Biodiversity Park - Abid Hussain
Biodiversity Park - Abid Hussain
Biodiversity Park - Abid Hussain
Dissertation
Submitted By
ABID HUSSAIN
M.ARCH (RECREATION ARCHITECTURE)
3RD SEMESTER
Certificate
This is to certify that ‘ABID HUSSAIN ‘of M.Arch 3RD Semester has worked on
the dissertation on “Impact Assessment of Biodiversity Park in Sustainable
Development of the Region - Tughlakabad Biodiversity Park- Delhi” under my
guidance and supervision.
Page 2
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Declaration
I, ABID HUSSAIN, hereby declare that the study on topic “Impact Assessment of
Biodiversity Park in Sustainable Development of the Region - Tughlakabad
Biodiversity Park- Delhi” submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for
the award of the degree of Masters of Architecture (3rd Semester) is my original
research work and that the information taken from secondary sources is given due
citations and references.
ABID HUSSAIN
Masters of Architecture
Recreation Architecture (3rd Semester)
Page 3
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Acknowledgement
Foremost, I want to offer this endeavor to our GOD Almighty for the wisdom he
bestowed upon me, the strength, peace of my mind and good health in order to
finish this dissertation. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them. I
would like to express my gratitude towards my family for the encouragement,
which helped me in completion of dissertation. I am highly indebted to my
teachers and seniors for their guidance, constant supervision and for providing
necessary information regarding this dissertation & also for their support in
completing this endeavor. I would like to express my special gratitude and thanks
to my guides, AR. MOHAMMAD ZIAUDDIN for imparting their knowledge and
expertise in this dissertation and for sharing their technical knowledge.
-Abid Hussain
Page 4
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Table of Contents
List of Figures .................................................................................................................................................... 8
Page 5
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Page 6
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Bibliography ................................................................................................................................. 84
Page 7
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
List of Figures
Figure 1 Urban Population Growth Source- (UN (World Urbanization Prospects 2018) n.d.)
14
Figure 2 Urbanization in India Source- (World Bank n.d.) ................................................. 15
Figure 3 Urban Built-up Area Change Source- (SAHANA GOSWAMI 2022) .................. 15
Figure 4 Urban Settlements in 1989 ............................................................................................. 17
Figure 5 Urban Settlements in 2018 Source- (NAS)............................................................ 17
Figure 6 Impacts of Urbanization Source- (Neelmani Jaysawal* 2014) ........................... 18
Figure 7 Change in Vegetation Source- (SAHANA GOSWAMI 2022) ............................. 19
Figure 8Blue Cover Change Source- (SAHANA GOSWAMI 2022)................................. 20
Figure 9 Functional Components .................................................................................................. 32
Figure 10 Role of Biodiversity Park Source- (Babu 2021) ................................................. 34
Figure 11 Biodiversity Parks Source: (Affairs 2020)......................................................... 36
Figure 12 L.K Advani on Foundation Figure 13 LG in YBP Figure
14 LG in Inauguration of YBP...................................................................................................... 41
Figure 15 LG in Aravali BP inauguration Figure 16LG on Tilpath Inauguration Figure
17D.S Mishra and Anurag Jain on nature trail .................................... Source- (Babu 2021) 42
Figure 18 Location Map of Tughlakabad Biodiversity Park ........................................................ 45
Figure 19 Need of Tughlakabad Biodiversity Park ...................................................................... 46
Figure 20 fencing of trees to protect from envision...................................................................... 47
Figure 21 Wetlands restoration ..................................................................................................... 48
Figure 22Entrance ......................................................................................................................... 61
Figure 23 Approachable Road - Aanandmai Road Source- Author..................................... 61
Figure 24 Natural Landscape ........................................................................................................ 62
Figure 25 Flora of Tughlakabad Biodiversity Park ...................................................................... 62
Figure 26 Fauna of Tughlakabad Biodiversity Park ..................................................................... 62
Figure 27 Recreational Space- Tughlakabad Biodiversity Park ................................................... 63
Figure 28 Sunset Point- Tughlakabad Biodiversity Park .............................................................. 63
Figure 29 Tracks- Tughlakabad Biodiversity Park ....................................................................... 64
Figure 30 Chit-Chat Point- Tughlakabad Biodiversity Park......................................................... 64
Figure 31 Changes in Green Cover - Delhi .................................................................................. 65
Figure 32 Built and Open- 1985 ................................................................................................... 65
Figure 33 Built and Open – 2000 .................................................................................................. 66
Figure 34 Vegetation Cover- 2022 ............................................................................................... 66
Figure 35 Master Plan- 1962 Figure 36 Master Plan- 2021 .................................................. 67
Figure 37 Draft Master Plan- 2041 ............................................................................................... 67
Figure 38 fencing to protect trees Figure 39 Source of water for birds ............................... 68
Figure 40 Nilgai in Biodiversity Park Figure 41 Peacock in Biodiversity Park .................... 68
Figure 42 Projected Population of Delhi Source- UN World Urbanization Prospectus
69
Figure 43 Visitors ......................................................................................................................... 72
Figure 44 Potential Areas for Recreational and Outdoor Recreational activity ........................... 81
Figure 45 Recreational Areas........................................................................................................ 82
Page 8
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Page 9
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTON
1.1 Introduction
Green Infrastructure might be a significant development to make the city or urban regions more
sustainable in today's world, where more than 50% of the population lives in urban areas and the
rapid growth of urbanization and change in land use pattern for the environmental ecosystem
balance. Urban green infrastructure can be used in a variety of functional typologies.
Urban forests, parks, and trees improve the quality of life for city dwellers by providing valuable
environmental, social, and economic services. Environmental services include pollutant removal
and air quality improvement, noise reduction, and shade and temperature regulation. Social
services include health benefits, increases in happiness, and the provision of attractive and easily
accessible places for social interaction, informal recreation, stress reduction, and encouragement
of physical activities such as walking and outdoor sports. Economic benefits include increased
inward investment into greener cities, higher property values in well-treed neighborhoods, and
improved labor force productivity in green environments (ROYA S 2012).
As an important contributor, urban green infrastructure can play an important role in sustainable
development. To improve existing urban green space facilities and services and to optimize
urban green space policies, urban green space developments must consider interdisciplinary and
integrative approaches such as economic, political, social, cultural, management, and planning
aspects (URGE 2002). Ecologists, economists, social scientists, and planners all agree on the
definition of urban green infrastructure as public and private open spaces in urban areas,
primarily covered by vegetation, that are directly (e.g., active or passive recreation) or indirectly
(e.g., positive influence on the urban environment) available to users (B Tuzin 2002)
Regardless of a country's level of development, many countries face one of the most significant
challenges: adequate development of sustainable cities. In this regard, urban green infrastructure
can provide social, economic, cultural, and psychological benefits, particularly to the well-being
of city dwellers and tourists. Sustainable city development and urban green space development
are critical because nearly half of the world's population now lives in cities, where the pace of
rural-urban migration and pressure from international migration is still high, as most immigrants
in any countries live in the country's central or major cities. Furthermore, there is an urgent need
to improve urban people's lifestyles, with a special emphasis on the consideration of the
environmental impact of human activities by raising awareness of the rational use of energy,
water, and food consumption, as well as natural resources for environmental sustainability.
Finally, today's policymakers can no longer ignore the importance of green spaces in our urban
environments. To get the most out of urban green spaces, a local approach and integrative
approaches should be focused on overcoming the challenges faced by different cities in different
countries, such as land allocation, size and number of green spaces based on the number of urban
dwellers, and accessible facilities for residents or tourists.
Finally, the paper is based on relevant studies and literature reviews to explain the benefits of
urban green infrastructure and their functionality. And how, and in what ways, the application of
an integrative approach can contribute to a potential solution to environmental sustainability in
Page 10
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
1.2Research Gap
In India, there are many policies relating to green infrastructure development and management,
but there hasn't been much research on the analysis of such green infrastructures in the city as a
model for sustainable development. There are studies on the analysis of pollution, biodiversity
conservation, and the environment that are available, but there is a gap in the analysis of the
project in terms of all the key aspects of sustainable development, namely social, environmental,
and economic.
For better functioning of anything, it is necessary that we keep evaluating its impacts so that in
future we can make it better.
Because there is a lack of impact analysis process here, so we have done impact analysis of
Tughlakabad Biodiversity Park- Delhi, so that its function can be improved in future and make a
way to evaluate the impacts of green infrastructure to the community and environment.
1.3 Aim
Aim of this research paper is to evaluate the impacts of green infrastructure (Biodiversity Parks)
and how beneficial it is for our community development and environment and for the
conservation of flora and fauna in the city.
This biodiversity impact assessment aims in identifying potential impacts on flora and
fauna and to suggest relevant compensatory and mitigation measures to protect/conserve
biodiversity in the likely impacted area inside and around the vicinity of the proposed
project due to the projects activities.
This impact assessment aims in identifying potential impacts on the nearby residents on
their social life pattern changes due to this biodiversity park and how they are connected
through the recreational activities and biodiversity conservation to this areas.
1.4 Objective
It is a comparative study to understand the role of green infrastructure in environmental
conservation and how it is connected with the sustainable development of the community.
1) Understand the rapid growth of urbanization and role of recreation in our daily life and how
it is connected with our well beings.
2) Understand the green infrastructure and its typology in the urban areas and its role in the
community development.
3) Understand the role of Biodiversity parks and its benefits related to Environmental, Social
and Economic development of the city and make an evaluative criteria for the impact
analysis of Biodiversity parks.
4) Evaluate the impacts of existing Biodiversity parks in flora and fauna conservation as well as
for the community well beings.
Page 11
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
1.5 Hypothesis
Delhi has a diverse ecological system. It has the Yamuna River, Ridge, Dense Forest, and
Floodplain. These geographical characteristics can be used to improve urban life. We must
conserve biodiversity while developing public spaces.
We will try to find or correlate the relationship between the green infrastructure and how it aids
in the city's sustainable development with the help of this research.
The research questions for this research paper includes:-
1) How the rapid growth of urbanization has disrupted the green infrastructure and how it is
affecting people's social lives.
2) How urban biodiversity parks can be used to stabilize the ground water table, attract native
and migratory birds, and conserve flora and fauna.
3) How the development of blue green infrastructure helps to improve recreational facilities and
sustainable development.
4) Sustainable management of biodiversity parks to raise public awareness about biodiversity
conservation and the role of nature in our well-being.
1.7 Methodology
The study used a mixed strategy approach, with secondary and primary data collected for
analysis.
For Biodiversity parks and recreational spaces, on-site observation and documentation of site
quality was conducted using a questionnaire based on sustainable development dimensions.
CHAPTER OBJECTIVE SUB-OBJECTIVE OUTCOMES
Literature Urbanization and Role of Understanding the Change in Land-use
Review Recreation Urbanization trends pattern
Impacts of Urbanization Environmental
on Environment and Degradation
Peoples Life Slums and Problems of
Conflict
Garbage and Sewerage
Problems
Page 12
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Page 13
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Figure 1 Urban Population Growth Source- (UN (World Urbanization Prospects 2018) n.d.)
Page 14
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Page 15
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Page 16
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
man-made structures absorbs into the air and radiates it, raising the temperature in the area.
BAHADURGARH
GHAZIABAD
NEW
DELHI
GURUGRAM
NOIDA
FARIDABAD
BAHADURGARH
GHAZIABAD
NEW
DELHI
NOIDA
GURUGRAM
FARIDABAD
Page 17
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Lopsided Urbanization
Basic Problems of
Urbanization
Presence of Slums
Environmental Degradation
Urbanization in
India
Environmental Problems
Regional Inequality
Effects of Urbanization
on Society Slums and Problems of
Conflict
Traffic
Page 18
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Page 19
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Page 20
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Additionally, expanding cities may have a negative impact on the environment through increased
air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and traffic congestion. Due to India's rapidly developing
economy and industries, there is a rise in air pollution, waste management, drainage issues etc.
2.3 Recreation
It is the totality of activities based on entertainment and recreation that are done voluntarily
without regard for any rule, gain, or continuity, and that improve and refresh a person's
cognitive, physical, and social health, as well as their quality of life.
Many authors define the recreation in different ways some of them are quoted below:-
Recreation can be simply defined as experiences and activities that a person chooses and engages
in during their free time. This is because the experiences and activities are intended to "re-create"
the person, reviving them so that they can continue with their daily responsibilities, whatever
they may be (Ap 1986).
In contrast to activities to which people are typically "strongly dedicated," which can include
things like optional shopping, overtime, secondary employment, home repairs, car maintenance,
additional education, schoolwork, child care, religion, and politics, recreation is any activity
done during free time (Group n.d.).
Recreation is considered as activity through which leisure may be experienced and enjoyed but it
is also seen as a social institution, socially organized for social purposes (Laidler 1990).
Any leisure activity, whether solo or group, that is unpaid and enjoyable, has its own intrinsic
appeal, and is not motivated by a delayed benefit beyond itself or by an immediate need
(Fairchild 1970).
A sensation of contentment and well-being within a person's own emotional state is known as
recreation. Feelings of mastery, accomplishment, exhilaration, acceptance, success, self-worth,
and enjoyment are its defining characteristics. It strengthens one's sense of self-worth.
Recreation is a reaction to an aesthetic experience, the accomplishment of one's aims, or
favorable comments from others. It is unaffected by occupation, pastime, or social approval
(Pelegrino 1973).
2.3.1 Typology of Recreation
So, on the basis of all these literature definition of recreation we must say its areas, area of socio-
ecological system whose primary goal is to maintain the ecological functions of the environment
while also providing enjoyable recreational experiences. In order for a recreation area to be
sustainable, the components that support it must be maintained or increased over time. These
elements are referred to as 'capital.'
Recreation in special places frequently inspires conservation ethics, personal values, and
responsibility, which can lead to lifelong environmental stewardship and advocacy.
On the basis of activities, environment, equipment’s and infrastructure required defined the
recreation in many ways we can broadly divided it in ten measure areas.
Page 21
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
1. Ecology Green: Green infrastructure is our country's natural life support system, an
interconnected network of waterways, wetlands, woodlands, wildlife habitats, and other
natural areas; greenways, parks, and other conservation lands; working farms, ranches,
and forests; and wilderness and other open spaces that support native species, maintain
natural ecological processes, sustain air and water resources, and contribute to the health
and quality of life for communities and individuals.
Page 22
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Page 23
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Page 24
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Sports, recreation, and leisure activities can involve individuals, small groups, teams, or
entire communities and are appropriate for people of all ages, skill levels, and abilities.
People engage in a wide range of recreational, leisure, and sporting activities, which often
reflect local social structures and cultural values.
8. Hospitality: Hospitality is the relationship between a guest and a host, wherein the host
receives the guest with some amount of goodwill, including the reception and
entertainment of guests, visitors, or strangers. Not long after the word hospitality
emerged as a collective noun to describe the commercial provision of services associated
with accommodation, drinking and eating, some academics began to investigate the
meanings of hospitality and hospitableness.
9. Retail: Retail and recreation includes places like restaurants, cafés, shopping centers,
theme parks, museums, libraries, movie theaters. Recreational retail is used to refer to
retail outlets that attract shoppers to spend some of their free time browsing and
shopping.
10. Open Spaces: Urban open spaces have been critical sites of cultural, political, and
economic life from early civilizations to the present day. We define open space as any
urban ground space, regardless of public accessibility, that is not roofed by an
architectural structure. Open space is often discussed under the rubric of public space
because many modern open spaces are freely accessible, but public space includes some
roofed space as well, such as civic institutions or religious buildings. Car et al. (1992)
defines public space as “open, publicly accessible places” that facilitate the popular
activities necessary for community building.
Page 25
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Saangs (folk dramas), Ragnis (folk ballads), and rural games like kabaddi, volleyball, and
wrestling, among others.
Art and Craft Activities- Drawing, painting, woodworking, modelling, spinning, weaving,
gardening, tailoring, doll making, needlepoint, embroidery, papermaking, leatherworking, etc.
are a few of them.
Outdoor Activities- These consist of travel, excursions, sightseeing, visiting, camping, trekking,
mountaineering, etc.
2.3.3 Role of Recreation in Sustainable Development
Community solidarity
Human happiness
Crime Prevention
Health
Character development
Safety
Morale
Education
1. Recreation- A fundamental human need: Man has discovered avenues for self-
expression and personal growth in forms of recreation that have a startling
consistency among all the peoples and throughout all periods of history. Despite the
fact that recreation can take many different forms, it is a human legacy shared by all.
Play is a young child's main activity throughout their active hours in all lands. The
youngster grows and experiences through play. It is nature's method of providing
outlets for the strong biological drive for action and a way for people to learn skills
they will need in the future. His time, energy, and attention are increasingly being
demanded by other activities as he gets older. Adult responsibilities such as providing
for a family, supporting oneself, and maintaining one's place in society sometimes
push leisure activities to the periphery of life where they are only marginally
significant. However, the desire for recreation is so fundamental and widespread that
it cannot be suppressed.
Page 26
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Page 27
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
has a significant impact on the development of social attitudes that affect the
individual as a group member.
5. Recreation and Crime Prevention: Participating in healthy recreation aids in
character development. It serves as a safety valve to stop crime and juvenile
misbehaviour. Delinquency is less likely to grow in communities where options for
healthy leisure are available and appealing because recreation activities have a great
attraction for children and youth. The majority of delinquent and criminal acts are
carried out during free time, and a big portion of them are done to obtain the
resources needed to enjoy free time. A lot of delinquency and criminality are caused
by a lack of recreational alternatives, according to testimony from jail and police
personnel. Recreation therefore plays a significant part in the lives of children, young
people, teens, and adults in order to avoid such problems.
6. Recreation and community solidarity: Based on disparities in individuals’
economic condition, social position, race, creed, nation of origin, level of education,
or cultural background, many influences in contemporary society tend to divide
people into distinct and frequently hostile groups. As a result, there is a decrease in
neighbourliness and shared interests, as well as an increase in mistrust, hatred, and
suspicion of our fellow humans. The thrill of involvement or success in recreation
provides a common ground or platform where differences may be disregarded.
Recreation is fundamentally democratic; all groups and classes have an interest in and
aptitude for sports, theatre, or the arts. The young person who excels in sports or any
other activity is praised by fans of these activities/groups, regardless of his caste,
colour, or creed.
7. Recreation and Morale: Man needs satisfying activities that make him feel
accomplished more than ever during times of uncertainty, melancholy, and unusual
stress. People are affected by earthquakes, floods, military invasions, and other
larger-scale calamities in various parts of the world, which can cause mental
breakdown. In these situations, the usefulness of recreation as a way to boost and
maintain morale is highly valued. The home front's morale was supported by a
comprehensive programme for service members, leisure activities for families of war
workers, and neighbourhood and community programmes. Our war effort is
Page 28
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
unquestionably aided by the recreation activities offered to the military, war industry
workers, and civilian groups to boost morale.
8. Recreation and Safety: Ample recreational opportunities, particularly those in the
shape of playgrounds and swimming pools managed by capable leadership,
unquestionably aid in reducing accidents. Recreational areas are incredibly safe when
they are well-designed and managed. In addition to supplying and supervising
recreation places, recreation departments also contribute to public safety by imparting
knowledge necessary for engaging in risky recreational activities safely and by
implementing safety standards in public recreation sites. There is no safety in street
recreation in a busy area when there are no safe recreation areas, which could result in
injury.
9. Recreation and Education: The goals, approaches, and programmes of education
and recreation are comparable but not identical in many ways. Both seek the fullest
possible development of the individual; but, whereas amusement offers more
immediate gratifications, education has a longer-term objective. Some components of
schooling have the element of coercion, whereas recreation activities do not. Both
programmes share many activities, but in education they represent areas in which
abilities, comprehension, and appreciation are to be developed. Examples include
athletics, music, theatre, and the arts. However, in the recreation programme, the
activities primarily serve as a way to use and enjoy already-acquired skills and
interests. However, every enjoyable recreational event includes the opportunity for
educational progress.
10. Recreation and Economy: Business and industry leaders have long understood that
how their employees spend their free time affects how effective they are at work. In
welfare regimes around the world, it costs hundreds of dollars a year to care for one
offender, but operating a playground, which might keep kids from turning into
miscreants, only costs a few dollars a year per child served. In other words, spending
money on creating and maintaining recreational facilities is an investment in the
welfare of people that yields both financial and intangible benefits.
Page 29
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Page 30
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Page 31
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
landscaping increase property values and financial returns for land developers, of between
5% and 15% depending on the type of project.
2.5.3 Social and Psychological Benefits
1. Recreation and Wellbeing - People satisfy most of their recreational needs within the
locality where they live. Green spaces within urban areas provide a sustainable proportion of
the total outdoor leisure opportunities. Urban green spaces serve as a near resource for
relaxation; provide emotional warmth.
2. Human Health - People who were exposed to natural environment, the level of stress
decreased rapidly as compared to people who were exposed to urban environment, their
stress level remained high. In the same review, patients in an hospital whose rooms were
facing a park had a 10% faster recovery and needed 50% less strong pain relieving
medication as compared to patients whose rooms were facing a building wall. The
connection between people and nature is important for everyday enjoyment, work
productivity and general mental health (Kumar 2015).
Green Infrastructure
Page 32
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Page 33
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Enrichment of Bio-reserve
Human Micro biome
The diverse ecological
The enrichment of niches in biodiversity
human micro biome parks are ideal habitats
will enhance the for vanishing flora and
immunity and thereby fauna, and hence serve
reduce health risk and as Nature reserves and
public health burden. harbour natural
heritage
Page 34
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Page 35
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Page 36
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Page 37
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Low/Weak High/Strong
Simple, few linearly linked Trophic Multiple and complex food web
groups structure with many interconnected food
chain
Detail-B
Page 38
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Detail-A
Frequent visits/
Restoration based on ecosystem approach
(Biodiversity Park) Walking/stroll
Ecosystem Services
Page 39
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Detail-B
PROVISIONING
Food, fibre, genetic resources, biochemical, medicines, fresh air and
water, wood etc.
SUPPORTING
Nutrient cycling, soil development and primary
productivity
REGULATING
Air quality, water purification, carbon sequestration,
erosion control, disease and pest regulation, pollination and climate
regulation, food regulation
CULTURAL
Spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, education and
recreation, aesthetics
Page 40
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Page 41
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Figure 15 LG in Aravali BP inauguration Figure 16LG on Tilpath Inauguration Figure 17D.S Mishra and Anurag Jain
on nature trail Source- (Babu 2021)
Re Im
gul DDA ple
Protection and ato me
conservation of ry Forest Department nti
natural resources an ng
CGWB
and features d Ro
M Dept. of Environment le
oni
tor
ing
DPCC
Ro
le DJB
Pollution Control
CPCB
Municipal Bodies
I&FC
Municipal Bodies
Augmenting
DPGS
planned greens
DDA
Table 1 Actors stakeholders of Green Area Development in Delhi Source- (Baseline Report- Environment
2020)
Page 42
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Department of Forest
Enforce the forest related regulation in Delhi (Indian Forest Act, 1927, the Wildlife
Protection Act, 1972, the Forest Conservation Act, 1980, the Delhi Preservation of Trees
Act, 1994) and direction issued by the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India and Delhi High
Court.
Protect forests, trees and dependent wildlife.
Central Ground Water Board (CGWB)
Monitor groundwater exploitation within the city.
Produce periodic reports on various groundwater parameters.
Department of Environment
Create awareness on critical environment issues and motivate citizens to proactively
engage in protection and conservation of environmental assets.
Promote environmentally friendly practices such as compositing, recycling, waste
segregation, tree plantation drives, and others.
Lead a coordinated effort among the various agencies to control climate change.
Delhi Pollution Control Committee (DPCC)
Advice the Delhi Govt. on matters concerning prevention and control of water and air
pollution.
Disseminate data relating to water and air pollution and the measures for mitigation and
prevention.
Generate awareness on the prevention, control or abatement of water and air pollution.
Laydown standards for treatment of sewage, emissions from automobiles, industrial
plants, and other polluting sources.
Inspect wastewater treatment installations, air pollution equipment, industrial plants or
manufacturing process.
Delhi Jal Board (DJB)
Manage the efficient collection and disposal of waste water.
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)
Advise the Central Government on prevention and control of pollution.
Provide technical assistance and guidance to DPCC.
Collect, compile and publish technical and statistical data relating to water and air
pollution.
Municipal Bodies
Page 43
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Page 44
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Page 45
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Page 46
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Fauna Conservation
Develop 30 biological community’s characteristic of Aravali Mountain ranges. As many as 112
species of birds are identified so far. The most common ones are Black Drongo, Green Bee-eater,
Brown-headed Barbet, Barn Owl, Common Hawk Cuckoo, Bluethroat etc.
Restoration of 4 water bodies and development of constructed wetland system to receive some
migratory birds.
Butterfly Diversity
About 44 species of butterflies had recorded for the park. These include Plain Tiger, Striped
Tiger, Yellow Orange Tip, Large Cabbage White, Danaid Eggfly, etc. A Butterfly Park is also
has been developed.
Wetlands Restoration
Four interconnected wetlands which used to receive rainwater from the surrounding hills but the
storm water carrying drains have now been converted into sewers. The natural wetlands are now
Page 47
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
highly polluted and filled with raw sewage. These polluted wetlands has been restored by
treating sewage with Constructed Wetland Systems.
There are also many depressions and nullahs which are being developed into surface water
bodies to recharge the ground water.
Recreational Park
An 8 hectares park has been developed and the aesthetics of the park are being improved through
landscaping and planting the ornamental trees, shrubs and herbs.
Heritage Walk
A greenway heritage walk along the Fort is being developed.
Page 48
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Page 49
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Page 50
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Page 51
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Page 52
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Page 53
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Page 54
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Page 55
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Page 56
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Page 57
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Page 58
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Page 59
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
participatory manner.
Change in the Time sheets and Calculate field It may be more indicative
(average) field reports time to use an average of field
amount of time days per management staff
(person-days) member, so that efforts by
spent in the one or two staff, or special
field projects, do not skew the
results.
Management Existence of Project/government Examine In addition to being
structures representative records, records or effectively representative,
And coordinating or community conduct such a structure should
arrangements. management interviews. interviews. make/improve links
body which between field level and
involves key development decision-
stakeholders making levels. An
additional indicator is the
change in the effectiveness
of such Structure.
Existence of An additional indicator is
formal the change in the
conservation effectiveness of such
agreements agreements.
Awareness Change in level Results of Structured Specific target groups
levels of structured interviews should be monitored
understanding interviews/ and/or separately, e.g. field
of biodiversity questionnaires questionnaires management staff,
concepts and resource user groups, and
conservation local government officials.
objectives
Ongoing Change in Results of review Review budget, If there is no ongoing
monitoring budget allocated of budget, staffing, staffing and monitoring capability then
capability to monitoring, management management the sustainability of
or number of systems systems biodiversity conservation
staff trained in annually or less is at risk. The capacity to
monitoring frequently. monitor must exist before
Status of Management Review of effective monitoring can
monitoring systems existing occur.
information systems
management
system
(Guidelines for Monitoring and Evaluation for Biodiversity Projects 1998)
On the basis of all these indicators we develop the questionnaire for the field survey to examine
the impact of Biodiversity Park in sustainable development of the city.
On field/site observation and interviews helps to find the output of the projects.
Page 60
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Figure 22Entrance
Page 61
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
5.1.2 Landscape
5.1.3 Flora
5.1.4 Fauna
Page 62
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Page 63
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Page 64
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Page 65
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
If we see there are drastic change in landscape in last 30 years, and its affecting the local
ecosystem of the area.
Page 66
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Page 67
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Page 68
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Locality Tughlakabad falls in South East district of Delhi, with a population of 82,084. The
male and female population are 44,647 and 37,437 respectively in 2020.
The size of the area is about 12.06 square kilometer. Source- geoiq-NCT of Delhi
Page 69
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
27%
Near by Area
Delhi
60% Outside of Delhi
13%
Q-2 How long have you been setting up your shops here
Since 2000 Since 2005 Since 2010 Since 2015 Since 2020
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
0
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Page 70
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
4%0%
14%
82%
Page 71
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Figure 43 Visitors
8%
8%
Daily
Once a Week
Page 72
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
0%
26%
Yes
46%
No
Can't Say
28%
12% 0% 14%
Yes
No
Can't Say
74%
Page 73
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
37
8
5
Q8 Are you familiar with the scientific name of Flora and Fauna present in the park
Yes No Not Much
36
9
5
Page 74
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
11% 0% 10%
Yes
No
Little Bit
79%
Page 75
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Page 76
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
30
25
20
15
10
0
Yes No Not Much
30
25
20
15
10
0
Yes No Not Much
Page 77
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
30
25
20
15
10
0
Yes No Little Bit
Page 78
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
CHAPTER 6- RESULTS
This research was based on the assessment of Biodiversity Park on sustainable parameters, in
which we identified several indicators based on which we have done the survey on site.
So we conclude the results on three factors- Social, Environmental, and Economic as this
research talks about the sustainable development of the region.
Page 79
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Page 80
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
CHAPTER-7 DISCUSSION
7.1 Recommendation
To improve the function of this Biodiversity Park and inclusiveness of the local people we need
special concerns in several areas.
To increase the local people engagement with the parks we need some areas for
recreation purpose in the Tughlakabad village area. Because the area which are provided
for recreation is on main road side which is far away from the residential areas in the
west side of the park.
Page 81
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
To increase the others area people we need some kind of special treatments in landscape
like there are several space which can works as Flower Park, Butterfly Park and other
recreational or natural landscape activity like for trailing we can more provide some more
trails.
As this area resides along the industrial area of Okhla we can project this Park which can
be active till late night. Several users from the industrial areas and other offices can enjoy
their time as they are not so much involved with this area.
We need better management to manage the boundary and dumping of waste and other
pollutants in the area.
Page 82
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Also we need to focus on the management of the recreational areas where we have seen
there are lots of benches which are not in good position.
Page 83
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Bibliography
n.d. NASA Earth Observatory .
Affairs, National Institute of Urban. 2020. "BASELINE REPORT: ENVIRONMENT."
Ap, John. 1986. "Recreation trends and implications for government."
B Tuzin, E. Leeuwen, C. Rodenburg and N. Peter. 2002. "“The Pulsar Effect” Planning with
Peaks."
Babu, Prof. C. R. 2021. "Biodiversity Parks- Nature reserves of Delhi ."
2020. Baseline Report- Environment . National Institute of Urban Affairs .
Breese. 1969.
Davis, Kingsley. 1965.
Edington. 1995.
Fairchild, H. 1970. Dictionary of Sociology. Greenwood Press.
Geberemariam, Thewodros K. 2016. Post Construction Green Infrastructure Performance.
MDPI.
Golden, Kingsley Davis and. 1954.
Group, Countryside Recreation Research Advisory. n.d. "1970."
1998. Guidelines for Monitoring and Evaluation for Biodiversity Projects . Global Environment
Division.
Gulam, Aafid. 2016. "Recreation- Need and importance in modern society." International
Journal of Physiology, Nutrition and Physical E ducation.
Kumar, Santosh. 2015. "Study & analysis of urban green spaces and an integrative approach to
sustainable development in historic city Patna." International Journal of Advanced
Research.
Kundu, A. 1997. Sectoral Issues in the Indian Economy. New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications.
Laidler, Grant Cushman and Allan. 1990. Recreation, Leisure and Social Policy. Dept of' Parks,
Recreation & Tourism.
Leviton LC, Snell E, McGinnis. 2000. M. Urban issues in health promotion strategies. Am J.
McDonnell, Hamer and. 2008.
McMahon, Mark A. Benedict and Edward T. 2002. "Green Infrastructure: Smart Conservation
for the 21st Century."
Page 84
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI
Michael Richards, Steven Panfil. 2011. "Social and Biodiversity Impact Assessment (SBIA)
Manual for REDD+ Projects." USA.
Neelmani Jaysawal*, Sudeshna Saha. 2014. "Urbanization in India: An Impact Assessment."
International Journal of Applied Sociology (International Journal of Applied Sociology).
Pelegrino, David Gray and D. 1973. "Reflections on the Park and Recreation Movement."
Pickett, McDonnell and. 1993.
ROYA S, BYRNEB J, PICKERING C. 2012. "A systematic quantitative review of urban tree
benefits, costs, and assessment methods across cities indifferent climatic zones."
ELSEVIER.
SAHANA GOSWAMI, SAMRAT BASAK, AAKASH MALIK, AND RAJ BHAGAT
PALANICHAMY. 2022. "URBAN BLUE-GREEN CONUNDRUM: A 10-CITY
STUDY." WRI INDIA .
n.d. UN (World Urbanization Prospects 2018).
2004. "United Nations Human Settlements Programme,."
URGE. 2002.
n.d. "World Bank ."
Page 85