Biodiversity Park - Abid Hussain

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JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA

Faculty of Architecture & Ekistics


Department of Architecture & Ekistics
2022-2023

Dissertation

IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE


DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY
PARK- DELHI

Submitted By
ABID HUSSAIN
M.ARCH (RECREATION ARCHITECTURE)
3RD SEMESTER

Under the supervision of

AR. MOHAMMAD ZIAUDDIN


IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY PARK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGION - TUGHLAKABAD BIODIVERSITY PARK- DELHI

Certificate
This is to certify that ‘ABID HUSSAIN ‘of M.Arch 3RD Semester has worked on
the dissertation on “Impact Assessment of Biodiversity Park in Sustainable
Development of the Region - Tughlakabad Biodiversity Park- Delhi” under my
guidance and supervision.

Ar. Mohammad Ziauddin


Dissertation Guide

Prof. Qamar Irshad Prof. Hina Zia


Head of Department Dean

External Examiner 1 External Examiner 2

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Declaration

I, ABID HUSSAIN, hereby declare that the study on topic “Impact Assessment of
Biodiversity Park in Sustainable Development of the Region - Tughlakabad
Biodiversity Park- Delhi” submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for
the award of the degree of Masters of Architecture (3rd Semester) is my original
research work and that the information taken from secondary sources is given due
citations and references.

ABID HUSSAIN
Masters of Architecture
Recreation Architecture (3rd Semester)

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Acknowledgement
Foremost, I want to offer this endeavor to our GOD Almighty for the wisdom he
bestowed upon me, the strength, peace of my mind and good health in order to
finish this dissertation. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them. I
would like to express my gratitude towards my family for the encouragement,
which helped me in completion of dissertation. I am highly indebted to my
teachers and seniors for their guidance, constant supervision and for providing
necessary information regarding this dissertation & also for their support in
completing this endeavor. I would like to express my special gratitude and thanks
to my guides, AR. MOHAMMAD ZIAUDDIN for imparting their knowledge and
expertise in this dissertation and for sharing their technical knowledge.

-Abid Hussain

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Table of Contents
List of Figures .................................................................................................................................................... 8

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTON ................................................................................................... 10


1.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 10
1.2 Research Gap ...................................................................................................................................... 11
1.3 Aim ..................................................................................................................................................... 11
1.4 Objective ............................................................................................................................................. 11
1.5 Hypothesis........................................................................................................................................... 12
1.6 Scope and Limitations ......................................................................................................................... 12
1.7 Methodology ....................................................................................................................................... 12

CHAPTER- 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................................... 14


2.1 Urbanization ........................................................................................................................................ 14

2.1.1 Urbanization in India .............................................................................................. 15


2.1.2 Urbanization in Delhi .............................................................................................. 16
2.2 Impacts of Urbanization ...................................................................................................................... 18

2.2.1 Impact of Urbanization on Blue-Green Infrastructure - Delhi................................ 19


2.3 Recreation ........................................................................................................................................... 21

2.3.1 Typology of Recreation .......................................................................................... 21


2.3.2 Recreational Activity .............................................................................................. 25
2.3.3 Role of Recreation in Sustainable Development .................................................... 26
2.4 Green Infrastructure ............................................................................................................................ 30

2.4.1 Green Infrastructure origins .................................................................................... 30


2.5 Benefits of Green Spaces in Urban Areas ........................................................................................... 31

2.5.2 Economic and Aesthetic Benefits ........................................................................... 31


2.5.3 Social and Psychological Benefits .......................................................................... 32
2.6 Functional Components of Green Infrastructure ................................................................................. 32
2.7 Biodiversity Park................................................................................................................................. 33

2.7.1 Role of Biodiversity Park........................................................................................ 33


CHAPTER-3 RESEARCH BACKGROUND .............................................................................. 35
3.1 Need of Biodiversity Park ................................................................................................................... 35
3.2 Biodiversity Parks in Delhi ................................................................................................................. 36
3.3 Concept of Biodiversity Parks............................................................................................................. 37

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3.3.1 Elements of Biodiversity Parks ............................................................................... 37


3.3.2 Role of Biodiversity Parks in Sustainable Development ........................................ 38
3.4 Timeline of Biodiversity Park in Delhi ............................................................................................... 40
3.5 Actors and Stakeholders ...................................................................................................................... 42

3.5.1 Roles and Responsibilities ...................................................................................... 42


3.6 Case Study- Tughlakabad Biodiversity Park....................................................................................... 44

3.6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 44


3.6.2 Location .................................................................................................................. 44
3.6.3 Need of the Project.................................................................................................. 45
3.6.4 Vision of the Project ............................................................................................... 46
4.1 Methodological Perspective ................................................................................................................ 49

4.1.1 Qualitative and Quantitative Perspective ................................................................ 49


4.2 Identification of Indicators .................................................................................................................. 49

4.2.1 Assessment on Regional/ Landscape level ............................................................. 50


4.2.2 Assessment on Community/ Ecosystem level ........................................................ 51
4.2.3 Assessment on Species/ Population level ............................................................... 52
4.2.4 Assessment for Socio-Economic Factor ................................................................. 53
4.2.5 Assessment for Community Involvement and Participation .................................. 55
4.2.6 Assessment for Legal and regulatory factors .......................................................... 57
4.2.7 Assessment for Management Capacity and Effectiveness...................................... 58
CHAPTER 5- SURVEY ANALYSIS .......................................................................................... 61
5.1 Physical Survey ................................................................................................................................... 61

5.1.1 Connectivity ............................................................................................................ 61


5.1.2 Landscape ............................................................................................................... 62
5.1.3 Flora ........................................................................................................................ 62
5.1.4 Fauna ....................................................................................................................... 62
5.1.5 Recreational Space .................................................................................................. 63
5.1.6 Visitors Zone ........................................................................................................... 64
5.2 Regional and Landscape Level Assessment ........................................................................................ 65

5.2.1 Landscape Pattern Analysis .................................................................................... 65


5.2.3 Conservation Status ................................................................................................ 67
Synthesis of Regional and Landscape Level Assessment..................................................... 67

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5.3 Community/ Ecosystem, Species and Population Assessment ........................................................... 68

5.3.1 Keystone/ Invasive Flora and Fauna Species.......................................................... 68


Synthesis of Community/ Ecosystem, Species and Population Assessment ........................ 68
5.4 Socio-Economic Factor Assessment ................................................................................................... 69

5.4.1 Human Population Dynamics ................................................................................. 69


5.4.2 Socio-Economic Situation ...................................................................................... 70
Synthesis of Socio-Economic Assessment ........................................................................... 71
5.5 Community involvement/ Participation Assessment........................................................................... 71

5.5.1 Attitude and Understanding .................................................................................... 71


5.5.2 Participation in Management .................................................................................. 73
5.5.3 Conservation, Awareness and Education ................................................................ 74
Synthesis of Community involvement/ Participation ........................................................... 75
5.6 Legal and regulatory factors Assessment ............................................................................................ 76

5.6.1 Status of appropriate Legislation and Policies ........................................................ 76


5.7 Management Capacity and Effectiveness Assessment ........................................................................ 77

5.7.1 Facilities and Equipment’s ...................................................................................... 77


5.7.2 Management Structure and Arrangements.............................................................. 78
Synthesis of Management Capacity and Effectiveness Assessment..................................... 78
CHAPTER 6- RESULTS .............................................................................................................. 79
6.1 Social- Community involvement, participation and Learning’s ......................................................... 79
6.2 Environmental- Natural Landscape, Conservation of Flora and Fauna .............................................. 79
6.3 Economic- Socio-economic, Land value............................................................................................. 80

CHAPTER-7 DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................ 81


7.1 Recommendation ................................................................................................................................ 81

Bibliography ................................................................................................................................. 84

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List of Figures
Figure 1 Urban Population Growth Source- (UN (World Urbanization Prospects 2018) n.d.)
14
Figure 2 Urbanization in India Source- (World Bank n.d.) ................................................. 15
Figure 3 Urban Built-up Area Change Source- (SAHANA GOSWAMI 2022) .................. 15
Figure 4 Urban Settlements in 1989 ............................................................................................. 17
Figure 5 Urban Settlements in 2018 Source- (NAS)............................................................ 17
Figure 6 Impacts of Urbanization Source- (Neelmani Jaysawal* 2014) ........................... 18
Figure 7 Change in Vegetation Source- (SAHANA GOSWAMI 2022) ............................. 19
Figure 8Blue Cover Change Source- (SAHANA GOSWAMI 2022)................................. 20
Figure 9 Functional Components .................................................................................................. 32
Figure 10 Role of Biodiversity Park Source- (Babu 2021) ................................................. 34
Figure 11 Biodiversity Parks Source: (Affairs 2020)......................................................... 36
Figure 12 L.K Advani on Foundation Figure 13 LG in YBP Figure
14 LG in Inauguration of YBP...................................................................................................... 41
Figure 15 LG in Aravali BP inauguration Figure 16LG on Tilpath Inauguration Figure
17D.S Mishra and Anurag Jain on nature trail .................................... Source- (Babu 2021) 42
Figure 18 Location Map of Tughlakabad Biodiversity Park ........................................................ 45
Figure 19 Need of Tughlakabad Biodiversity Park ...................................................................... 46
Figure 20 fencing of trees to protect from envision...................................................................... 47
Figure 21 Wetlands restoration ..................................................................................................... 48
Figure 22Entrance ......................................................................................................................... 61
Figure 23 Approachable Road - Aanandmai Road Source- Author..................................... 61
Figure 24 Natural Landscape ........................................................................................................ 62
Figure 25 Flora of Tughlakabad Biodiversity Park ...................................................................... 62
Figure 26 Fauna of Tughlakabad Biodiversity Park ..................................................................... 62
Figure 27 Recreational Space- Tughlakabad Biodiversity Park ................................................... 63
Figure 28 Sunset Point- Tughlakabad Biodiversity Park .............................................................. 63
Figure 29 Tracks- Tughlakabad Biodiversity Park ....................................................................... 64
Figure 30 Chit-Chat Point- Tughlakabad Biodiversity Park......................................................... 64
Figure 31 Changes in Green Cover - Delhi .................................................................................. 65
Figure 32 Built and Open- 1985 ................................................................................................... 65
Figure 33 Built and Open – 2000 .................................................................................................. 66
Figure 34 Vegetation Cover- 2022 ............................................................................................... 66
Figure 35 Master Plan- 1962 Figure 36 Master Plan- 2021 .................................................. 67
Figure 37 Draft Master Plan- 2041 ............................................................................................... 67
Figure 38 fencing to protect trees Figure 39 Source of water for birds ............................... 68
Figure 40 Nilgai in Biodiversity Park Figure 41 Peacock in Biodiversity Park .................... 68
Figure 42 Projected Population of Delhi Source- UN World Urbanization Prospectus
69
Figure 43 Visitors ......................................................................................................................... 72
Figure 44 Potential Areas for Recreational and Outdoor Recreational activity ........................... 81
Figure 45 Recreational Areas........................................................................................................ 82

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Figure 46 Boundary Wall.............................................................................................................. 82


Figure 47 Benches in Park ............................................................................................................ 83

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CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTON
1.1 Introduction
Green Infrastructure might be a significant development to make the city or urban regions more
sustainable in today's world, where more than 50% of the population lives in urban areas and the
rapid growth of urbanization and change in land use pattern for the environmental ecosystem
balance. Urban green infrastructure can be used in a variety of functional typologies.
Urban forests, parks, and trees improve the quality of life for city dwellers by providing valuable
environmental, social, and economic services. Environmental services include pollutant removal
and air quality improvement, noise reduction, and shade and temperature regulation. Social
services include health benefits, increases in happiness, and the provision of attractive and easily
accessible places for social interaction, informal recreation, stress reduction, and encouragement
of physical activities such as walking and outdoor sports. Economic benefits include increased
inward investment into greener cities, higher property values in well-treed neighborhoods, and
improved labor force productivity in green environments (ROYA S 2012).
As an important contributor, urban green infrastructure can play an important role in sustainable
development. To improve existing urban green space facilities and services and to optimize
urban green space policies, urban green space developments must consider interdisciplinary and
integrative approaches such as economic, political, social, cultural, management, and planning
aspects (URGE 2002). Ecologists, economists, social scientists, and planners all agree on the
definition of urban green infrastructure as public and private open spaces in urban areas,
primarily covered by vegetation, that are directly (e.g., active or passive recreation) or indirectly
(e.g., positive influence on the urban environment) available to users (B Tuzin 2002)
Regardless of a country's level of development, many countries face one of the most significant
challenges: adequate development of sustainable cities. In this regard, urban green infrastructure
can provide social, economic, cultural, and psychological benefits, particularly to the well-being
of city dwellers and tourists. Sustainable city development and urban green space development
are critical because nearly half of the world's population now lives in cities, where the pace of
rural-urban migration and pressure from international migration is still high, as most immigrants
in any countries live in the country's central or major cities. Furthermore, there is an urgent need
to improve urban people's lifestyles, with a special emphasis on the consideration of the
environmental impact of human activities by raising awareness of the rational use of energy,
water, and food consumption, as well as natural resources for environmental sustainability.
Finally, today's policymakers can no longer ignore the importance of green spaces in our urban
environments. To get the most out of urban green spaces, a local approach and integrative
approaches should be focused on overcoming the challenges faced by different cities in different
countries, such as land allocation, size and number of green spaces based on the number of urban
dwellers, and accessible facilities for residents or tourists.
Finally, the paper is based on relevant studies and literature reviews to explain the benefits of
urban green infrastructure and their functionality. And how, and in what ways, the application of
an integrative approach can contribute to a potential solution to environmental sustainability in

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cities, particularly in developing countries, in light of the challenges typically posed by


socioeconomic factors, culture, population growth, inadequate management, a lack of proper
environmental policy implementation, and excessive unplanned rural-urban migration and its
impact over the society and environment.

1.2Research Gap
In India, there are many policies relating to green infrastructure development and management,
but there hasn't been much research on the analysis of such green infrastructures in the city as a
model for sustainable development. There are studies on the analysis of pollution, biodiversity
conservation, and the environment that are available, but there is a gap in the analysis of the
project in terms of all the key aspects of sustainable development, namely social, environmental,
and economic.
For better functioning of anything, it is necessary that we keep evaluating its impacts so that in
future we can make it better.
Because there is a lack of impact analysis process here, so we have done impact analysis of
Tughlakabad Biodiversity Park- Delhi, so that its function can be improved in future and make a
way to evaluate the impacts of green infrastructure to the community and environment.

1.3 Aim
Aim of this research paper is to evaluate the impacts of green infrastructure (Biodiversity Parks)
and how beneficial it is for our community development and environment and for the
conservation of flora and fauna in the city.
 This biodiversity impact assessment aims in identifying potential impacts on flora and
fauna and to suggest relevant compensatory and mitigation measures to protect/conserve
biodiversity in the likely impacted area inside and around the vicinity of the proposed
project due to the projects activities.
 This impact assessment aims in identifying potential impacts on the nearby residents on
their social life pattern changes due to this biodiversity park and how they are connected
through the recreational activities and biodiversity conservation to this areas.

1.4 Objective
It is a comparative study to understand the role of green infrastructure in environmental
conservation and how it is connected with the sustainable development of the community.
1) Understand the rapid growth of urbanization and role of recreation in our daily life and how
it is connected with our well beings.
2) Understand the green infrastructure and its typology in the urban areas and its role in the
community development.
3) Understand the role of Biodiversity parks and its benefits related to Environmental, Social
and Economic development of the city and make an evaluative criteria for the impact
analysis of Biodiversity parks.
4) Evaluate the impacts of existing Biodiversity parks in flora and fauna conservation as well as
for the community well beings.

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1.5 Hypothesis
Delhi has a diverse ecological system. It has the Yamuna River, Ridge, Dense Forest, and
Floodplain. These geographical characteristics can be used to improve urban life. We must
conserve biodiversity while developing public spaces.
We will try to find or correlate the relationship between the green infrastructure and how it aids
in the city's sustainable development with the help of this research.
The research questions for this research paper includes:-
1) How the rapid growth of urbanization has disrupted the green infrastructure and how it is
affecting people's social lives.
2) How urban biodiversity parks can be used to stabilize the ground water table, attract native
and migratory birds, and conserve flora and fauna.
3) How the development of blue green infrastructure helps to improve recreational facilities and
sustainable development.
4) Sustainable management of biodiversity parks to raise public awareness about biodiversity
conservation and the role of nature in our well-being.

1.6 Scope and Limitations


As this research relates to urban green infrastructure and sustainable city development, it has a
very broad scope, but it also has many limitations. Green infrastructure has a wide range of
development, but due to time constraints, we will focus on one of its functional components,
"Biodiversity Parks." Scope of this research paper includes:-
1) Identify the importance of green infrastructure in today's rapid urbanization world.
2) Acknowledge the significance of biodiversity parks in the conservation of flora and fauna as
an ecological impact.
3) Understand the role of biodiversity parks in social well-being as a recreational space.

1.7 Methodology
The study used a mixed strategy approach, with secondary and primary data collected for
analysis.
For Biodiversity parks and recreational spaces, on-site observation and documentation of site
quality was conducted using a questionnaire based on sustainable development dimensions.
CHAPTER OBJECTIVE SUB-OBJECTIVE OUTCOMES
Literature Urbanization and Role of Understanding the Change in Land-use
Review Recreation Urbanization trends pattern
Impacts of Urbanization Environmental
on Environment and Degradation
Peoples Life Slums and Problems of
Conflict
Garbage and Sewerage
Problems

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Understanding the Recreation tends to


various Typology of Sustainable
Recreation Development of the
Understanding the Role Region
of Recreation in
Sustainable
Development
Green Infrastructure and Understanding the Role Role of Green
its Functional Typology of Green Infrastructure Infrastructure in
Understanding the Environmental
Various typology of problem as well as in
Green Infrastructure the Society
Development
Biodiversity Park and Understanding the Role Biodiversity Park
Sustainability of Biodiversity Park could be a model of
Sustainable
Development in the
Region
Research Biodiversity Park in Delhi Need of Biodiversity Need of Biodiversity
Background Park in Delhi Park
Role of Biodiversity Mind Behind the
Park in Sustainable Biodiversity Park
Development Need of Tughlakabad
Biodiversity Park
Vision and Aim of the
Park
Research Evaluating criteriafor Choose a Research Make a set of
Methodology Assessment ofthe Methodology questionnaire to
Biodiversity Park Perspective evaluate the impact of
Set Indicators for Biodiversity Park
Assessment the Impact
of Biodiversity Park
Analysis and Collecting Data and On the basis of Evaluate the impact of
Synthesis Evaluating Evaluating criteria Biodiversity Park in
collect the data from site Sustainable
through Field Survey, Development of the
Interviews, and other Region
means.
Results and Evaluating the Data on Understanding the Discuss the Possible
Discussion Sustainable Development findings of the survey Outcomes of
Parameters and its root cause for not Biodiversity Park
achieving the Goals Developments
Recommendation Recommend the On the basis of Best Proposal for
Development and Practice Cases formulate Biodiversity Park
management guidelines for the Guidelines
Biodiversity Park

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CHAPTER- 2 LITERATURE REVIEW


2.1 Urbanization
Urbanization is an index of transformation from traditional rural economies to modern industrial
one. It is a progressive concentration of population in urban unit (Davis 1965). Kingsley Davis
has explained urbanization as process of switch from spread-out pattern of human settlements to
one of concentration in urban centers. It is a finite process-a cycle through which a nation passes
as they evolved from agrarian to industrial society. He has mentioned three stages in the process
of urbanization.
 Initial stage characterized by rural traditional society with predominance in agriculture
and dispersed pattern of settlements.
 Stage two refers to acceleration stage where basic restructuring of the economy and
investments in social overhead capitals including transportation, communication take
place.
 Third stage is known as terminal stage where urban population exceeds 70% or more. At
this stage level of urbanization remains more or less same or constant. Rate of growth of
urban population and total population becomes same at this terminal stage.
The proportion of the global population in urban areas is growing. A recent report about growth
of urban populations from the United Nations Population Division notes that, although more than
half of the world’s current population lives in urban areas (56.61%), nearly two thirds of the
world’s population will live in urban areas by 2050.

Figure 1 Urban Population Growth Source- (UN (World Urbanization Prospects 2018) n.d.)

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2.1.1 Urbanization in India


India has many of the same characteristics of urbanization as underdeveloped nations. It is the
most important phenomena of the 20th century and it has virtually completely changed Indian
national life. Being the second most populous country in the world after China, India’s growing
urbanization has a regional as well as world-wide impact.

Figure 2 Urbanization in India Source- (World Bank n.d.)

Figure 3 Urban Built-up Area Change Source- (SAHANA GOSWAMI 2022)

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Currently one third of population resides in the urban areas of India.


In Census of India, 2001 towns were classified into two parts:
a) Statutory towns: All places with a municipality, corporation, Cantonment board or
notified town area committee, etc. so declared by state law.
b) Census towns: Places which have a minimum population of 5000 with at least 75% of
male working population engaged in non-agricultural pursuits and a density of population
for at least 400 persons per sq.km.
The pattern of urbanization in India is characterized by continuous concentration of population
and activities in large cities. Kingsley Davis used the term "over-urbanization "where in urban
misery and rural poverty exists side-by-side (Golden 1954). Another scholar named Breese
depicts urbanization in India as pseudo-urbanization wherein people arrive at cities not due to
urban pull but due to rural push factors (Breese 1969).
Urbanization in India has certain unique features which are as follows: -
 Lopsided urbanization induces growth of class-I cities.
 Urbanization occurs without industrialization and strong economic base.
 Urbanization is mainly a product of demographic explosion and poverty induced rural-
urban migration.
 Rapid urbanization leads to massive growth of slum followed by misery, poverty,
unemployment, exploitation, inequalities, degradation in the quality of urban life.
 Urbanization occurs not due to urban pull but due to rural push factors
 Poor quality of rural-urban migration leads to poor quality of Urbanization.
2.1.2 Urbanization in Delhi
Urban area has drastically change in last 30 years around the Delhi NCR. After 1991 LPG
reforms many satellite towns were increased around the city which change the land cover of the
region.
The rate of urban growth in New Delhi, the capital of India, has been among the fastest in the
world. Unprecedented numbers of new residents are being drawn by the transformation of large
tracts of crops and grassland into roadways, buildings, and parking places. According to UN
estimates, India will add 400 million urban residents by 2050, making it the country with the
biggest urban migration over that 32-year span in the whole world.
Most of the expansion in Delhi has occurred on the peripheries of New Delhi, as rural areas have
become more urban. The geographic size of Delhi has almost doubled from 1991 to 2011, with
the number of urban households doubling while the number of rural houses declined by half.
Cities outside of Delhi—Bahadurgarh, Ghaziabad, Noida, Faridabad, and Gurugram—have also
experienced urban growth over the past three decades, as shown in these images.
Numerous effects of the rising urbanization have been observed. One is that metropolitan areas
frequently experience hotter temperatures than the nearby forested areas. At night, heat from

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man-made structures absorbs into the air and radiates it, raising the temperature in the area.

BAHADURGARH

GHAZIABAD
NEW
DELHI

GURUGRAM
NOIDA

FARIDABAD

Figure 4 Urban Settlements in 1989

BAHADURGARH
GHAZIABAD

NEW
DELHI

NOIDA

GURUGRAM

FARIDABAD

Figure 5 Urban Settlements in 2018 Source- (NAS)

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2.2 Impacts of Urbanization


The disturbing impacts of urbanization on natural landscapes and habitats are expected to
continue to increase rapidly into the future (United Nations Human Settlements Programme,
2004). Urbanization, which is driven by human density, ultimately results in new land cover
types and biotic assemblages of plants and animals. In turn, this can alter the types and frequency
of disturbance regimes (Pickett 1993). Urbanization can cause habitat loss, changes in
hydrology, increases in sedimentation and pollution of water bodies, and changes in soil
properties (McDonnell 2008).

Lopsided Urbanization

Faulty Urban Planning

Independent Housing Facilities

Basic Problems of
Urbanization
Presence of Slums

Environmental Degradation
Urbanization in
India
Environmental Problems

Regional Inequality
Effects of Urbanization
on Society Slums and Problems of
Conflict

Traffic

Garbage and Sewerage Problems

Obstructed Water Supply

Figure 6 Impacts of Urbanization Source- (Neelmani Jaysawal* 2014)

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2.2.1 Impact of Urbanization on Blue-Green Infrastructure - Delhi


Delhi Has a Net Negative Vegetation Trend of 1,191 sq. km in the 0-50 km Region between
2000 and 2015.

Figure 7 Change in Vegetation Source- (SAHANA GOSWAMI 2022)

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Blue Cover Decreased by 36% in Delhi region during 2000-2015.

Figure 8Blue Cover Change Source- (SAHANA GOSWAMI 2022)

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Additionally, expanding cities may have a negative impact on the environment through increased
air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and traffic congestion. Due to India's rapidly developing
economy and industries, there is a rise in air pollution, waste management, drainage issues etc.

2.3 Recreation
It is the totality of activities based on entertainment and recreation that are done voluntarily
without regard for any rule, gain, or continuity, and that improve and refresh a person's
cognitive, physical, and social health, as well as their quality of life.
Many authors define the recreation in different ways some of them are quoted below:-
Recreation can be simply defined as experiences and activities that a person chooses and engages
in during their free time. This is because the experiences and activities are intended to "re-create"
the person, reviving them so that they can continue with their daily responsibilities, whatever
they may be (Ap 1986).
In contrast to activities to which people are typically "strongly dedicated," which can include
things like optional shopping, overtime, secondary employment, home repairs, car maintenance,
additional education, schoolwork, child care, religion, and politics, recreation is any activity
done during free time (Group n.d.).
Recreation is considered as activity through which leisure may be experienced and enjoyed but it
is also seen as a social institution, socially organized for social purposes (Laidler 1990).
Any leisure activity, whether solo or group, that is unpaid and enjoyable, has its own intrinsic
appeal, and is not motivated by a delayed benefit beyond itself or by an immediate need
(Fairchild 1970).
A sensation of contentment and well-being within a person's own emotional state is known as
recreation. Feelings of mastery, accomplishment, exhilaration, acceptance, success, self-worth,
and enjoyment are its defining characteristics. It strengthens one's sense of self-worth.
Recreation is a reaction to an aesthetic experience, the accomplishment of one's aims, or
favorable comments from others. It is unaffected by occupation, pastime, or social approval
(Pelegrino 1973).
2.3.1 Typology of Recreation
So, on the basis of all these literature definition of recreation we must say its areas, area of socio-
ecological system whose primary goal is to maintain the ecological functions of the environment
while also providing enjoyable recreational experiences. In order for a recreation area to be
sustainable, the components that support it must be maintained or increased over time. These
elements are referred to as 'capital.'
Recreation in special places frequently inspires conservation ethics, personal values, and
responsibility, which can lead to lifelong environmental stewardship and advocacy.
On the basis of activities, environment, equipment’s and infrastructure required defined the
recreation in many ways we can broadly divided it in ten measure areas.

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1. Ecology Green: Green infrastructure is our country's natural life support system, an
interconnected network of waterways, wetlands, woodlands, wildlife habitats, and other
natural areas; greenways, parks, and other conservation lands; working farms, ranches,
and forests; and wilderness and other open spaces that support native species, maintain
natural ecological processes, sustain air and water resources, and contribute to the health
and quality of life for communities and individuals.

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2. Entertainment: Entertainment is a key cultural category. Yet the definition of


entertainment can differ depending upon whom one asks. This article maps out
understandings of entertainment in three key areas. Within industrial discourses,
entertainment is defined by a commercial business model. Within evaluative discourses
used by consumers and critics, it is understood through an aesthetic system that privileges
emotional engagement, story, speed and vulgarity. Within academia, entertainment has
not been a key organizing concept within the humanities, despite the fact that it is one of
the central categories used by producers and consumers of culture. It has been important
within psychology, where entertainment is understood in a solipsistic sense as being
anything that an individual finds entertaining. Synthesizing these approaches, the authors
propose a cross-sectorial definition of entertainment as ‘audience-centred commercial
culture’.
3. Health: Recreation and health education involves the study of recreation and leisure and
it impact on heath, society, quality of life. The word health refers to a state of complete
emotional and physical well-being. Healthcare exists to help people maintain this optimal
state of health. Good health is central to handling stress and living a longer, more active
life. In this article, we explain the meaning of good health, the types of health a person
needs to consider, and how to preserve good health. This means that health is a resource
to support an individual’s function in wider society, rather than an end in itself. A
healthful lifestyle provides the means to lead a full life with meaning and purpose.
4. Ecology Blue: The water body is a certain distinguishable part of the surface water, such
as a lake, stream, river, or a part of a stream or river. Human level. Water, without fail, is
recognized throughout the globe as crucial to human life. The scientific study of the
processes influencing the distribution and abundance of organisms, and the
transformation and flux of energy and matter. Ecology of Blue: The water body is a
certain distinguishable part of the surface water, such as a lake, stream, river, or a part of
a stream or river.
5. Interpretation: At a place of interest, such as a country park, historical site, etc. a
building or group of buildings that provides interpretation of the place of interest through
a variety of media, such as video displays and exhibitions of material, and, often, includes
facilities such as refreshment rooms and gift shops. An interpretation center, interpretive

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center, or visitor interpretive center is an institution for dissemination of knowledge


of natural or cultural heritage.
6. Heritage: The Oxford English Dictionary defines ‘heritage’ as ‘property that is or may
be inherited; an inheritance, ‘valued things such as historic buildings that have been
passed down from previous generations, and ‘relating to things of historic or cultural
value that are worthy of preservation. The emphasis on inheritance and conservation is
important here, as is the focus on ‘property’, ‘things’, or ‘buildings’. So (according to the
Oxford English Dictionary, anyway), heritage is something that can be passed from one
generation to the next, something that can be conserved or inherited, and something that
has historic or cultural value. Heritage might be understood to be a physical ‘object’: a
piece of property, a building, or a place that is able to be ‘owned’ and ‘passed on to
someone else. In addition to tangible things and sites of legacy, there is a variety of
heritage practices that are preserved or passed down from generation to generation.
Language is a vital component of whom we think we are, and it is learned and passed
down from adult to kid, generation to generation. Language, culture, popular song,
literature, or attire, for example, are as significant in helping us comprehend who we are
as the physical artifacts and structures that we are more accustomed to thinking of as
'legacy.'
7. Sports Facilities: Activities that are part of sport and recreation serve to promote overall
physical and mental health as well as life skills, talents, and abilities. These pursuits can
be used to make money, have pleasure, and maintain physical fitness. Soccer, basketball,
swimming, yoga, aerobics, tennis, dance, hockey, golf, cycling and mountain riding,
running, listening to music, and many other sports and leisure activities are included.
Sports and leisure activities can be used for enjoyment and downtime. Running, cycling,
and swimming are a few sports that are utilised to burn calories while maintaining
physical fitness. Additionally, participation in sports and recreational activities gives
people the chance to travel, meet new people, and develop their life skills. Recreational
activities can also be employed in rehab programmes and to reduce stress. Sports, leisure,
and recreation activities play a significant role in communities, just like culture and the
arts do. Their numerous advantages include enhancing people's health and well-being,
assisting in their empowerment, and encouraging the growth of inclusive communities.

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Sports, recreation, and leisure activities can involve individuals, small groups, teams, or
entire communities and are appropriate for people of all ages, skill levels, and abilities.
People engage in a wide range of recreational, leisure, and sporting activities, which often
reflect local social structures and cultural values.
8. Hospitality: Hospitality is the relationship between a guest and a host, wherein the host
receives the guest with some amount of goodwill, including the reception and
entertainment of guests, visitors, or strangers. Not long after the word hospitality
emerged as a collective noun to describe the commercial provision of services associated
with accommodation, drinking and eating, some academics began to investigate the
meanings of hospitality and hospitableness.
9. Retail: Retail and recreation includes places like restaurants, cafés, shopping centers,
theme parks, museums, libraries, movie theaters. Recreational retail is used to refer to
retail outlets that attract shoppers to spend some of their free time browsing and
shopping.
10. Open Spaces: Urban open spaces have been critical sites of cultural, political, and
economic life from early civilizations to the present day. We define open space as any
urban ground space, regardless of public accessibility, that is not roofed by an
architectural structure. Open space is often discussed under the rubric of public space
because many modern open spaces are freely accessible, but public space includes some
roofed space as well, such as civic institutions or religious buildings. Car et al. (1992)
defines public space as “open, publicly accessible places” that facilitate the popular
activities necessary for community building.

2.3.2 Recreational Activity


Physical activities- These include games, sports, physical exercises, drill, marching, gymnastics,
acrobatics etc.
Mental and intellectual activities- These include discussion groups, study circles, debates,
recitation, reading, writing, painting, modelling, chess, cards, etc.
Self-defence and self-discipline activities- These include NCC, NSS, Territorial Army, home
guards, sewa smitis, Girl Guide and scouting, etc.
Cultural and social activities- such as drama, music, variety shows, dance, volunteer work, first
aid, and the celebration of religious, national, and social holidays, are just a few examples. In
addition to television and radio shows, the best leisure activities for Haryana's rural residents are

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Saangs (folk dramas), Ragnis (folk ballads), and rural games like kabaddi, volleyball, and
wrestling, among others.
Art and Craft Activities- Drawing, painting, woodworking, modelling, spinning, weaving,
gardening, tailoring, doll making, needlepoint, embroidery, papermaking, leatherworking, etc.
are a few of them.
Outdoor Activities- These consist of travel, excursions, sightseeing, visiting, camping, trekking,
mountaineering, etc.
2.3.3 Role of Recreation in Sustainable Development

Community solidarity

Human happiness
Crime Prevention
Health

Economy RA Fundamental human need

Character development
Safety
Morale

Education

1. Recreation- A fundamental human need: Man has discovered avenues for self-
expression and personal growth in forms of recreation that have a startling
consistency among all the peoples and throughout all periods of history. Despite the
fact that recreation can take many different forms, it is a human legacy shared by all.
Play is a young child's main activity throughout their active hours in all lands. The
youngster grows and experiences through play. It is nature's method of providing
outlets for the strong biological drive for action and a way for people to learn skills
they will need in the future. His time, energy, and attention are increasingly being
demanded by other activities as he gets older. Adult responsibilities such as providing
for a family, supporting oneself, and maintaining one's place in society sometimes
push leisure activities to the periphery of life where they are only marginally
significant. However, the desire for recreation is so fundamental and widespread that
it cannot be suppressed.

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2. Recreation- contributes to human happiness: Our ancestors understood that


everyone should strive to be happy as a fundamental and honourable goal. In fact life
would be incomplete and drab without recreation, the great leader of recreation Dr.
Austin Fox Riggs has rightly expressed that “The function of play is to balance life in
relation to work, to afford a refreshing contrast to responsibility and routine, to keep
alive the spirit of adventure and that sense of proportion which prevents taking
oneself and one’s job too seriously and thus to prevent the death of youth, and not
infrequently the premature death of the man himself.” Recreation holds its place of
importance in modern life because it has afforded and continues to afford
opportunities for the attainment of these basic human needs which provide happiness.
3. Recreation and Health: Recreation is vigorous activity that is done outside, uses the
core muscles, and is the most effective way to grow and maintain healthy organs.
Recreational activities that boost circulation and respiratory activity can aid digestion
and waste removal. By allowing for rest, relaxation, and creative activity, it helps to
maintain emotional equilibrium. By stimulating the nerves in a healthy way, you can
also tone the body. Recreational value has been compared to an insurance policy
against nerve illnesses that, when purchased in middle life, will pay out 100 times as
much. Its value in preventing illness by promoting healthy, joyful living is its main
contribution. The use of recreation in helping people with their mental rehabilitation
is growing. It has been observed that people with mental illnesses respond fast to
play, music in particular.
4. Recreation and character development: Recreation has been described as a force
with enormous implications for both the national culture and the individual character.
Character development, however, is not a goal that people who engage in recreational
activities set out to achieve; rather, it might come as a natural by-product of activities
like team sports, theatre, and music that call for camaraderie, loyalty, and teamwork.
People can learn respect for the law, fair play, courage, the capacity for teamwork,
and the willingness to put their own interests ahead of the good of the group under the
guidance of leisure leaders with integrity and talent. Additionally, they may receive
beneficial leadership training. Recreation fosters not just personal attributes but also

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has a significant impact on the development of social attitudes that affect the
individual as a group member.
5. Recreation and Crime Prevention: Participating in healthy recreation aids in
character development. It serves as a safety valve to stop crime and juvenile
misbehaviour. Delinquency is less likely to grow in communities where options for
healthy leisure are available and appealing because recreation activities have a great
attraction for children and youth. The majority of delinquent and criminal acts are
carried out during free time, and a big portion of them are done to obtain the
resources needed to enjoy free time. A lot of delinquency and criminality are caused
by a lack of recreational alternatives, according to testimony from jail and police
personnel. Recreation therefore plays a significant part in the lives of children, young
people, teens, and adults in order to avoid such problems.
6. Recreation and community solidarity: Based on disparities in individuals’
economic condition, social position, race, creed, nation of origin, level of education,
or cultural background, many influences in contemporary society tend to divide
people into distinct and frequently hostile groups. As a result, there is a decrease in
neighbourliness and shared interests, as well as an increase in mistrust, hatred, and
suspicion of our fellow humans. The thrill of involvement or success in recreation
provides a common ground or platform where differences may be disregarded.
Recreation is fundamentally democratic; all groups and classes have an interest in and
aptitude for sports, theatre, or the arts. The young person who excels in sports or any
other activity is praised by fans of these activities/groups, regardless of his caste,
colour, or creed.
7. Recreation and Morale: Man needs satisfying activities that make him feel
accomplished more than ever during times of uncertainty, melancholy, and unusual
stress. People are affected by earthquakes, floods, military invasions, and other
larger-scale calamities in various parts of the world, which can cause mental
breakdown. In these situations, the usefulness of recreation as a way to boost and
maintain morale is highly valued. The home front's morale was supported by a
comprehensive programme for service members, leisure activities for families of war
workers, and neighbourhood and community programmes. Our war effort is

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unquestionably aided by the recreation activities offered to the military, war industry
workers, and civilian groups to boost morale.
8. Recreation and Safety: Ample recreational opportunities, particularly those in the
shape of playgrounds and swimming pools managed by capable leadership,
unquestionably aid in reducing accidents. Recreational areas are incredibly safe when
they are well-designed and managed. In addition to supplying and supervising
recreation places, recreation departments also contribute to public safety by imparting
knowledge necessary for engaging in risky recreational activities safely and by
implementing safety standards in public recreation sites. There is no safety in street
recreation in a busy area when there are no safe recreation areas, which could result in
injury.
9. Recreation and Education: The goals, approaches, and programmes of education
and recreation are comparable but not identical in many ways. Both seek the fullest
possible development of the individual; but, whereas amusement offers more
immediate gratifications, education has a longer-term objective. Some components of
schooling have the element of coercion, whereas recreation activities do not. Both
programmes share many activities, but in education they represent areas in which
abilities, comprehension, and appreciation are to be developed. Examples include
athletics, music, theatre, and the arts. However, in the recreation programme, the
activities primarily serve as a way to use and enjoy already-acquired skills and
interests. However, every enjoyable recreational event includes the opportunity for
educational progress.
10. Recreation and Economy: Business and industry leaders have long understood that
how their employees spend their free time affects how effective they are at work. In
welfare regimes around the world, it costs hundreds of dollars a year to care for one
offender, but operating a playground, which might keep kids from turning into
miscreants, only costs a few dollars a year per child served. In other words, spending
money on creating and maintaining recreational facilities is an investment in the
welfare of people that yields both financial and intangible benefits.

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2.4 Green Infrastructure


"Green infrastructure" is a term that is increasingly being used by natural resource professionals.
While it can mean different things to different people depending on the context, for the purposes
of this article, "green infrastructure" is defined as an interconnected network of green space that
conserves natural ecosystem values and functions while also providing associated benefits to
human populations in cases of urbanization in developing countries.
Green infrastructure is our country's natural life support system, an interconnected network of
waterways, wetlands, woodlands, wildlife habitats, and other natural areas; greenways, parks,
and other conservation lands; working farms, ranches, and forests; and wilderness and other open
spaces that support native species, maintain natural ecological processes, sustain air and water
resources, and contribute to the health and quality of life for communities and individuals.
(McMahon 2002)
The components of green infrastructure include a variety of natural and restored ecosystems and
landscape features that form a network of hubs and links. Hubs serve as the origins and
destinations for wildlife and ecological processes moving to or through green infrastructure
networks. Links are the connections that connect the system and allow green infrastructure
networks to function. The size, function, and ownership of hubs and links vary. These elements
require long-term protection through long-term planning and management, as well as ongoing
commitment, in order to be successful.

2.4.1 Green Infrastructure origins


Green infrastructure is a new term, but it is not a new thing. It has its origins in 150-year-old
planning and conservation efforts. The idea grew out of two important precedents:
1. The linking of parks and other green spaces for the benefit of people, and
2. The linking of natural areas for the benefit of biodiversity and habitat fragmentation.
Frederick Law Olmsted, a landscape architect, stated in 1903 that "no single park, no matter how
large and well designed, would provide the citizens with the beneficial influences of nature."
Parks must instead be "connected to one another and to surrounding residential neighborhoods."
The modern greenways movement was inspired by the idea of connecting parks for the benefit of
people.
Green infrastructure was identified by the President's Council on Sustainable Development as
one of five strategic areas that provide a comprehensive approach to sustainable community
development. "Green infrastructure strategies actively seek to understand, leverage, and value
the various ecological, social, and economic functions provided by natural systems in order to
guide more efficient and sustainable land use and development patterns, as well as protect
ecosystems".

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2.5 Benefits of Green Spaces in Urban Areas


1. Ecological Benefits- Ecosystem services provided by urban green spaces range from the
preservation of biodiversity to the control of urban climate. Urban locations frequently differ
from rural ones in terms of sun intake, rainfall patterns, and temperature. Due to the built
environment in cities, solar radiation, air temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity all
fluctuate dramatically. Large amounts of heat-absorbing surfaces combined with high energy
demand in cities result in the urban heat island effect. Urban heat island effect has been
shown to raise temperatures in cities by 5ᵒ C. Therefore, proper forest planting, vegetation
near urban dwellings, and government management of water bodies can all contribute to
situational mitigation.
2. Pollution Control - Chemicals, particulate debris, and biological materials that manifest as
solid particles, liquid droplets, or gases all contribute to urban pollution. In metropolitan
places, noise and air pollution are prevalent problems. Urban areas with a high motor vehicle
density produce noise pollution as well as air pollutants like carbon dioxide and carbon
monoxide. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, two emissions from factories that are
extremely hazardous to both humans and the environment. Children, the elderly, and those
with respiratory issues are the groups most impacted by such harmful chemicals. By trapping
dust and smoke particles, urban greening can directly reduce air pollution. According to
research, a park can filter out 85% of the air pollution there on average. People who live in
metropolitan areas may experience stress and health issues due to noise pollution from traffic
and other sources. Depending on their amount, quality, and proximity to the source of noise
pollution, urban green spaces can significantly reduce noise levels in congested cities. For the
cities in fast urbanizing and growing economy, country like China, India should consider the
dynamic form of urban expanding to manage effective urban green spaces which will
contribute to reduce the overall CO2 by maintaining or even increasing the ability of CO2
absorption via natural ecosystem.
3. Biodiversity and Nature Conservation- Green spaces serve as a center for species
protection, plant conservation, and soil and water quality preservation. Urban and rural areas
are connected through urban green spaces. They offer seasonal variety, visual relief, and a
connection to the natural world. For the maintenance of ecological characteristics of a
sustainable urban landscape, greenways and the use of plant species that are locally adapted
with minimal maintenance costs, self-sufficient, and sustainable are essential.
2.5.2 Economic and Aesthetic Benefits
1. Energy Savings - Using vegetation to reduce the energy costs of cooling buildings has been
increasingly recognized as a cost effective reason for increasing green space and tree planting
in temperate climate cities. Plants improve air circulation, provide shade and they evapo
transpiration. This provides a cooling effect and help to lower air temperatures. A park of 1.2
km by 1.0 km can produce an air temperature between the park and the surrounding city that
is detectable up to 4 km away.
2. Property Value - Areas of the city with enough greenery are aesthetically pleasing and
attractive to both residents and investors. Indicators are very strong that green spaces and

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landscaping increase property values and financial returns for land developers, of between
5% and 15% depending on the type of project.
2.5.3 Social and Psychological Benefits
1. Recreation and Wellbeing - People satisfy most of their recreational needs within the
locality where they live. Green spaces within urban areas provide a sustainable proportion of
the total outdoor leisure opportunities. Urban green spaces serve as a near resource for
relaxation; provide emotional warmth.
2. Human Health - People who were exposed to natural environment, the level of stress
decreased rapidly as compared to people who were exposed to urban environment, their
stress level remained high. In the same review, patients in an hospital whose rooms were
facing a park had a 10% faster recovery and needed 50% less strong pain relieving
medication as compared to patients whose rooms were facing a building wall. The
connection between people and nature is important for everyday enjoyment, work
productivity and general mental health (Kumar 2015).

2.6 Functional Components of Green Infrastructure


Most green infrastructure practices include a diverse range of environmental features that
function at various scales, ranging from minor practices like infiltration trenches to major
functional unit ecosystems like forests, swamps, wetlands, and public parks.

Green Infrastructure

Building Structure Connection Neighbourhood Strategic Place

• Green and Blue • Street, • Green Recreation • Civic Scale


roofs Highways, Space Spaces
Pedestrian paths
• Downspout • Playground • Public parks and
and ROW
Disconnection Gardens
• Cycling Routes • Open Spaces
• Garden or • Green networks
Grounds • -Green links and • Sports areas
• Infiltration
corridors • Urban Parks
• Rainwater Practices
Harvesting • -Street trees • Vegetated • Natural/ Semi-
• Permeable • -Vegetated Swales Natural Green
pavers Swales • Urban spaces

• Porous paving woodlands • Biodiversity


• River, Canal parks/ Reserves
• Sustainable
urban drainage including their • Forest and Wood
Figure 9 Functional Components
banks Lands
of Green Infrastructure
Source- (Geberemariam 2016)

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2.7 Biodiversity Park


Biodiversity is the variability among living organisms including terrestrial, marine and aquatic
ecosystems and the ecological complexes. It includes diversity of an ecosystem as well as
diversity within and between species. It is the cornerstone of the enormous range of ecosystem
services that are vital to the survival of every human. Both naturally occurring and ecosystems
that are controlled by humans value biodiversity. It is the cornerstone of ecosystem services, with
which humanity is closely entwined. The various forms of life on Earth are referred to as
"biological diversity" or "biodiversity."
It refers to the wide range of ecosystems and living things, including plants, animals, their genes,
and their habitats.
The term "biological diversity" has been simplified to "biodiversity." The biodiversity definition
given by the Convention on Biological Diversity is: "the variability among living organisms
from all sources, including, among others, terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems and
the ecological complexes to which they belong; this includes diversity within species, between
species, and of ecosystems."
The diversity of species, the variety of species in a region, and the range of habitat types within a
landscape are all examples of biodiversity. The health of all natural and artificial ecosystems, as
well as the ecosystem services that nature delivers to human society without charge, depend
critically on biological variety. The environment's key element cycles (carbon, nitrogen, etc.) and
water depend heavily on living beings, and variety is crucial where many interacting species are
needed for these cycles.
Biodiversity Parks are distinctive wilderness environments where native species ecological
assemblages, or biological communities, are restored and preserved across a small area of
marginal or degraded land. To put it another way, biodiversity parks are natural areas that protect
the local natural heritage, have conservation, educational, and cultural qualities, and improve the
environment in urban areas. The Biodiversity Park's guiding philosophy is to construct self-
sustaining ecosystems with local flora and wildlife to improve the quality of the urban
environment.
2.7.1 Role of Biodiversity Park
The goal of Biodiversity Park is to strike a balance between nature and humanity. Since it is
obvious that human population growth is the primary cause of the extinction and disappearance
of all flora and fauna, this kind of imbalance has disrupted the entire ecological and biological
world. A slow decline in biological diversity, a vital natural resource for human survival, could
lead to the disappearance of class economic value in the direction of individual competition. The
limited protection resources that are currently available must be carefully monitoring
possibilities likely to provide the most benefit to conservation. The goal of biodiversity
preservation is to balance out the relationship between people and the environment.
The Biodiversity Park has been established keeping in view so many points regarding
conservation of flora and fauna. Some of the important roles of Biodiversity Park are:

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Air Quality Ground Water Carbon Sink Micro Climate


Recharge
The diverse forest The Biodiversity The Biodiversity parks
communities with 2- The forest Parks serve as major with diverse forest
3 storey canopy communities sinks for CO2 and communities buffer
having 40-45 feet together with store huge carbon local weather
high top canopy act grasslands and stocks and, therefore conditions,
as effective and wetlands recharge contribute to particularly ambient
efficient filter for substantial amount mitigation and temperature, and even
both point and non- of rain water to the adaptation to climate setup local cloud
point source of air ground water change and impart formation resulting in
pollution. annually. climate resilience too. localized precipitation.

Enrichment of Bio-reserve
Human Micro biome
The diverse ecological
The enrichment of niches in biodiversity
human micro biome parks are ideal habitats
will enhance the for vanishing flora and
immunity and thereby fauna, and hence serve
reduce health risk and as Nature reserves and
public health burden. harbour natural
heritage

Education Recreation Economy Rejuvenation of


Lakes/Rivers
The Biodiversity parks Biodiversity parks Biodiversity parks
serve as living provide recreation generate livelihood Biodiversity parks can
museums/ laboratories to the public and for local also contribute to
for undertaking promote communities by rejuvenation of rivers and
research on ecosystem ecotourism and way of engaging lakes through the use of
processes and functions connect the city them as guides to natural and/ or
and promoting nature and its public to the tourist for constructed wetlands for
conservation. the Biodiversity. guided nature walk the treatment of waste
and imparting water before it enter into
nature education. the rivers/ lakes.

Figure 10 Role of Biodiversity Park Source- (Babu 2021)

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CHAPTER-3 RESEARCH BACKGROUND


3.1 Need of Biodiversity Park
Delhi is one of the oldest inhabited cities in the world and was the seat of power of many
dynasties and rulers since the 6th century BC. Due to the rise and fall of strong kingdoms and
enormous empires. Although Delhi is highly known for its historical accomplishments, cultural
legacy, and archaeological splendors, it has lost most of its natural heritage.
After India gained its freedom, Delhi developed into a mega-metropolis with extensive
urbanization and a projected population of 32 million by 2022. By 2030, it is expected to surpass
all other capital cities in terms of population. The 75-year era of development has resulted in
additional loss of the natural heritage and is endangering the ability of two significant landforms,
The Ridge and the River, to maintain life. The ecosystems that support life have deteriorated so
dramatically that the way of life is at danger.
For instance, the Mexican plant Prosopis Juliflora (Vilayati Kikar), which the British likely
brought in the latter half of the 19th century to green the Ridge, has invaded the entire ridge
forest in a major biological invasion. With the floodplains reduced to channel banks, the 22 km
urban section of the Yamuna downstream of Wazirabad is dead and has turned into an open
sewer. With a noticeable increase in PM2.5 concentration in the winter months, the loss of sinks
to air pollutants combined with increased vehicular pollution has caused the air quality "severe to
extremely severe." Additionally, this has contributed to the excessive heat.
Delhi Development Authority (DDA), a land owning and city building agency under the
Ministry of Urban and Housing Affairs, Government of India has been concerned with declining
environmental quality and quality of life. In pursuit of enhancing the quality of life, DDA has
been developing and managing several green spaces in the urban matrix and most of them are
recreational parks. Besides DDA, other local government agencies have also been developing
green spaces can’t substitute the lost natural heritage in terms of providing and sustaining
environmental quality and other ecological services much needed by the city and its citizens.
Particularly the ground water availability.
To bring back the natural heritage lost in the urban matrix of Delhi: DDA has been developing a
network of Biodiversity Parks- A ecological Concept evolved and implemented by the DDA in
joint collaboration with CEMDE, University of Delhi, Presently Seven Biodiversity Parks, viz.,
Yamuna, Aravali, Neela Hauz, Northern Ridge, Tilpath Valley, Tughlakabad and Kalindi
Biodiversity Parks are notified by DDA.

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3.2 Biodiversity Parks in Delhi

Figure 11 Biodiversity Parks Source: (Affairs 2020)

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3.3 Concept of Biodiversity Parks


Biodiversity refers to all kinds of living organism found in the biosphere, their interactions
within themselves, and between them and their environments. There are four categories of
Biodiversity Park;
I. The genetic diversity (diversity at gene level)
II. Species diversity (number and kinds of species)
III. Ecosystem diversity (the number and kinds of ecosystem) and
IV. Cultural diversity that refers to diversity in human culture (such as food, language,
religion, belief and others). A park refers to the landscape/ area where biodiversity is
recreated. This is a Layman’s definition of Biodiversity Parks.
Conceptually a biodiversity park is a unique landscape of wilderness where native species of a
particular region are assembled into ecological communities that function as ecosystem. These
ecological assemblages of species are recreated in the form of ecosystem over a few hundred
hectares of marginal/ degraded landscapes. These biodiversity parks are nature reserves and
harbor natural heritage and have conservation, educational and cultural values.
The biodiversity parks is a new conservation approach which involves conservation of
population, species, communities and ecosystems and in this respect it differ from all other ex-
situ conservation approaches (Botanical Garden, Zoos, etc.). The biodiversity parks simulate
National Parks/ Wildlife Sanctuaries/ Nature Reserves/ Wilderness habitat but differ from these
protected areas in the sense that the biodiversity parks are smaller in size than the protected
areas.
3.3.1 Elements of Biodiversity Parks
The Biodiversity Park has a wide range of landscape elements or structural features, which can
broadly be categorized in two zones
A. The Nature Reserve/ Conservation Zone – The nature conservation zone includes the
different terrestrial biological communities of the area and the mosaic of wetlands and
marshes interspersed with grasslands.
B. The Visitor Zones
The visitor’s zone will have a wide range of landscape elements such as:
I. Butterfly Corner or Conservatory
II. Herbal Garden
III. Scented Garden
IV. Climbers Grove
V. Conservatory of Threatened Plants
VI. Wetlands, Marshes, Swamps and Lakes
VII. Field Gene Bank
VIII. Conservatory of Fruit Yielding Plants
IX. Amphitheater
X. Nature Interpretation Centre having Exhibits of Representative Ecosystem of the
Area

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XI. Recreational Parks


XII. Bambusetum
XIII. Orchidarium
XIV. Fernery
XV. Conservatory of Plants that cling to the soil (Algae and Bryophytes)
XVI. Cactus House
3.3.2 Role of Biodiversity Parks in Sustainable Development

Natural Drivers of change: Habitat pressure, urbanization, population, climate change,


Landscape with overexploitation of natural resources, pollution, Excessive mining and other
biodiversity causes

Degradation of landscape leading to loss of biodiversity


Detail-A

Development of recreation parks


Restoration based on ecosystem approach
including manicured parks/ single species
(Biodiversity Park)
plantation/ Introduction of exotics

Low/Weak High/Strong

Fragile/unstable/less productive Species Robust/stable/productive


landscape richness ecosystem

Reduced biological Genetic Gene flow, Enhanced fitness


fitness/population bottlenecks variability and loss Extinction threat
and extinction threat

Simple, few linearly linked Trophic Multiple and complex food web
groups structure with many interconnected food
chain

No or weak ecological process reduced Stabilization of ecological process


nutrient cycling/decomposition rate/less effective nutrient cycling/decomposition
carbon storage rate/more carbon sequestration

UNSUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE SUSTAINABLE & RESILIENT


Ecological services and human well being ECOSYSTEM Ecological services and
human well being

Detail-B

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Detail-A
Frequent visits/
Restoration based on ecosystem approach
(Biodiversity Park) Walking/stroll

Enriching Human Micro biome/


Production of anti-cancer

Ecosystem Services

Human well being


 Livelihood
 Nutrious food
 Shelter
 Brain function modulation
 Adaptation from climate change
 Watershed protection
 Access to clean air and water
 Reduced incidence of depression/ anxiety/ asthma/ diabetes,
and coronary heart disease
 Healthy living
 Social cohesion
 Mutual respect
 Ecotourism
 Lower levels of mortality and chronic disease
 Improved self-esteem/happiness

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Detail-B

SUSTAINABLE & RESILIENT


ECOSYSTEM Ecological services and
human well being

PROVISIONING
Food, fibre, genetic resources, biochemical, medicines, fresh air and
water, wood etc.
SUPPORTING
Nutrient cycling, soil development and primary
productivity
REGULATING
Air quality, water purification, carbon sequestration,
erosion control, disease and pest regulation, pollination and climate
regulation, food regulation
CULTURAL
Spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, education and
recreation, aesthetics

3.4 Timeline of Biodiversity Park in Delhi


In 2000-01, a conference was organized by the Department of Environment of NCT of Delhi
jointly with the Centre for Environmental Management of Degraded Ecosystem (CEMDE),
University of Delhi (DU). In this conference Lt. Governor of Delhi Shri Vijai Kapoor and C.R.
Babu, then Pro Vice- Chancellor of DU and Director of the CEMDE had given a keynote address
on the conservation of Biodiversity.
First Biodiversity Park (Yamuna Biodiversity Park) was them formulated and presented before
the Lt. Governor and officials of DDA and it was approved. The foundation of Yamuna
Biodiversity Park was done by planting saplings of silk cotton trees by Shri Vijai Kapoor, Shri
Anil Baijal and Professor Deepak Nayyar (VC of DU).
Delhi Development Authority approved the creation of the Delhi Biodiversity Foundation as a
committee under section 5 (A) of DDA Act 1956.
After the successful development of wetlands at Yamuna Biodiversity Park, Lt. Governor
announces the six other Biodiversity Parks in the city.

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2004 2004 2012

The Foundation of Aravalli Initiation of plantation by LG of Delhi Shri Tejendra


Biodiversity Park was laid the Hon’ble Lieutenant Khanna inaugurated and
by Shri Lal Krishna Governor of Delhi, Shri dedicated the Yamuna
Advani, Deputy Prime Vijai Kapoor in Yamuna Biodiversity Park to the
minister of India on 21st Biodiversity Park in July Nation on 11th Feb 2012.
Feb 2004 2004.

Figure 12 L.K Advani on Foundation Figure 13 LG in YBP Figure 14 LG in Inauguration of YBP

2015 2018 2021

Inauguration of Aravali Shri Anil Baijal, LG of 7 Biodiversity Park in


Biodiversity Park by Shri Delhi dedicated Tilpath Delhi start Functioning
Najeeb Jung, LG of Delhi Valley Biodiversity Park to against the environment,
in April 2015. the nation on 3rd Feb 2018. pollution and climate
change in Delhi.

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Figure 15 LG in Aravali BP inauguration Figure 16LG on Tilpath Inauguration Figure 17D.S Mishra and Anurag Jain
on nature trail Source- (Babu 2021)

3.5 Actors and Stakeholders


Aspects of Environmental Management

Re Im
gul DDA ple
Protection and ato me
conservation of ry Forest Department nti
natural resources an ng
CGWB
and features d Ro
M Dept. of Environment le
oni
tor
ing
DPCC
Ro
le DJB
Pollution Control
CPCB

Municipal Bodies

I&FC

Municipal Bodies
Augmenting
DPGS
planned greens
DDA

Table 1 Actors stakeholders of Green Area Development in Delhi Source- (Baseline Report- Environment
2020)

3.5.1 Roles and Responsibilities


Delhi Development Authority
 Protect and develop Zone ‘O’ in Delhi (Yamuna flood plain) in an environmentally
friendly manner.
 Undertake and maintain greening initiatives (parks and gardens) throughout the city.
 Develop biodiversity parks for conservation of natural habitat.

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Department of Forest
 Enforce the forest related regulation in Delhi (Indian Forest Act, 1927, the Wildlife
Protection Act, 1972, the Forest Conservation Act, 1980, the Delhi Preservation of Trees
Act, 1994) and direction issued by the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India and Delhi High
Court.
 Protect forests, trees and dependent wildlife.
Central Ground Water Board (CGWB)
 Monitor groundwater exploitation within the city.
 Produce periodic reports on various groundwater parameters.
Department of Environment
 Create awareness on critical environment issues and motivate citizens to proactively
engage in protection and conservation of environmental assets.
 Promote environmentally friendly practices such as compositing, recycling, waste
segregation, tree plantation drives, and others.
 Lead a coordinated effort among the various agencies to control climate change.
Delhi Pollution Control Committee (DPCC)
 Advice the Delhi Govt. on matters concerning prevention and control of water and air
pollution.
 Disseminate data relating to water and air pollution and the measures for mitigation and
prevention.
 Generate awareness on the prevention, control or abatement of water and air pollution.
 Laydown standards for treatment of sewage, emissions from automobiles, industrial
plants, and other polluting sources.
 Inspect wastewater treatment installations, air pollution equipment, industrial plants or
manufacturing process.
Delhi Jal Board (DJB)
 Manage the efficient collection and disposal of waste water.
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)
 Advise the Central Government on prevention and control of pollution.
 Provide technical assistance and guidance to DPCC.
 Collect, compile and publish technical and statistical data relating to water and air
pollution.
Municipal Bodies

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 Develop and maintain parks, and gardens.


 Facilitate roadside tree plantation and other greening initiatives.
 Manage the efficient collection and disposal of solid waste.
Irrigation and Flood Control Department (I&FC)
 Execute and maintain flood protection and river training works.
 Maintain major drains and bunds.
 Monitor flood situation in the river basin and issue warning to citizens.
 Provide irrigation facilities to the agriculture sector of Delhi.
 Revive and maintain water bodies.
Delhi Parks and Gardens Society (DPGS)
 Identify suitable areas for greening projects.
 Maintain parks and gardens and related water bodies.
 Incentivize use of treated wastewater in horticulture.

3.6 Case Study- Tughlakabad Biodiversity Park


3.6.1 Introduction
Tughlakabad Biodiversity Park spread over an area of 130n hectares, the landscape of
Tughlakabad Biodiversity Park represents a gentle eastern slope of Tughlakabad Fort Area along
with ridges and valleys. Tughlakabad Fort built by Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlak, the founder of
Tughlak dynasty, of Delhi Sultanate of India in 1321. The gigantic battlements and the
engineering skills of the workers of yore. However, this fort soon faced its decay as Sufi Saint
Nizam-ud-din cursed the sultan by saying “Hunuz Dilli dur ast” (Delhi is yet far away) and the
sultan not reach Delhi alive. Apart from the myth related to the curse, the real problem are
degraded forest communities invaded by Prosopis juliflora and highly silted and polluted
wetlands due to discharge of untreated sewage.
3.6.2 Location
Tughlakabad Biodiversity Park is located along the Maa Aanandmaii Marg, opposite to Okhla
Industrial area. It can be reached via Mehrauli-Badarpur road and via Aashram-Mathura road.
The most comfortable option to reach Tughlakabad Biodiversity Park is by violet line of Delhi-
metro and get down at Govindpuri Metro Station and then take an auto rickshaw or taxi to
Biodiversity Park.

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Figure 18 Location Map of Tughlakabad Biodiversity Park

3.6.3 Need of the Project


As this area is situated in the outer of the city around this biodiversity park there are lots of urban
sprawls are situated apart from that there are okhla industrial area situated near the sites and solid
waste landfill sites is also present along this park, which effect the biodiversity of the area to
control its effect over pollution, climate change and biodiversity conservation this is need of the
time to develop such parks where we can manage the loss of biodiversity, soil degradation and
along with that also provide some recreational spaces for the neighborhood areas.

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Figure 19 Need of Tughlakabad Biodiversity Park

3.6.4 Vision of the Project


Tughlakabad Biodiversity Park was developed with an objective to restore the forest
community’s characteristics of Aravali hill ranges. This way, the area will not only render
ecological goods and services to the city and society but will also restore the surroundings of
Tughlakabad Fort to their unique semi-arid forest ecosystem. This will make it a perfect
destination for exploration by naturalists, historians, bird watchers and heritage walkers.
Flora Conservation
The dry deciduous forest, tropical thorn forest and scrub jungles of the Tughlakabad are
presently in highly degraded states and invaded by Prosopis Juliflora species enrichment with
native species like Shami Prosopis Cineraria, Hingot Balanities aegyptiaca, Karel Cappairs
Decidua etc. has already started and the developed forest communities harbor rich avian fauna
and butterflies serving as seed dispersal agents and pollinators, respectively. As many as 10
forest communities has been developed. These includes- Cassia fistula, Holoptelia, Butea,
Mitragyna, Albizia, Aracia Leocophloea and Prosopis Cineria has been developed as they are
mostly dominated species for the region.
Fencing strategies for Protection of Sapling More than 70% of the tree saplings are surviving and
are showing new sprout/leaf initiation. Three layered fencing to protect plants from Cattle,
Monkeys and Nilgai. Includes thick branches of Prosopis juliflora, twigs of Capparis sepiaria and
Un-pruned branches of Prosopis juliflora.

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Figure 20 fencing of trees to protect from envision

Fauna Conservation
Develop 30 biological community’s characteristic of Aravali Mountain ranges. As many as 112
species of birds are identified so far. The most common ones are Black Drongo, Green Bee-eater,
Brown-headed Barbet, Barn Owl, Common Hawk Cuckoo, Bluethroat etc.
Restoration of 4 water bodies and development of constructed wetland system to receive some
migratory birds.
Butterfly Diversity
About 44 species of butterflies had recorded for the park. These include Plain Tiger, Striped
Tiger, Yellow Orange Tip, Large Cabbage White, Danaid Eggfly, etc. A Butterfly Park is also
has been developed.
Wetlands Restoration
Four interconnected wetlands which used to receive rainwater from the surrounding hills but the
storm water carrying drains have now been converted into sewers. The natural wetlands are now

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highly polluted and filled with raw sewage. These polluted wetlands has been restored by
treating sewage with Constructed Wetland Systems.
There are also many depressions and nullahs which are being developed into surface water
bodies to recharge the ground water.

Figure 21 Wetlands restoration

Recreational Park
An 8 hectares park has been developed and the aesthetics of the park are being improved through
landscaping and planting the ornamental trees, shrubs and herbs.
Heritage Walk
A greenway heritage walk along the Fort is being developed.

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CHAPTER4- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY


This chapter aims to present the methodology used in surveying and assessing the impacts of
Biodiversity Park in sustainable development of the region- Tughlakabad Biodiversity Park on
the physical and social conditions of the recreational space and conservation center for flora and
fauna.

4.1 Methodological Perspective


4.1.1 Qualitative and Quantitative Perspective
The questions to analyze the impact of Biodiversity Park in surroundings on the basis of
sustainable development parameters, it focuses on tracing the condition of the public spaces in
Biodiversity Park for their recreational use and along with that it focuses on the impacts of
Biodiversity Park on environmental and climate change condition. It involves the multiple factor,
that’s are urban growth, economic empowerment, planning techniques, conservation of flora and
fauna, recreational aspects of neighborhood people, government policies towards providing and
financing the park and so on. It also focuses on how these spaces are used and perceived, how it
connects to the visitors and how it’s empowering the people for nature, and how the social
environment is affected by the physical setting.
The questions and the data sources extend over a wide range of reports, questionnaire and its
responses which are set at different scale that are mostly best explored through a qualitative and
quantitative approach.

4.2 Identification of Indicators


A quantitative or qualitative component or variable is referred to as an indicator if it "provides a
simple and reliable mechanism to quantify how well a desired outcome, value, or criterion is
being attained or fulfilled."
Income level, life expectancy, adult literacy rates, species presence or absence, and population
size of a species are a few examples of indicators (Michael Richards 2011).
A comprehensive range of levels and issues to be monitored will often be included in a
meaningful and operationally useful biodiversity monitoring system. These can be classified in
the following ways:
 regional/landscape level
 community/ecosystem level
 species/population level
 socio-economic factors
 community involvement and participation
 legal and regulatory factors, and
 Management capacity and effectiveness.

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4.2.1 Assessment on Regional/ Landscape level


Class Indicators Data Set Method Comments
Habitat Area Change in total Remote Manual Shows whether habitat is
area of sensing data methods using being gained or lost over the
a particular (vegetation overlay maps, Monitoring area.
habitat type maps may or GIS where Ideally the monitoring area
already exist feasible. Aerial should extend outside the
for baseline) surveys immediate project area.
Comparison between the
project /no project areas may
be useful.
Change in area If the region is small, long-
of term population viability is
largest block of threatened! Particularly for
a species that are found in low
particular densities.
habitat type
Change in Indicates whether losses are
average size of distributed throughout the
a particular whole monitoring area.
habitat type.
Landscape Change in mean Remote Manual Likelihood of migration
pattern nearest distance sensing data methods using
between habitat blocks is
Analysis between blocks or measures in overlay maps,
suggested. When a block is
of a particular the field or GIS where
located in a protected area,
habitat type feasible. Aerial
the phrase might be adjusted
surveys to refer to the distance
between that block and its
neighbors (PA). In some
cases, more complicated
methods of landscape pattern
analysis may be suitable.
Change in Demonstrates improvements
average width in the corridor's effectiveness.
of break in an The management should pay
identified attention when the gap width
habitat corridor changes.
The species of concern and
the type of land use in the
gap, however, determine
relevance.
Conservation Change in Spatial plans GIS or overlay Shows change in conservation
Status number or total maps status (and therefore
area of likelihood of protection) of
protected areas land/habitat.

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Land use type Change in total Area of Indicates a change in an area


area of and uses identified that is likely to help
compatible with compatible biodiversity conservation; the
biodiversity land uses impact of this change will
conservation in depend on the region's
the monitoring biodiversity value.
area

4.2.2 Assessment on Community/ Ecosystem level


Class Indicators Data Set Method Comments
Vegetation Change in Canopy cover Standard canopy Changes in the canopy cover
structure crown in % at upper cover methods, and dominating species are
cover percent canopy level possibly done typically indicators of
(whether tree, seasonally, or at significant habitat
shrub, grass, least annually in disturbance. Long-term
etc.) the same season records are necessary to
account for short-term
changes brought on by things
like tyre wear and weather
trends. Not likely to offer
early warning of changes that
cannot be detected by other,
maybe simpler approaches.
Habitat Change in Location of Long-term Can show expansion or
distribution location of boundary in (possibly every retreat of crucial habitats.
habitat defined two to five Changes may take many
boundaries quadrats or years) survey of years to establish and
transects sites, and/or generally background effects
fixed point need to be removed.
photography
Change in Area of Remote sensing Changes in riparian
vegetation along riparian or transect, vegetation can have
watercourses vegetation quadrat survey significant effects on aquatic
type. biodiversity through direct
Boundary of (change in water temperature
riparian and light availability) and
vegetation, etc. indirect (increased run-off,
siltation, etc.) impacts
Keystone or Change in Transect or Survey of Can suggest changes in
indicator number and/or wide area transects or ecological processes,
species distribution of survey results sites, frequency particularly to provide early
keystone or depends on the warning of possible changes.
indicator species species involved Examples include species
important in seed distribution
(certain birds, rats, etc.), bat
species favouring different
vegetation structure.
Change in Numbers, or Transects, Can provide early warning of
limiting factors presence or quadrats, impacts on species before

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for key species, absence - general changes in numbers become


e.g., nest holes depends on the observations. obvious.
for parrots, fruit factor involved
bat roosting
trees
invasive Change in Survey, Transects, The significance of the
species presence, transect or quadrats or invasive species for the
location, area, quadrat interviews biodiversity values which are
numbers of results, patrol of concern needs to be
invasive plant or reports, reports known. In many cases plant
animal species from invasions are an indicator of
community disturbance. Dieback
members (Phythophthoru fungus) may
also be an indicator of
disturbance.

4.2.3 Assessment on Species/ Population level


Class Indicators Data Set Method Comments
Abundance Change in Encounter rate Management Indicates possible changes in
abundance of (e.g. sight, staff monitor population size and/or shift
key animal sound, sign) transects (e.g. in range.
species along sections of
transects. track) on regular
Number of patrols. Regular
individuals at counts at
concentration concentration
points such as points.
colonies or
roosts.
Management
patrol reports.
Change in Records kept Management Can show changes due to
proportion of by community staff collect environmental factors,
particular information overharvesting, and/or
species in fish from community introduction of exotics.
catches at
specified
seasons
Stock Difference Average Some This is one example of a
management between sizes/lengths community fisheries management
parameters largest/longest of fish of members paid to approach. Others may be
of a given given species collect data, or appropriate in particular
species in fish in catches. fish marketing situations.
catch and Maximum staff collect
largest/longest sizes from data.
recorded size for literature.
the species.
Range Changes in Combination National level Indicates expansion or
occupied range of of sighting staff combine reduction of species range.

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designated data and indicator data Could be associated with


species transect sign for all relevant population changes, loss of
data areas. habitat or disruption of
migratory pathways.
Hunting/ Change in total Amount of Record keeping Trends in amount harvested
harvest amount of plant resource by community should give early warning of
changes or animal harvested in a or a sub-group over-harvesting, especially
species defined area as when combined with the
harvested in a recorded by following indicator.
defined site the local
community
Changes in Amount of Community, Changes in harvest per unit
amount of resource sub-group of effort can indicate
designated harvested per community, or developing over-harvesting
resource unit effort’ nominated situations.
harvested per individuals keen
unit effort records.
Changes in Combination Information An increase may indicate a
number of of: field collected by developing management
confirmed evidence and management problem. A decrease should
instances of village and patrols, from be interpreted only in
hunting and/or market villagers or from conjunction with other
harvesting of surveys. market traders. information.
designated
species in a
given time
period

4.2.4 Assessment for Socio-Economic Factor


Class Indicators Data Set Method Comments
Human Change in total National or Formal census Rapid growth likely to
population human local statistical data obtained
indicate negative impacts on
dynamics population data or survey from relevant
biodiversity. In addition, any
inside and returns agency. increase inside PA might
around Data from Surveys, suggest illegal incursion.
baseline and possibly Interpret in combination with
repeated socio- involving next indicator.
Change in economic sampling. Indicates possible changes in
demographic surveys level and nature of pressure
factors of on biodiversity values.
relevant human Relationships are neither
population in or constant nor well understood.
around May be more useful for
conservation assisting in the interpretation
areas of other indicators than as an
indicator of biodiversity
health itself.
Socio- Change in Survey returns Participatory While reliable income data is
economic proportion of techniques and notoriously difficult to

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situation income derived other socio-gather, data on proportional


from economic importance of different
biodiversity survey sources, without requiring
resources techniques, specific figures, is easier to
possibly every collect.
Change in two or three Requires training of survey
proportion of years personnel, and the relatively
income derived low frequency of survey may
from alternative mean that it is more effective
livelihood to use outside, specialist
activities teams.
Resource Change in Survey Participatory Relatively standard survey
utilization resource returns, techniques and techniques exist for this.
consumption for management other socio-
household use records, economic
vs. marketing market surveys survey
Change in rate techniques, May show which groups are
of consumption possibly every increasing or reducing their
of biodiversity two or three resource use, suggesting
resources by years whether project initiatives
different groups have been successful (or are
appropriately targeted).
Provides a check that
reduction in resource use by
the target group is not part of
an overall reduction
unrelated to project
initiatives.
Change in May have a direct bearing on
number or biodiversity health. Lower
percent of numbers, combined with
people other socio- economic data,
harvesting may give a clear indication
biodiversity of likely future trends in
resources involvement in biodiversity
Change in levels impacting activities.
of exploitation
toward or away
from sustainable
use
Alterative Change in Survey Participatory Participation data may be
livelihood number or returns, techniques and relatively easy to gather
percent of management other socio- because of the need to
people engaging records, economic register for assistance, loans,
in alternative market surveys survey supplies, etc.
livelihood techniques, May have a direct bearing on
activities possibly every biodiversity health if this
two or three group has also given up
years biodiversity-impacting
livelihood activities, though

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this should not be taken for


granted.

4.2.5 Assessment for Community Involvement and Participation


Class Indicators Data Set Method Comments
Attitudes and Change in Results of Structured Participation indicators
understanding understanding/ structured interviews, rely on the assumption
acknowledgment interviews and questionnaires that participatory
of co- questionnaires management will make a
management positive contribution to
principles by biodiversity conservation.
government
agency Staff
Extent to which Without these factors,
community feels participation will not be
involved in sustainable in the long
management at term.
Different levels
(e.g. decision-
making,
Consultation, etc.)
Extent to which Lack of agreement with
community management approaches
understands and suggests low likelihood
agrees with of cooperation and/or low
management understanding of basis for
approaches management. Both will
detract from effectiveness
of biodiversity
conservation.
Existing Existence of Structured Structured If a system exists then a
resource use community-based interviews interviews better indicator would be
systems natural resource the effectiveness of that
management system
systems
Biodiversity Increase in cash Project records, Review relevant Assumes that these
conservation or in-kind benefits alternative records, carry benefits will lead to a
benefits returned to income scheme out interviews reduction in biodiversity
community as a accounts, impacts.
result of survey results
biodiversity
conservation
Change in number Project reports, Examine reports Employment of local
and/or nature (full project and records people on project
time, seasonal, employment activities has a range of
etc.) of records. potential benefits which
community may act to reduce
members biodiversity impacts. For
employed in example immediate

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project and related improvement in income


activities and/or standard of living;
training which improves
long-term employment
options; training in
organizational skills
which are relevant to
community development;
increased awareness of
project objectives and
background.
Conservation Number of Project reports Annual surveys Indicates community
awareness and awareness interest in and
education programs commitment to
undertaken sustainable resource
Number of use/conservation
schools visited activities.
Participation in Change in
Results of Interviews and Cooperation suggests
management. community interviews and PRA commitment to meeting
cooperation with PRA with management objectives,
conservation staff
communities including biodiversity
and conservation.
Self-monitoring government May depend on
of resource by agency staff. “traditional” natural
users resource management
system in place.
Establishment of Project records, Review records, These are criteria for
clearly defined local rules, rules and establishment of a
boundaries and regulations regulations successful participatory
membership of resource management
resource using system. Indicators might
group be framed as changes in
the effectiveness of these
factors.
Existence of Management Annual surveys This could have positive
representative records of communities or negative effects on
coordinating or and biodiversity. Should be
management body conservation analysed as a long-term
staff, local trend.
records, Monitored at specific
interviews intervals rather than on
an ongoing basis.

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4.2.6 Assessment for Legal and regulatory factors


Class Indicators Data Set Method Comments
Status of Change in the Official Review of status Changes can indicate
appropriate legal and gazette, of existing and positive or negative effects
legislation and regulatory national law pending on biodiversity health. The
policies framework at registry legislation and enactment of a poorly drafted
the national policies, law or lack of enforcement of
level including an appropriate law can have
legislation on significant negative impact
protected areas on biodiversity. Monitoring
and endangered of this indicator needs to
species include some assessment of
the quality, appropriateness
and enforcement of the
changes to the laws.
Legal status of Change in the Official Review status of Changes can be positive or
protected area legal status of an gazette, boundary negative. For example, an
area including national law demarcation. area with high and sensitive
definition of registry wildlife values may suffer
boundaries reduction in biodiversity
value as a result of
declaration as a national park
rather than a strict wildlife
reserve.
Status and Change in Structural Evaluate Management structures may
sustainability permanent organization of incorporation of exist at the national, regional,
of institutional management project local and site levels.
management arrangements management Monitoring may be separate
bodies and/or units into or combined, depending on
management permanent the project objectives.
structure structures, co-
management
structure
arrangements,
decentralization
of management
Policy on use Change in use Government Track the Are use rights not only
rights rights at a policies and development recognized but also
project site laws on use and appropriately allocated in a
rights implementation way which supports any
of policies and traditional management
laws which system and which will
define user encourage sustainable
rights in an area. management?
Understanding Change in local Survey and Surveys and Unless key groups are aware
and/or level or resource interview interviews of the important components
awareness of user/regulator data of the laws, the law will have
legislative awareness of the no effect.
controls important Voluntary adherence is
components of preferable to reliance on

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relevant enforcement alone.


resource
management
laws and
regulations
Effectiveness Change in level Evidence of Establish agreed Zero infringements is
of of infringements infringements acceptable level generally not a realistic or
regulatory (physical and calculate the Necessary target. In most
system evidence in difference situations some level of
field, annually, or at Infringements is tolerable.
community an interval The difference between this
reports, agreed with and the actual level of
official stakeholders. infringements provides an
records) Indication of the
effectiveness of the
regulatory system.
Change in Field and Calculate from “Number of arrests” is not a
percentage of official/ court field and useful indicator as there are
arrests leading reports official/court too many factors which may
to conviction reports affect it. If arrests are well
founded and properly carried
out (legal requirements
followed, evidence properly
gathered, etc.) then
convictions are likely to
result.
Change in If the regulatory system is
percent efficient and well designed
of repeat (E.g. penalties match
offenders offenses and socio-economic
appearing in conditions) then the
court percentage of repeat
offenders should decrease.

4.2.7 Assessment for Management Capacity and Effectiveness


Class Indicators Data Set Method Comments
Budget/funding Change in Budget documents Identity highestProject implementation (or
proportion of priorities and design) should have
budget allocated review budget identified the highest
to highest allocation priorities. This indicator
priority annually. may not be effective
conservation during project
management implementation because of
areas/functions substitution of project
funds for normal budget
allocations.
Change in Information on Review This indicator may not be
sustainability of (proposed or information effective during project
funding for actual) annually or less implementation because of

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management management often. substitution of project


funding sources. funds for normal budget
allocations.
Change in Annual budget. Calculate from This can be a hidden factor
availability and Local financial official records paralyzing an otherwise
timeliness of records. Results of and interview apparently well established
release of funds interviews with results. and potentially effective
local management biodiversity conservation
staff. system.
Change in Results of Interviews with Unless local management
extent to which interviews with local staff have a meaningful
field and local local management management role in the preparation and
management staff. staff allocation of budgets,
staff are funds may not be directed
involved in, and to the most important
understand, the issues.
budgetary
process
Facilities and Change in Management Identify the Include vehicles, boats,
Equipment. quality and/or records, inventory. equipment and aircraft, field equipment,
quantity of facilities survey equipment, data
facilities and needed, and recording and storage
equipment available. equipment.
Staffing Change in the Staffing levels Calculate Needs to be combined
number of necessary with other indicators such
trained staff in staffing levels as performance ratings,
relevant and check time in the field, etc.
agencies or actual staffing
areas (needed levels annually.
vs. actual)
Staff Change in the Staff records Calculate from Rapid turnover is clearly
performance rate of turnover official records likely to reduce the
of staff at a site effectiveness of
biodiversity protection.
Change in Results of Develop and Training is not an indicator
average individual use a of effective performance.
performance performance performance It is the way skills and
rating of staff at evaluations rating system, knowledge gained through
a particular interview results and update training are translated into
location improved performance and
changed behaviour that
shows effectiveness.
Performance rating
systems take time to
design, require a basis of
duty statements and
capability criteria for
designated positions, and
should be developed and
implemented in a

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participatory manner.
Change in the Time sheets and Calculate field It may be more indicative
(average) field reports time to use an average of field
amount of time days per management staff
(person-days) member, so that efforts by
spent in the one or two staff, or special
field projects, do not skew the
results.
Management Existence of Project/government Examine In addition to being
structures representative records, records or effectively representative,
And coordinating or community conduct such a structure should
arrangements. management interviews. interviews. make/improve links
body which between field level and
involves key development decision-
stakeholders making levels. An
additional indicator is the
change in the effectiveness
of such Structure.
Existence of An additional indicator is
formal the change in the
conservation effectiveness of such
agreements agreements.
Awareness Change in level Results of Structured Specific target groups
levels of structured interviews should be monitored
understanding interviews/ and/or separately, e.g. field
of biodiversity questionnaires questionnaires management staff,
concepts and resource user groups, and
conservation local government officials.
objectives
Ongoing Change in Results of review Review budget, If there is no ongoing
monitoring budget allocated of budget, staffing, staffing and monitoring capability then
capability to monitoring, management management the sustainability of
or number of systems systems biodiversity conservation
staff trained in annually or less is at risk. The capacity to
monitoring frequently. monitor must exist before
Status of Management Review of effective monitoring can
monitoring systems existing occur.
information systems
management
system
(Guidelines for Monitoring and Evaluation for Biodiversity Projects 1998)
On the basis of all these indicators we develop the questionnaire for the field survey to examine
the impact of Biodiversity Park in sustainable development of the city.
On field/site observation and interviews helps to find the output of the projects.

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CHAPTER 5- SURVEY ANALYSIS


5.1 Physical Survey
5.1.1 Connectivity

Figure 22Entrance

Figure 23 Approachable Road - Aanandmai Road Source- Author

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5.1.2 Landscape

Figure 24 Natural Landscape

5.1.3 Flora

Figure 25 Flora of Tughlakabad Biodiversity Park

5.1.4 Fauna

Figure 26 Fauna of Tughlakabad Biodiversity Park

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5.1.5 Recreational Space

Figure 27 Recreational Space- Tughlakabad Biodiversity Park

Figure 28 Sunset Point- Tughlakabad Biodiversity Park

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5.1.6 Visitors Zone

Figure 29 Tracks- Tughlakabad Biodiversity Park

Figure 30 Chit-Chat Point- Tughlakabad Biodiversity Park

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5.2 Regional and Landscape Level Assessment


5.2.1 Landscape Pattern Analysis

Figure 31 Changes in Green Cover - Delhi Source- Forest Department, Delhi

Figure 32 Built and Open- 1985

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Figure 33 Built and Open – 2000

Figure 34 Vegetation Cover- 2022

If we see there are drastic change in landscape in last 30 years, and its affecting the local
ecosystem of the area.

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5.2.3 Conservation Status

Figure 35 Master Plan- 1962 Figure 36 Master Plan- 2021

Figure 37 Draft Master Plan- 2041 Source- DDA

Synthesis of Regional and Landscape Level Assessment


 The Tughlakabad fort and the surrounding area were all green in the original Delhi
Master Plan, but as the city grew, so did the built environment there, which have an effect
on the regional ecosystem.
 The residential sections developed on the Tughlakabad Fort campus were not included in
the master plan until 2021, but the government is planning to regularize the residential
colonies in and around the fort and the Tughlakabad Biodiversity Park region in the draft
master plan for 2041. There has been a loss of water bodies in the area as a result of the
developed environment’s continued expansion.

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5.3 Community/ Ecosystem, Species and Population Assessment


5.3.1 Keystone/ Invasive Flora and Fauna Species
The landscape is undulating with ridges and depressions; the majority of the flat ridges are either
barren or have a few scattered Prosopis juliflora shrubs. All over the landscape, there are several
little depressions that serve as rainwater recharging areas.
Over 70% of the tree seedlings are still alive and displaying fresh leaf or sprout commencement.
Plants are protected by three layers of fencing against cattle, monkeys, and nilgais. Includes thick
Prosopis juliflora branches, Capparis sepiaria twigs, and Prosopis juliflora branches that haven’t
been clipped.

Figure 38 fencing to protect trees Figure 39 Source of water for birds

Figure 40 Nilgai in Biodiversity Park Figure 41 Peacock in Biodiversity Park

Synthesis of Community/ Ecosystem, Species and Population Assessment


 During survey we have found that there are several species of flora and fauna were
conserved there.
 Water bodies and water sources for birds are maintained.
 A nursery was created in order to grow grass species and natural tree saplings.

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5.4 Socio-Economic Factor Assessment


5.4.1 Human Population Dynamics

Figure 42 Projected Population of Delhi Source- UN World Urbanization Prospectus

Locality Tughlakabad falls in South East district of Delhi, with a population of 82,084. The
male and female population are 44,647 and 37,437 respectively in 2020.

The size of the area is about 12.06 square kilometer. Source- geoiq-NCT of Delhi

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5.4.2 Socio-Economic Situation


There are several direct and indirect economic benefits get generated from these kind of projects
similarly in this case we have seen several jobs created and the nearby area also gets benefited
from this.
Job
There are several jobs created for the management of park, like Security Guard, Gardener, Care
Taker, and Supervisor etc.
Q-1 From where they belong?

27%
Near by Area

Delhi
60% Outside of Delhi
13%

Q-2 How long have you been setting up your shops here
Since 2000 Since 2005 Since 2010 Since 2015 Since 2020
50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

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Synthesis of Socio-Economic Assessment


We have noticed that there were very rapid urbanization takes place in Delhi region as it’s a
national capital and there are many other factors which influence the other part of the nation
people to migrate here for the better scope of their future.
Since 1950 there are 22times population has been increased in the city which raise many issues
which are concerned with the development of the region sustainably.
There were lots of change have noticed especially in natural landscape of the region due to the
sprawls increase in the outer areas of the city.
These urban sprawls raise many other issues related to the Garbage, Pollution, sever line and
along with these there is a big task to improve the life expectancy of the urban areas, as due to all
these changes we have noticed that the life expectancy and happiness of the people continuously
decreasing which is a big drawback of the rapid urbanization.

5.5 Community involvement/ Participation Assessment


5.5.1 Attitude and Understanding
Q-3 From where you came to visit this place
Near By - 41 Other Part of the City -7 Outside the City -2

4%0%
14%

82%

Near by Area Delhi Outside of Delhi

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Figure 43 Visitors

Q4 How often you visit this place


Daily Once a Week Once a Month Very Often

8%
8%

Daily
Once a Week

22% Some time

62% Very often

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Q5 Are you satisfied with the management of this place


Yes No Can’t Say

0%
26%

Yes
46%
No
Can't Say

28%

5.5.2 Participation in Management


Q6 Are you invited for the consultation in changes or management of the Park
Yes No Very Often

12% 0% 14%

Yes
No
Can't Say

74%

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5.5.3 Conservation, Awareness and Education


Q7 Are you familiar with the Biodiversity Conservation Process
Yes No Little Bit

37

8
5

YES NO LITTLE BIT

Q8 Are you familiar with the scientific name of Flora and Fauna present in the park
Yes No Not Much
36

9
5

YES NO NOT MUCH

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Q9 Do you participate in the conservation awareness program


Yes No Little Bit

11% 0% 10%

Yes
No
Little Bit

79%

Synthesis of Community involvement/ Participation


 Maximum people come from the nearby areas in the park for their normal daily routine.
They come to use the recreational spaces of the Biodiversity Park.
 There is a lack of public participation in the conservation work it need to be improved to
make the people more aware about their local ecosystem and its conservation process.
People can participate voluntarily in the conservation process.
 Major people are satisfied with the management work of the Park. There are well
connected with the infrastructure available for the recreation purpose and use the tracks
for jogging and other open areas for their outdoor recreational activity.

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5.6 Legal and regulatory factors Assessment


5.6.1 Status of appropriate Legislation and Policies
The Biological Diversity Act, 2002
India's efforts to realize the goals outlined in the United Nations Convention on Biological
Diversity (CBD) 1992, which affirms the sovereign rights of states to utilize their own biological
resources, gave rise to the Biological Diversity Act, 2002.
The legislation, which was passed in 2002, intends to protect biological resources, manage their
sustainable use, and enable a just and equitable distribution of benefits resulting from their usage
and knowledge with the local populations.
Without prior authorization from the National Biodiversity Authority, the following actions are
prohibited by the Act:
 Any person or organization (either based in India or not) obtaining any biological
resource occurring in India for its research or commercial utilization.
 The transfer of the results of any research relating to any biological resources occurring
in, or obtained from, India.
 The claim of any intellectual property rights on any invention based on the research made
on the biological resources obtained from India.
The act envisaged a three-tier structure to regulate the access to biological resources:
 The National Biodiversity Authority (NBA)
 The State Biodiversity Boards (SBBs)
 The Biodiversity Management Committees (BMCs) (at local level)
The Act provides these authorities with special funds and a separate budget in order to carry out
any research project dealing with the biological natural resources of the country.
The Biological Diversity Act- 2022
The Delhi government has notified the Delhi Biodiversity Council in order to protect the capital's
biodiversity, ensure that its constituent parts are used sustainably, and control who has access to
biological resources for commercial purposes.
Delhi government’s 11-member Delhi Biodiversity Council is headed by C R Babu, professor
emeritus of Delhi University and head of Centre for Environmental Management of Degraded
Ecosystems. Members include officials from the forest and urban development departments and
field experts.
The council will aim to protect biodiversity, utilize it sustainably, and fairly distribute any gains
that result from using biological resources to benefit humanity. The council will aim to promote
the equitable distribution of benefits from the use of biological resources among all stakeholders
as well as the sustainable utilization of biodiversity.

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5.7 Management Capacity and Effectiveness Assessment


5.7.1 Facilities and Equipment’s
Q10 Are you satisfied with the facilities and equipment’s available in the park for
Recreational purpose
Yes No Not Much
35

30

25

20

15

10

0
Yes No Not Much

Q11 Are you satisfied with ambient environment of Biodiversity Park


Yes No Not Much
35

30

25

20

15

10

0
Yes No Not Much

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5.7.2 Management Structure and Arrangements


Q12 Are you satisfied with the management of Biodiversity Park
Yes No Little Bit
35

30

25

20

15

10

0
Yes No Little Bit

Synthesis of Management Capacity and Effectiveness Assessment


Management of the existing infrastructure of the Biodiversity Park works quite well, but there is
scope of capacity building in the areas.
Recreational spaces and visitors zone can be improved to utilize its resources for the local
community.
Still there is some hurdle for the Tughlakabad Village people to participate and utilize the
resources well.

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CHAPTER 6- RESULTS
This research was based on the assessment of Biodiversity Park on sustainable parameters, in
which we identified several indicators based on which we have done the survey on site.
So we conclude the results on three factors- Social, Environmental, and Economic as this
research talks about the sustainable development of the region.

6.1 Social- Community involvement, participation and Learning’s


In this parameters we have assess the visitors and local resident’s connectivity with the
Biodiversity Park and learning from that.
1. We have seen after the providing facilities for outdoor recreation local residents are more
involved with this area.
2. This project is somewhere fails in attracting the more visitors from the other part of the
city as it’s having less diversity of recreational and other functions in biodiversity park.
3. The visitors who came to the park their main goal is their daily routine work like
jogging, walking, sitting with the friends and relatives and in the winter season people
specially came for sunbath.
4. From information and data we got we must say that the public participation with the
nature is very low on education related to the natural phenomenon and environmental
awareness.
5. Apart from their routine work there is hardly any improvement in the educational level
of the visitors in that the management of the park is somehow responsible.

6.2 Environmental- Natural Landscape, Conservation of Flora and Fauna


Major role of any Biodiversity Park is regarding the Environmental factor. Biodiversity Park
plays an important role in flora and fauna conservation apart from that it’s very useful in
pollution control and conservation of natural landscape (Terrain, Water body etc.).
1. In conservation of flora and fauna we have found that this biodiversity park is
continuously working on this and it’s quite successful in conserving the trees and shrubs
of the region.
2. In conservation of fauna it may need some more attention that how we can improve the
management of animals like Monkey, Nilgai which are more responsible in not
maintaining the trees and landscape development.
3. In water body conservation we have seen there are several spaces are created for water
resource to accomplish the birds in the area.
4. Due to plantation work we have seen its benefit regarding managing the industrial
pollution as well as the pollution came from landfill sites.
5. In management of Biodiversity Park there is scope of improvement in managing the
boundary of park especially on the main road (Maa Aanandmai Marg) side.

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6.3 Economic- Socio-economic, Land value


Biodiversity parks also play very important role in improving the socio-economic condition of
the region. As many gets direct economic benefit from the park while some get indirect benefits
and it helps in improving the human development of the region.
1. There are several job opportunity were created at the time of project started and even
today several peoples work here to manage the park. Benefits of local people in direct
jobs are very less maximum jobs were managed by the contractor and they place the
people as required.
2. A maximum person who works here belongs to migrants who came Delhi for jobs and
they works under the contractor.
3. Due to the development of Biodiversity Park, there are several shops were started in last
20-30 years which give a positive side of the development on ground.
4. Land value of the surrounding area is increasing day by day, Biodiversity parks also play
very important role in that but apart from that several other factors also works like
continuous urbanization in area, increase in migration population etc.

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CHAPTER-7 DISCUSSION
7.1 Recommendation
To improve the function of this Biodiversity Park and inclusiveness of the local people we need
special concerns in several areas.
 To increase the local people engagement with the parks we need some areas for
recreation purpose in the Tughlakabad village area. Because the area which are provided
for recreation is on main road side which is far away from the residential areas in the
west side of the park.

Figure 44 Potential Areas for Recreational and Outdoor Recreational activity

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 To increase the others area people we need some kind of special treatments in landscape
like there are several space which can works as Flower Park, Butterfly Park and other
recreational or natural landscape activity like for trailing we can more provide some more
trails.
 As this area resides along the industrial area of Okhla we can project this Park which can
be active till late night. Several users from the industrial areas and other offices can enjoy
their time as they are not so much involved with this area.

Figure 45 Recreational Areas

 We need better management to manage the boundary and dumping of waste and other
pollutants in the area.

Figure 46 Boundary Wall

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 Also we need to focus on the management of the recreational areas where we have seen
there are lots of benches which are not in good position.

Figure 47 Benches in Park

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