in special situations.
Today, the hottest area of artificial intelligence is neural networks,

which are proving successful in a number of disciplines such as voice
recognition and natural-language processing.
There are several programming languages that are known as AI

languages because they are used almost exclusively for AI
applications. The two most common are LISP and Prolog.
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What is an expert system?

• “An expert system is a computer system that
emulates, or acts in all respects, with the decision-
making capabilities of a human expert.”
• An expert system is a computer program that uses
artificial intelligence (AI) technologies to simulate the
judgment and behavior of a human that
has expert knowledge and experience in a
particular field.
Expert System Main Components
• Knowledge base – obtainable from books,

magazines, knowledgeable persons, etc.
• Inference engine – draws conclusions from the

knowledge base
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Figure 1.2 Basic Functions

of Expert Systems
15
Advantages of Expert Systems
• Increased availability
• Reduced cost
• Reduced danger
• Performance
• Multiple expertise
• Increased reliability
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Advantages Continued
• Explanation
• Fast response
• Steady, unemotional, and complete responses at

all times
• Intelligent tutor
• Intelligent database
Representing the Knowledge
The knowledge of an expert system can be

represented in a number of ways, including IF-
THEN rules:
IF you are hungry THEN eat
Expert Systems: Principles and

18
Programming, Fourth Edition
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Knowledge Engineering
The process of building an expert system:
1. The knowledge engineer establishes a dialog

with the human expert to elicit knowledge.
2. The knowledge engineer codes the knowledge
explicitly in the knowledge base.
3. The expert evaluates the expert system and
gives a critique to the knowledge engineer.

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Development of an Expert System

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The Role of AI
• An algorithm is an ideal solution guaranteed to

yield a solution in a finite amount of time.
• When an algorithm is not available or is
insufficient, we rely on artificial intelligence (AI).
• Expert system relies on inference – we accept a
“reasonable solution.”
Uncertainty
• Both human experts and expert systems must be

able to deal with uncertainty.
• It is easier to program expert systems with
shallow knowledge than with deep knowledge.
• Shallow knowledge – based on empirical and
heuristic knowledge.
• Deep knowledge – based on basic structure,
function, and behavior of objects.

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Limitations of Expert Systems
• Typical expert systems cannot generalize through

analogy to reason about new situations in the way
people can.
• A knowledge acquisition bottleneck results from

the time-consuming and labor intensive task of
building an expert system.
Early Expert Systems
• DENDRAL – used in chemical mass

spectroscopy to identify chemical constituents
• MYCIN – medical diagnosis of illness
• DIPMETER – geological data analysis for oil
• PROSPECTOR – geological data analysis for
minerals
• XCON/R1 – configuring computer systems
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Table 1.3 Broad Classes

of Expert Systems
Problems with Algorithmic Solutions
• Conventional computer programs generally solve

problems having algorithmic solutions.
• Algorithmic languages include C, Java, and C#.
• Classic AI languages include LISP and PROLOG.

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Elements of an Expert System
• User interface – mechanism by which user and

system communicate.
• Exploration facility – explains reasoning of
expert system to user.
• Working memory – global database of facts used
by rules.
• Inference engine – makes inferences deciding
which rules are satisfied and prioritizing.
Elements Continued
• Agenda – a prioritized list of rules created by the

inference engine, whose patterns are satisfied by
facts or objects in working memory.
• Knowledge acquisition facility – automatic way
for the user to enter knowledge in the system
bypassing the explicit coding by knowledge
engineer.
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Production Rules
• Knowledge base is also called production

memory.
• Production rules can be expressed in IF-THEN

pseudocode format.
• In rule-based systems, the inference engine

determines which rule antecedents are satisfied
by the facts.
Figure 1.6 Structure of a

Rule-Based Expert System
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General Methods of Inferencing
• Forward chaining – reasoning from facts to the

conclusions resulting from those facts – best for
prognosis, monitoring, and control.
• Backward chaining – reasoning in reverse from a

hypothesis, a potential conclusion to be proved to
the facts that support the hypothesis – best for
diagnosis problems.
Production Systems
• Rule-based expert systems – most popular type

today.
• Knowledge is represented as multiple rules that
specify what should/not be concluded from
different situations.
• Forward chaining – start w/facts and use rules do
draw conclusions/take actions.
• Backward chaining – start w/hypothesis and look
for rules that allow hypothesis to be proven true.

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1/13/2022

Artificial Intelligence (AI),

Overview of Artificial Intelligence

Overview of Artificial Intelligence

The branch of computer science concerned with making computers

– neural networks : Systems that simulate intelligence by attempting

Currently, no computers exhibit full artificial intelligence (that is, are

In the area of robotics, computers are now widely used in assembly

Natural-language processing offers the greatest potential rewards

computer and talk to it. Unfortunately, programming computers to

In the early 1980s, expert systems were believed to represent the

Today, the hottest area of artificial intelligence is neural networks,

There are several programming languages that are known as AI

What is an expert system?

Expert System Main Components

• Knowledge base – obtainable from books,

• Inference engine – draws conclusions from the

Figure 1.2 Basic Functions

Advantages of Expert Systems

• Steady, unemotional, and complete responses at

Representing the Knowledge

The knowledge of an expert system can be

IF you are hungry THEN eat

Expert Systems: Principles and

The process of building an expert system:

1. The knowledge engineer establishes a dialog

Expert Systems: Principles and

Development of an Expert System

• An algorithm is an ideal solution guaranteed to

• Both human experts and expert systems must be

Expert Systems: Principles and

Limitations of Expert Systems

• Typical expert systems cannot generalize through

• A knowledge acquisition bottleneck results from

Early Expert Systems

• DENDRAL – used in chemical mass

Table 1.3 Broad Classes

Problems with Algorithmic Solutions

• Conventional computer programs generally solve

• Algorithmic languages include C, Java, and C#.

• Classic AI languages include LISP and PROLOG.

Elements of an Expert System

• User interface – mechanism by which user and

• Agenda – a prioritized list of rules created by the

• Knowledge base is also called production

• Production rules can be expressed in IF-THEN

• In rule-based systems, the inference engine

Figure 1.6 Structure of a

General Methods of Inferencing

• Forward chaining – reasoning from facts to the

• Backward chaining – reasoning in reverse from a

• Rule-based expert systems – most popular type

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