Life and Works of Jose Rizal o In support, Senator Claro M.

Recto
created Senate Bill 438 known as
I. RA 1425 Rizal Bill.
1. Objectives of Rizal Bill
“An act to include in the Curricula of All  To rededicate the lives of the youth
Public and Private schools, Colleges and
to the idea of freedom and
Universities courses on the life, works and
writings of Jose Rizal, particularly His Novel nationalism, for which our hero lived
Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, and died;
Authorizing the printing and Distribution  To pay tribute to our national hero
Thereof, and For Other Purposes”. for devoting his life and works in
 Mandates the study of life, works and shaping the Filipino character; and
writings of Rizal.  To gain an inspiring source of
 The Board of National Education is patriotism through the study of
hereby authorized and directed to adopt Rizal’s life, works and writings.
forthwith measures to implement and carry
out the provisions of this Section.
 The Issues and Debates of RA 1425 in the
 The Board shall promulgate rules and
Context of 1950’s
regulations providing for the exemption of
 Sen. Claro M. Recto authored the Rizal Bill
students for reasons of religious belief
stated in a sworn written statement, from  Sen. Jose P. Laurel sponsored the Rizal Bill
the requirement of the provision contained  It sparked the debate in senate that
in the second part of the first paragraph of revolved around the separation of church
this section; but not from taking the course and state issues. This is primarily focused
provided for in the first part of said on the “unexpurgated edition” of novel.
paragraph.  The Catholic Bishops Conference in the
 It shall be obligatory on all schools, Philippines cited several violations of the
colleges, and universities to keep in their novels on the free exercise of religion that
libraries an adequate number of copies of in turn would seriously injure the Catholic
the original and unexpurgated editions of faith and its believers. The arguments they
the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, presented:
as well as of Rizal’s other works and 1. They argued that the novels have
biography. passages that negate the teachings of
 The Board of National Education shall the Catholic Faith
determine the adequacy of the number of 2. These passages violate the freedom of
books, depending upon the enrollment of the Church and the state.
the school, college, or university. 3. They feel that it is their sacred duty to
come to the conclusion that these works
Historical Background and context in the 1950’s fall under Canon Law 1399 which
 The tension is brought about by the issues establishes books that are forbidden.
on the following:  With these contentions, Senator Recto and
 Political unrest between Communism and Laurel stood firm on their arguments:
Democratic Ideology.  Rizal novels should be read in every
 The growth of Communism in East Asia. generation for the Filipinos to know the
 Hukbalahap rebellion in the Philippines. sufferings, ideals and sacrifices of the
 Magsaysay create a wide-scale Filipino people that led us to where we are
propaganda program to educate the youth today and in the future.
on the evils of communism (Reyno, 2012)  Rizal novels would allow us to see
ourselves; it is through the works of Rizal
 which would show not only the strengths Ventura De los Reyes. His diligent
and virtues of the Filipinos but also our representation was one reason why the
defects and vices as well. galleon trade was abolished for its reported
 The only objective of the bill is to foster a abuses.
better appreciation of our National Hero’s B. Economic Context
role in fighting for freedom against the
Spaniards, not to go against any religion. The second half of 19 th century was a
period of rapid economic growth due to
II. Rizal in the 19th Century Context Industrial Revolution.
Just like what we have today, Rizal The opening of Suez Canal brought several
was also a product of his time. He did not advantages to the Philippines:
wake up one day and realized that he  The distance of travel between Europe
wanted to become a hero. His life’s choices and Philippines was significantly
were a response to the successes and shortened.
failures he experienced. The 19th century  It brought the country closer to Spain.
Philippines were not just about people  Principalias were able to send their
struggling against colonial rule; it was about children to universities in Europe.
Filipinos, men and women alike, fighting  The education gained by the ilustrados
against political oppression. opened their minds to the opposing
 To know why Rizal fought for reforms, one must conditions that are happening in the
look into the political conditions of the 19th colony (Philippines) and the mother
century to understand the political struggles country (Spain).
of the Filipinos. C. Social Context
 To know why Rizal fought against the  The rise of enlightenment period, where
Spaniards, one must assess the how the people began to rely on human reason
Spanish government exploited the Filipinos rather than faith and religion.
through their economic policies.  Rise of Middle-Class (Principalias). With
 To determine why Rizal attacked the Friars in the increasing demand for Abaca and
his novels, one must understand the Social other crops in Europe, there was a need
Realities of the Filipinos during his time. for more Filipino to cultivate lands.
A. Political Context Manila became Free port in 1834
 Spain was suffering from frequent primarily to European traders.
constitutional and governmental changes  Spanish Government allowed Filipinos
that led to colonial instability to rent and cultivate lands. To achieve
 Maladministration in the delivery of justice. this more families had to engage in
 No equality before the law. farming. Among those principalia
 Spanish penal code imposed heavier families was the family of Rizal.
penalties on Filipinos.  Despite of social development,
 Implementation of Polo Y Servicio and agricultural unrest continued to grow.
tribute. Friars who owned the land exploited the
 Racial prejudice against native Filipinos tenants through flimsily increasing land
became prevalent. rentals and taxes.
 Existence of Frailocracy or the “government
rule of the friar”. III. Rizal as a Person
 Lack of Representation in the Spanish CHINESE, JAPANESE, SPANISH,
Cortes. It was year 1811 that the FILIPINO
Philippines were represented by a 71-years  Name: Jose Protacio Rizal
old Filipino-Spanish merchant named Mercado Y Alonzo Realonda
  Birthdate: June 19, 1861, between  Only brother
11:00 and 12:00 Mignight  Jose referred to him as “Uto”
 Birthplace: Calamba, Laguna  Attended Collegio de San Jose in
 Baptized by: Father Rufino Collantes Manila
 Godfather: Rev. Pedro Casañas  He sent a monthly allowance of 50
 Mga Sikat na Nobela: pesos to Jose Rizal
 Noli Me Tangere  He became a Military Commander
 El Filibuterismo of Katipunan.
 Makamisa  He married Severina Decena and
 Mga hayop na ipinangalan kay Rizal: they had 2 children.
 Draco Rizali - Lizard  He died of Tuberculosis at the age
 Apogonia Rizali - Beetle of 79
 Rhacophorus Rizali – Frog
(NM-Pilosopo Tasyo)
Family members:  Narcisa “Sisa”
 Father’s name: Francisco Engracio Rizal  She supported her Brother Jose’s
Mercado Y Alejandra II studies abroad.
 Born as the youngest of 13 children of  She could narrate all of the poems
Cirila Alejandro and Juan Mercado on of Jose Rizal
May 18, 1818 in Biñan, Laguna. He was  Married to Antonio Lopez, a teacher
from the fourth generation of Chinese and musician.
immigrant named Domingo Lamco.  She relentlessly searched for the
 School attended: Colegio de San Jose in grave of Rizal in Paco Cemetry and
Manila. after 2 days she found it and marked
 Degree: Philosophy and Latin the grave with the initials R.P.J.
 He was elected in Calamba as Cabeza
De Barangay  Olimpia “Ypia”
 Mother’s name: Teodora Alonso Realonda  Married to Silvestro Ubaldo, a
Y Quintos telegraph operator from Manila.
 Born as the second child of Lorenzo  Jose loved to tease her; he
Alonso and Brigida De quintos on described Ypia as stout sister.
November 9, 1827 in Manila.  Attended in La Concordia College.
 School attended: College of Sta. Rosa  She was the schoolmate of Jose’s
 Rizal described her as “a woman of first love, Segunda Katigbak.
higher culture” (Died in Giving Birth)
 She was married to Don Francisco on  Lucia “Lucia”
June 28, 1848.  Married to Mariano Herbosa and
 Siblings of Jose Rizal: they had five children.
 Saturnina “Neneng”  Mariano died in 1889 Cholera
 Oldest of the siblings Epidemic, but he was denied a
 Attended La Concordia College in Christian burial. This was due to the
Manila fact that he was Jose Rizal’s
 Married to Manuel Hidalgo of brother-in-law.
Tanuan Batangas  In response Jose Rizal wrote the
 In 1909, she published Pascual Una Profanacion.
Poblete’s Tagalog translation of Noli  She passed away in 1919.
Me Tangere.  Maria “Biang”
 She died on 1913, at the age of 63.  Married Daniel Faustino Cruz and they
 Paciano “Ciano” had 5 children
  One of Maria’s children, Mauricio Cruz,  She was an Educator
became one of the students of Rizal in  She passed away in 1929
Dapitan.
 She was the recipient of many of Rizal’s  Surname of Rizal
letter.  CLAVERIA DECREE OF 1849
 Maria passed away in 1945.  FRANCISCO MERCADO = RIZAL
 Jose “Pepe”  TEODORA ALONSO QUINTOS =
 The seventh child of Don Kiko and Doña REALONDA
Lolay.  Originally “Ricial” which means “the
 Known on his pen name Laonglaan, green of young growth”
Dimasalang at Agno
 Married to Josephine Bracken and had  Rizal Birth
1 child.  Rizal wrote in his diary, Memoirs of a Student in
 Died on December 30, 1898 at the age Manila," that his mother had a difficult time
of 35 giving birth to him. It is said that Dona Teodora
 Pepe derived from Saint Joseph P.P. made a pact with Antipolo's Patroness, Our
(pater putativus in latin) ‘P’ is Lady of Peace and Good Voyage, that she
pronounced ‘peh’ in Spanish. That’s would send the child she was carrying on a
why Jose was called as Pepe. pilgrimage to her shrine once she had passed
 Concepcion “Concha” through the difficult birthing process. The baby
 Died at the age of three (3) was saved. Dona Teodora kept her promise.
 Cause of death: sickness She sent her seven-year-old son on a journey
 Rizal’s first sorrow from their hometown of Calamba to Antipolo,
 Jose played with her and from her he which was then part of the province of Morong.
learned the sweetness of a sisterly Don Francisco Mercado, the young Rizal's
love. father, accompanied him.
 Josefa “Panggoy”
 She suffered in epilepsy  Childhood
 She joined and was an active member  Jose – Body was frail and sickly.
of the Katipunan.  At the age of 3 – Learned Alphabet
 Unmarried and lived with sister Trinidad  At the age of 5 – Could read and write.
until death.  In Memory of My Town – a poem about his love
 She died in 1945. for his hometown.
 Trinidad “Trining”  Animal Pet of Rizal
 Known as the custodian of Mi Ultimo  Usman – Big black dog
Adios  Alipato – Pony
 She also joined Katipunan when Jose
died  The Story Of The Moth
 Remained single and share a home with  Amigo De los Nios – The Children’s Friend, a
her sister Josefa story book.
 She died in 1951, having outlived all of  Donya Lolay scolded Jose for drawing on the
her siblings pages of the story book.
 She then read him a story in it to teach him the
 Soledad “Choleng” value of obedience to his parents.
 Youngest of the Rizal’s siblings
 Married Pantaleon Quintero and had 5
children
 Most educated among rizal’s sister
IV. Education of Rizal 1. Was already late for registration
 1. Calamba 2. He was frail and sickly.
 Doña Teodora – First Teacher  He was admitted because of the intervention of
 Taught Jose Rizal the ABC’s Manuel Xeres Burgos.
 Stimulated her son’s imagination by telling  To encourage healthy competition, classes in
many stories Ateneo were divided into two groups:
 Encouraged to write poems 1. Roman empire
 Uncle of Rizal – Influences 2. Carthaginian empire
1. Tio Jose Alberto - cultivate his artistic
ability Individual competitions were used to win these
honors, in which one had to catch one’s
2. Tio Manuel - physical exercises
opponent in error three times. When an
3. Tio Gregorio - intensified avidness to individual from one empire was caught in error
read good books by one from the opposing empire, a point was
 The Private Tutors awarded to the latter. As a newcomer, Jose
1. Maestro Celestino – was Jose’s first was placed at the back of the class at first, but
private tutor. he was quickly promoted and continued to be
2. Maestro Lucas Padua - was the promoted until, at the end of one month, he had
second private tutor. attained the rank of Emperor.
3. Leon Monroy – Tutor in Spanish and  JOSE BECH - a man with mood swing. He was
Latin. He was a classmate of Don a bit of a lunatic with a sporadic sense of
Francisco. humor.
 2. Biñan  FRANCISCO DE PAULA SANCHEZ - best
 First formal Schooling professor, a model of decency, solitude and
 June 1869 love for the student.
 Rizal was only 9 years old  Rizal also participate in the following:
 Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz – Strict o Gymnastics
disciplinarian. o Fencing
 Pedro – the bully. o Sculpture – Romualdo de Jesus
 Andres Salandanan – challenged him to arm- o Drawing and painting – Don Agustin
wrestling match. Saez
o During Rizal’s early education, two disheartening  Books encountered:
events drew his attention and disturbed him. o The Count of Monte Cristo – first foreign
1. The imprisonment of Doña Teodora book read by Rizal.
 Arrested for alleged attempt to poison o Travels in the Philippines – book which
her sister-in-law. had greatest influence upon the young
 She was around 45 years old man’s career.
 Walk 50 km around Laguna
 Imprisoned for 2 years without trial  4. University of Sto. Tomas
2. The Death of GomBurZa  Enrolled on April 1877
 200 workers staged a mutiny led by  Nearly 16 y/o
Fernando La Madrid  Study Philosophy and Letters
 Mariano Gomez – Bacoor Priest  He enrolled for 2 reasons:
 Jose Burgos – Manila Priest  His father like it
 Jacinto Zamora – Marikina Priest  He is unsure of what career to pursue
 3. Ateneo De Municipal  After his first year, he enrolled to medicine.
 Excellent School for boys  He pursued medicine for the following reasons:
 Bachelor Of Art Degree - Sobresaliente
 To cure his mother’s failing eyesight
 Initially denied admission:
  Fr. Pablo Ramon recommended
medicine
BEFORE THE EXILE: 1889-1891
 Land Surveyor and Assessors Degree –
Ateneo. The acquaintance of Nelly Boustead makes
 In 1879, he joined in Artistico-Literario and Rizal when he stays in 1889 in the summer
submitted his poem A La Juventud Filipina. He residence of his wealthy friend E. Boustead in
won First Place and received feathered shaped Biarritz on the French Spanish border. He had
and gold-ribbon-decorated silver pen. found out by now that his young love Leonora in
 His allegorical drama, El Consejo De Los
Manila was given to another suitor. Nelly is an
Dioses, won for First Place.
attractive, well educated and idolized Filipina-
 He received gold ring engraved with a bust of
Cervantes. Mestiza.
 Cervantes, Spanish author of Don Quixote.
The both meet in the studio of the known
 The book had a major influence on the literary
community, as evidenced by direct references Philippine painter Juan Luna. When once the
in Alexandre Dumas' The Three Musketeers brother of the painter Antonio makes ambiguous
(1844), Mark Twain's Adventures of remarks on Nelly, Rizal blows his top and
Huckleberry Finn (1884), and Edmond challenges Antonio to a duel. The duel does not
Rostand's Cyrano de Bergerac (1897), take place, because Antonio apologizes.
 Other works published by Rizal:
However, considered marriage plans fail because
 Abd-el-Azis y Mahoma (1879)
the religiously oriented Nellie wants only to
 Junto al Pasig (1880) Zarzuela
performed by Ateneans. marry him if he joins her Protestant belief. The
 A Filipinas (1880) – a sonnet Christian Rizal, who was always critical to
 Al M.R.P. Pablo Ramon (1881) – a official churches, cannot accept this. Besides,
poem in tribute to Ateneo’s rector. he fears that his mother who had all the life a
 RIZAL STOP ATTENDING CLASS on 1882
decisive influence on him would never forgive
 Reasons:
him a change of faith. Opposition against a
 The Dominican Professor were
hostile to him wedding also came from Nelly’s mother who
 The Spaniards discriminated feared that Rizal could not give her daughter an
Filipinos based on their race. adequate standard of living. The two separate;
 The teaching method was nonetheless they remained friends afterwards.
antiquated and oppressive
 He did not received high RIZAL’S LIFE: EXILE,TRIAL,AND
scholastic honors as a result of DEATH.
his professors’ attitude.
 5. Universidad Central de Madrid * Jose Rizal was arrested by the Spanish
 On Nov 3, 1882, he enrolled in coursed: authorities for:
 Medicine - Fair
 Philosophy and Letters – with honours. 1. publishing anti-Catholic and anti-friar books
 On June 1884 he was awarded with the and articles;
Degree of Licentiate in Medicine - 2. having in possession a bundle of handbills,
 Dr. Miguel Morayta – “freedom of the Pobres Frailes, in which advocacies were
Science and the teacher should be in violation of the Spanish orders;
protected” 3. dedicating his novel, El Filibusterismo to the
three “traitors” (Gomez, Burgos and Zamora)
 and for emphasizing on the novel's title page * Jose Rizal used his time and skills
that “the only salvation for the Philippines productively to ease his solitude. For
was separation from the mother country four years (1892-1896), Rizal kept
(referring to Spain)”; and for himself busy with various pursuits and
4. simply criticizing the religion and aiming for occupations: as an educator, doctor,
its exclusion from the Filipino culture. farmer, artist, architect and engineer,
* Rizal stay 9 days in Fort Santiago before he entrepreneur, archaeologist.
moved in Dapitan * December 19,1893 Describing his life in
* Rizal was given a choice if he lives with Dapitan , Rizal wrote to Blumentritt *
parish priest, Fr. Antonio Obach or at Blumentritt became one of
Carnicero’s house Rizal's closest confidants although
* F. Superior Pastells informed Fr. Antonio they met only once. He translated a
Obach to gave Rizal a condition : chapter of the latter's first book, Noli
a. IF He publicly retracted his Me Tangere, into German and wrote the
Masonic and antichurch beliefs preface to Rizal's second book, El
b. IF He regularly participate in church filibusterismo, although he was against
rites its publication as he believed that it
c. IF He conduct himself as a good Spanish would lead to Rizal's death.
subject and a man of religion
* Rizal did not agree with these conditions. LOTTERY TICKET NO.9736
* Therefore, Rizal decided to stay at the place Total Lottery Prize:
of Captain Ricardo Carnicero where he was P 20,000.00
told to observe Rizal’s daily activities. * But according to Dapitan.com, a website
Exile in Dapitan ( 1892-1896) 4 years dedicated to the historical city, Rizal
* Governor General Eulogio Despujol shared his lottery ticket
who ordered Rizal to exiled in Dapitan with 2 others, which means that he only
* July 17,1892 - Rizal arrived in Dapitan got a third of the total prize.
together with his guard Ricardo Carnicero. * Ticket number 9736, said to be owned by
* July 25,1892 Rizal wrote to his mother in Rizal, Spanish resident Francisco Equilior
Hongkong about his Exile in Dapitan. and a certain Captain Carnicero, won the
second prize of P20,000 in the lottery.
“In these days of lack of communication, travel,
and deportion, I’m greatly worried thinking of * September 21, 1892, the mail boat
you, and for this reason I hasten to write to you Butuan was approaching the town of
to tell you that I am well here as if I were on a Dapitan carrying a lottery ticket
vacation in this politico-military district. I don’t
number 9736.
miss anything except my family and freedom.”
RIZAL’S SHARE ALLOCATION
• Given to his father 2,000
* Rizal wrote a poem entitled “ A Don
• To his friend 200
Ricardo Carnicero” on the occation of
• For investment 4,000
commandant’s birthday on the 26th of
6,200
August, 1892.
RIZAL’s LIFE IN DAPITAN
 * He used his money to build his free houses with a floor area of 70 sq. ft. Each hut, one for
made up of bamboo and nipa in Talisay male and one the other for female for
* He bought a piece of land near the accommodate two patients.
shore of Talisay near Dapitan that
worth 18 pesos His skill was put into test in August 1893 when
his mother, Teodora Alonzo was placed under
AS AN EDUCATOR ophthalmic surgery for the third time. However,
Rizal established a school in Dapitan (18931896). Alonzo ignored her son’s instructions and
It began with 3 pupils who increased to 16 and removed the bandages in her eyes which lead to
eventually 21. Instead of charging them a for irritation and infection.
the matriculation, he made the students do
community projects for him like maintaining his AS AN ENGINEER
garden and field, He taught them reading, Rizal applied his knowledge through the water
writing in English and Spanish, geography, works system he constructed in Dapitan. Going
history, mathematics industrial work, nature back to his life, Rizal obtained the title of
study, morals and gymnastics. He encouraged his expert surveyor (perito agrimensor) from the
students to engage in sports activities to Ateneo Municipal . From his practical knowledge
strengthen their bodies as well. as a agrimensor, he widened his knowledge by
reading engineering-related books. As a result,
HYMN TO TALISAY despite of inadequacy of tools at hand, he
 Rizal wrote a poem in honor of Talisay successfully provided a good water system in
which made his pupils sing. the province.

AS A PHYSICIAN Mr. H.F. Cameron –American engineer who

Rizal provide free medicine to his patients, most praised Rizal for his engineering ingenuity.
of them were under privileged. He also had
wealthy patients who paid him well enough for AS An AGRICULTURIST
his excellent. Rizal devoted time in planting important crops
Among them were: and fruit bearing trees in his 16hectare land
* Don Ignacio Tumarong who gave Rizal ( later, reaching as large as 70 hectares)
3,000 pesos for restoring his sight He planted cacao, coffee, sugarcane, and
* English man who gave him 500 pesos * coconuts, among many others. He even invested
Aklanon Haciendero, Don Francisco part of his earnings from being a medical
Azcarraga who paid him a cargo of sugar practitioner and his 6,000 peso winnings from a
lottery on lands. From the United States, he
Casa Redonda is a replica of the octagonal clinic imported agricultural machinery and introduced
of Rizal. Reconstructed with similar materials as to the native farmers of Dapitan the modern
the main house. It now stands as a reminder of agricultural methods.
the numerous medications performed by Rizal
during his exile in Dapitan. It was also here AS A BUSINESS MAN
where he removed his mother’s cataracts. The adventurous Rizal, with his partner, Ramon
Carreon, tried his luck in the fishing, hemp and
Casitas de Salud are replicas of the hospital copra industries. In the letter to his brother-in
houses of Rizal and composed of two little huts –law, Manuel T. Hilgado, he pointed out the
potential of fishing industry in the province( as a Hebrew, Sanskrit, Dutch, Catalan, Italian,
area was abundant with fish and good beach). He Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese, Swedish and
also requested that two good Calamba fishermen Russian.
be sent to Dapitan to teach the fisher folks to
the new fishing methods, using a big net called AS A SCIENTIST
pukutan. But the industry in which Rizal became Rizal found Mindanao as a rich virgin field for
collecting specimens. Together with his students
more successful was in hemp, shipping the said
they explored on jungles and coasts to seek for
product to a foreign firm in Manila.
some specimens which will be sent to Europe and
in return the European scientist will send them
AS An INVENTOR
scientific equipment.
In 1887, During his medical practice in Calamba,
During his 4 years stay in Dapitan, He were
he invented a special lighter called sulpukan
able to build up a rich collection of oncology
which he sent to Blumentrit as a gift. According
which consist of 346 shells representing 203
to Rizal, the wooden lighter’s mechanism was
species .
based on the principle of compressed air.
Another of his inventions was the wooden brick-
AS A CIVIC WORKER
maker can manufacture about 6,000 bricks a
day. Upon arriving in the province, he noticed its poor
condition.
AS An ARTIST * He drained the marshes of Dapitan to get
rid of malaria-carrying mosquitoes.
He had contributed his talent in the Sisters of
* He also provided lighting system – coconut
Charity who were preparing for the arrival of
oil lamps posted in dark streets – in the
the image of the Holy Virgin. Rizal was actually
province out of what he earned from
the person who modeled the image's right foot
being a physician.
and other details. He also conceptualizes its
* He beautified Dapitan by remodeling the
curtain, which was oilpainted by a Sister under
town plaza, with the aid of his Jesuit
his instruction. He also made sketches of
teacher, Fr. Francisco
anything which attracted him in Dapitan. Among
Sanchez, and created a relief map of
his collections were the three rare fauna
Mindanao (footnote: using stones, soil and
species that he discovered (dragon/lizard, frog
grass) right in front the church.
and beetle) and the fishes he caught. He also
sculptured the statuette called “The Mother's
RIZAL’S LIFE IN DAPITAN
Revenge” which represented his dog, Syria,
avenging her puppy to a crocodile which killed it. He also built a house for the ladies in his family
who were to visited him in Dapitan,
AS A LINGUIST During his exile since August 1893

Rizal was interested in the languages used in * his mother( Teodora Alonzo)
Dapitan, thus, studied and made comparisons of * His sisters (Trinidad, Maria, and Narcisa)
the Bisayan and Malayan languages existing in * His nephew( Teodosio, Estanislao, Mauricio
the region. In fact, Rizal had knowledge in 22 and Prudencio )
languages: Tagalog, Ilocano, Bisayan, Subanun, Carnicero wrote a letter to Governor General to
Spanish, Latin, Greek, allow his mother and sister to join him in
English, French, German, Arabic, Malayan, Dapitan.
May 4,1893- Carnicero replaced by Captain Juan * This map of Mindanao made by Rizal in
Sitges August of 1982 is an artistic
manifestation of a well-lived exile, based
Sitges did not want to live with a deportee so he on the map done by Fr. Pedro Murillo
assigned Rizal to live in a house near the Velarde, a French Jesuit in 1752.
headquarters The cross located across Rizal's landing
site at Dapitan, marks the start of
The Jesuits sent Rizal old professor at the Catholicism in the island.
, Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez * The death of Leonor Rivera (August 28,
Ateneo- to entice him back to the Church. 1893) left a poignant void in
Rizal’s heart. In his loneliness, he met
CHALLENGING THE RELIGION: A Josephine Bracken, an 18 y/o Irish girl
DEBATE WITH FR. PASTELLS who, to Wenceslao Retana's words, was
* Fr. Pablo Pastells- Jesuit priest who “slender, a chestnut blond, with blue
attempted to persuade Rizal to return to eyes, dressed with elegant simplicity,
orthodox Roman Catholic by way of with an atmosphere of light
correspondence. (gaiety).”
* Father Pastells tried his best to win Rizal
back to the faith but fortunately or JOSEPHINE BRACKEN
unfortunately, in vain. These series of * Born in Hongkong on October 3, 1876.
debate ended inconclusively in which * Daughter of James Bracken and Elizabeth
neither of them convinced the other of Jane Macbride.
his judgments/arguments. * Her mother died in childbirth. And she was
* The debate started when Fr. Pastells sent adopted by Mr. George Taufer.
Rizal a book by Sarda, with advice that * Mr. Taufer became blind so he sought for
the latter (Rizal) should desist from his an ophthalmic specialist. This is how
majaderas (foolishness) in viewing Josephine and Rizal met.
religion from the prism of individual * Manuela Orlac – Filipina companion who
judgment and self esteem. accompanied Josephine Bracken to
* Rizal was bitter against the friars because Dapitan.
they commit abuses under the cloak of * To avoid a tragedy, Josephine accompanied
religion. Mr. Taufer back to Manila. Mr. Taufer
Fr. Pastells tried to bring back to Catholicism returned to Hong Kong alone while
Rizal by telling him that human intelligence is Josephine stayed with the Rizals in
limited, thus he needs guidance from God. Manila.
* Rizal and Josephine Bracken decided to get
* Pastell gave Rizal a copy of Imitacion de married but Father Obach refused to
Cristo by Fr. Thomas a Kempis. marry them without the permission of
* Rizal continued to hear mass and celebrate Bishop of Cebu.
religious events. * Having no priests to marry them, Rizal and
* St. James Church is located across the Josephine married themselves before
Relief Map of Mindanao, and used to be the eyes of God. And they decided
Rizal's place of worship. exchanged vows and got married on this
rock.
 * Rizal’s relatives and friends looked at * Upon arriving in Manila Bay, Rizal was not
Josephine with suspicion and able to leave immediately for Spain since
condescension. the vessel “Isla de Luzon” already left.
He was transferred to Spanish cruiser
Castilla and stayed there for a month
PERSON VISITED RIZAL: from August 6 to September 2, 1896.
* Pablo Mercado- a spy of the friars who * His wife Josephine; sister Narcisa; niece
posed as Rizal’s relative (Florencio Angelica; his nephew and students were
Namaan- his real name) released and allow stay with other
* Pio Valenzuela- An emissary of Andres member of Rizal’s Family in a house in
Bonifacio , he was asking for advised of Manila.
Rizal on how to launch a revolution. He
also offered to have a Katipunan assist AUGUST 19,1896
him in escaping from Dapitan. Rizal * Katipunan plot to overthrow the Spanish
objected to the projected revolution rule by means of revolution, it was
because they don’t have enough arms and discovered by Fr. Mariano Gil after
weapons. Teodoro Patino’s disclosure of
organization secrets.
END OF DAPITAN EXILE: * At that time, Katipunan was already
* When Rizal heard the news that Spain is discovered and Philippine Revolution was
need of Physicians who would serve in Already raging.
Cuba, which was then fighting for it’s
independence, Rizal volunteered in AUGUST 26, 1896
1895 * Andres Bonifacio and other freedomloving
* Governor General Ramon Blanco – katipuneros started the Philippines
approved the request of rizal on July Revolution through a battle
01, 1896 cry now known as the “CRY OF
BALINTAWAK”
* August 6,1896- Rizal’s
* In the afternoon, Governor General
wife( Josephine) His five family
Blanco proclaimed a state of war in the
members and six of his Dapitan
first eight provinces for rising arms
students arrived in Manila.
against Spain: Manila, Bulacan, Cavite,
* At the midnight of that day he left aboard
Batangas, Laguna, Pampanga, Nueva
the steamer “Espana”
Ecija And Tarlac.
* The townspeople of Dapitan wept because
they considered Rizal as a good son and
AUGUST 30,1896
neighbour
* Rizal received letters from Governor
General Blanco which absolved him from
August 6,1896
all the blame for the raging revolution.
* Rizal’s wife( Josephine) His five family
members and six of his Dapitan
SEPTEMBER 3,1896
students arrived in Manila
He transferred in ISLA DE PANAY which
was sailing for Barcelona, Spain to fulfill his
humanitarian offer;
SEPTEMBER 7,1896 * November 3, 1896- the Colon arrived in
* Don Pedro Roxas advised Rizal to stay and Manila Bay and Rizal was taken to Fort
take the advantage of the protection of Santiago
British law. * November 20, 1896- Rizal was brought
before a Spanish military tribunal headed
ARREST and TRIAL by Colonel Francisco Olive
* SEPTEMBER 30- The Isla de Panay had * Rizal was questioned by Col. Olive but he
already sailed in Egypt and was now was not permitted to confront witness
sailing in the Mediterranean who testified against him
* A telegraphic message was received * Two kinds of evidence presented against
ordering that Rizal be placed under Rizal:
arrest. * Documentary
* Bernardino Nozaleda- Archbishop of * Testimonial
Manila who clamored for the arrest of * Fifteen documents were used as evidence
Rizal who was said to be the spirit of against him:
Philippine Revolution. 1. A letter from Antonio Luna to
* OCTOBER 3- The Isla de Panay arrived in Mariano Ponce dated Oct.
Barcelona and Rizal was sent to a prison- 16,1888, Madrid
Fortress,
2. A letter of Rizal to his family dated
MONTJUICH CASTLE
Aug.20,1890, Madrid.
* Rizal’s interview with Despujol he would be
3. A letter from M.H Del Pilar to
shipped back to Manila
Deodato Arellano dated Jan.
* On the night of the same day. After the
7,1889, Madrid
interview, Rizal was taken aboard the
COLON which was loaded with Spanish
4. A poem entitled “KUNDIMAN”
troops sailed to Manila allegedly written by Rizal.
Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor and Sixto KUNDIMAN

Lope z- exerted all their efforts to Tunay ngayong umid yaring dila't puso
* find a lawyer in Singapore who could Sinta'y umiilag, tuwa'y lumalayo, Bayan
help their friend and requesting for the palibhasa'y lupig at sumuko Sa
“writ of Habeas corpus” it is a latin kapabayaan ng nagturong puno.
phrase means “produce the body”
Datapuwa't muling sisikat ang araw,
* It is a writ, or legal action, through which a Pilit maliligtas ang inaping bayan,
prisoner can be released from unlawful Magbabalik mandin at muling iiral Ang
detention, that is, detention lacking
ngalang Tagalog sa sandaigdigan.
sufficient cause or evidence.
* Attoney Hugh Fort- An English lawyer in
Ibubuhos namin ang dugo't babaha
Singapore
* Matubos nga lamang ang sa amang lupa
Unfortunately, Chief Justice Lionel, the Habang di ninilang panahong tadhana,
judge in Singapore denied the request. Sinta'y tatahimik, iidlip ang nasa.
 5. A letter of Carlos Oliver to an * It was decided that there was “prima
unidentified person, Sept. 18, 1891. facie” evidence against Rizal.
6. A Masonic document dated Feb. 9, 1892 * Governor General Ramon Blanco- appointed
7. A letter signed “Dimasalang” to Ten Luz Captain Rafael Dominguez as the Judge
(Juan Zulueta) dated May 24, 1892, H.K. Advocate to institute the corresponding
8. A letter signed Dimasalang to action against Rizal. * Don Nicolas de la Pena-
unidentified committee dated June 1, Judge
1892, Hong Kong. Advocate General, whom General Blanco
9. An anonymous and undated letter to transmitted the papers for an opinion.
Editor of Hong Kong Telegraph. ADVOCATE GENERAL PENA’S
10.A letter of Ildefonso Laurel to Rizal, RECOMMENDATIONS:
dated Sept.3,1892
* Rizal must be immediately sent to trial
11. A letter of Rizal Segundo, dated Sept. 17,
* He must be held in Prison under necessary
1893.
security
12.A letter to M.H. Del Pilar to Juan A.
* Instead of civilian lawyer, only an army
Tenluz.
officer is allowed to defend Rizal.
13.Atranscript of the speech of Pinkian
RIZAL’S DEFENDER
(Emilio Jacinto) In a meeting of the
Katipunan on July 23, 1893. * Rizal choose Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade
14.Transcript of a speech Tik-Tol ( Jose * 1st Lieutenant of the Artiillery, brother of
Turiano Santiago) During the same Jose Taviel de Andrade, the bodyguard
Katipunan meeting. of Rizal.
15.A poem by Laon Laan ( Rizal) entitled A RIZAL’S ARRAIGNCMENT
Talisay December 11, 1896
* Charged with the crime of rebellion, and

Oral testimonies were taken and were used to the formation of illegal associations.
implicate Rizal in the Philippine Revolution. Rizal replied that:
* He does not question the jurisdiction of

TESTIMONIAL EVIDENCES: the court

* He has nothing to amend except that during
1. Martin Constantino
his exile in Dapitan in 1892, he had not
2. Aguendo del Rosario`
dealt in political matters;
3. Jose Reyes * He has nothing to admit on the charges
4. Moises Salvador against him
5. Jose Dizon * He had nothing to admit on the declarations

6. Pio Valenzuela of the witnesses, he had not met nor

knew, against him.
7. Ambrosio Savador
8. Francisco Quison
While in Detention (Dec.13,1896)
9. Timoteo Paez * Rizal released a manifesto that he
10. Deodato Arellano denounces the revolution and condemned
11. Pedro Serrano Laktaw Katipunan for using his name without his
12. Antonio Salazar13. Domingo Franco permission.
December 15, 1896
 * Rizal wrote a manifesto to his people 2. He did not correspond with the
appealing to them to stop the radical, revolutionary elements.
unnecesarry shedding of blood and to 3. The revolutionists used his name
achieve their liberties by means of without his knowledge. If he were
education and industry. guilty he could have escaped in
Singapore.
THE TRIAL OF RIZAL 4. If he had a hand in the
* At Hall of Banners of the Cuartel de revolution , he could have escaped
España. in a Moro vinta and would not have
* Cuartel de Espana- military building. built a home, a hospital, and
* Seven Members of the Military Court : bought lands in Dapitan.
1. Lt. Col. Jose Togores Arjona (president) 5. If he were the chief of the
2. Capt. Ricardo Munoz Arias revolution, why was he not
3. Capt. Manuel Reguera consulted by the revolutionists
4. Capt. Santiago Izquierdo Osorio 6. It was true he wrote the bylaws
5. Capt. Braulio Rodriguez Nunez of the Liga-Filipina, but this is
6. Capt. Manuel Diaz Escribano only a civic association – not a
7. Capt. Fernando Perez Rodriguez revolutionary society.
7. The Liga Filipina did not live long.
* Also present in the courtroom were: 8. If the La Liga was reorganized
1. Dr. Jose Rizal (the accused) nine months later, he had no idea
3. Lt. Taviel de Andrade (his defense council) about it.
Capt. Rafael Dominguez (Judge Advocate) 9. If the La Liga had a revolutionary
4. Lt. Enrique de Alcocer purpose, then Katipunan should not
(prosecuting Attorney) have been organized.
* The Spectators 10.If the Spanish authorities found
his letters having bitter
1. Josephine Bracken
atmosphere, it was because in
2. a sister of Rizal
1890 his family was being
3. some newspapermen
persecuted resulting to their
4. many Spaniards dispossession of properties and
deportation of all his brothers- in-
* Prosecuting Attorney Alcocer- arose and law.
delivered a long and bitter speech 11. He lived an exemplary life in
summarizing the charges against Rizal Dapitan – the politico-military
and urged the court to give the verdict commanders and missionary
of death to the accused. The Spanish priests in the province could
spectators applauded noisily Alcocer’s attest to that.
petition for the sentence of death. 12.If according to witnesses the
In his supplementary defense Rizal further proved
speech he delivered at Doroteo
his innocence because:
Ongjunco's house had inspired the
1. He could not be guilty of rebellion, revolution, then he want to
for he advised Dr. Pio Valenzuela
confront these persons. If he
in Dapitan not to rise in revolution.
really was for the revolution, then
 why did the Katipunan sent an * A Mother’s Love, Teodora Alonzo’s letter
unfamiliar emissary to him in to Camillo Polavieja to Spare
Dapitan? It is so because all his Jose Rizal’s life
friends were aware that he never
advocated violence. An Excerpt From The Letter of
Teodora Alonzo
DEATH
* He was accused of 3 crimes:
rebellion, sedition, illegal
associations. “Most Excellent Sir, I beseech Your
* Penalty: Life imprisonment-death for
Excellency to design to commiserate with a
rebellion and sedition, correctional
imprisonment and a fine of 325 to 3250 poor mother, who in the supreme moment of
pesetas for illegal association. seeing her beloved son die, addresses
* The court judged Rizal guilty for the herself to Your Excellency in the name of
charges and voted for the death penalty our God, entreating you with tears of
December 28,1896- Governor General sorrow in her eyes and a broken heart to
Polavieja signed Rizal’s death warrant design to grant her unfortunate son pardon
* ordered to be shot at 7:am o’clock in
from the death penalty imposed upon him”
the morning at Bagumbayan.
Teodora Alonzo, Manila,
1896
RIZAL’S FINAL DAYS
December 29, 1896
* Rizal was transferred to the prison chapel
* Rizal’s sisters were allowed to pay him
* Fr. Miguel Saderra Mata, Rector of the
visits. He gave them his worldly
Ateneo Municipal and Fr. Luis Viza.
possessions:
* Fr. Viza brought the image of the Sacred
heart of Jesus 1. Narcisa – Wicker Chair
* Fr. Antonio Rosell- he ate breakfast with 2. Angelica, niece – Handkerchief
Rizal 3. Mauricio, nephew – Belt, watch,and chain
* Lt. Taviel de Andrade- also arrived and * Rizal gave an alcohol stove to Trinidad
Rizal thanked him for his gallan services which was a gift from Pardo de Tavera
* Rizal was visited by several priests and whispered to her in English “There is
including Fr. Faura, S.J. something inside” Mi ultimo Adios
* Fr. Balaguer- he remained with Rizal around * He also told her to look inside his shoes
noon after he is executed.
* At the three o’clock in the afternoon, Fr. * After his family left, Fathers Vilaclara and
Balaguer returned and tried to persuade Balaguer arrived again to convince Rizal
Rizal to retract his Masonic belief’s but to retract.
Rizal remained firm * By eight in the evening Fr. Balaguer
* After he left, Rizal’s mother arrived paid returned with Fr. Viza and again talked
her final visit to Rizal. She was with Rizal on Religious matters. At this
accompanied by her daughter point, they were joined by
Fiscal Gaspar Castano of the Royal
Trinidad.
Audiencia
 * At around 10:00, a draft of retraction die and it is better that I die now in the
arrived from Archbishop Bernandino plentitude of my conscience.
Nozaleda.
Dear parents and brothers: give thanks
* Another draft of retraction was made by
to God that I may preserve my
Fr. Pio Pi- the superior of the Jesuit
Mission in the Philippines. tranquility before my death. I die
* At 11:30, Rizal signed his retraction from resigned, hoping that with my death you
the Freemasonry and it was witnessed by will be left in peace. Ah! It is better to
Juan del Fresno- the Chief of the guard die than to live suffering.
detail and the Adjutant of the Plaza
Console yourselves. I enjoin you to
Elroy Moure.
forgive one another the little meanness
* After signing, Rizal had confession with Fr.
Vilaclara and rested afterwards. of life and try to live united in peace
* At 5;00 am, Rizal had his last breakfast, and good harmony. Treat your old
autographed his remaining books which parents as you would like to be treated
became his last souvenirs. by your children later. Love them very
* 5:30am- Josephine Bracken arrived together
much in my memory.
with Rizal’s sister with a tears in her eyes.
Bury me in the ground. Place a stone
* Fr. Balaguer- he performed the marriage rites
of Rizal and Josephine and a cross over it. My name, the date
* Rizal embraced his wife bade a farewell and of my birth and of my death. Nothing
gave a book “Imitacion de Cristo” by Thomas more. If later you wish to surround
Kempis which he autographed. my grave with a fence, you can do it.
* Afterwards, he wrote three
No anniversaries. I prefer Paang
farewell letters: to Parents, Dr. Blumentritt
Bundok.
and Paciano.
* RIZAL TOLD TO HIS FAMILY: Have pity on poor Josephine.”
1. To bury him in the ground 2. Place a
stone and cross over it. 29 December 1896
3. Put his name, the date of his birth and * (Last words to his brother Paciano) “How
his death sorry I am to leave you alone in
4. “if you wish to sorround my grave with bearing the whole weight of the
a fence, you may do so” family and our old parents”)
5. No anniversaries and he prefer in * More than 5 years without any
paang bundok communication “ knowing each other so
well, we had no need of words to
* Jose Rizal bids his family farewell understand each other.”
* "It is better to die than to live suffering" — * Rizal’s last words are dedicated to Paciano.
How he wishes to be buried. * Acknowledging Paciano’s efforts to enable
* The letter bears no date. him to have a career “I know that you
* To my family, have suffered much because of me…”
“I ask you for forgiveness for the pain I * The last favor was to ask his forgiveness
cause you, but some day I shall have to from their father. * Rizal also wrote his last
letter to Ferdinand Blumentritt which read:.
 “My dear Brother, when you receive this 11 days
letter, I shall be dead by then. Tomorrow * a dog (mascot) ran around the lifeless body
at seven, I shall be shot; but I am of Rizal, whining.
innocent of the crime of rebellion. I am * At the time when the Spain’s squad killed
going to die with a tranquil conscience. Rizal, the Spaniards – residents, friars
Adieu, my best, my dearest friend, and (Jesuits not included), corrupt officials
never think ill of me!” exulted with the sadistic joy.
* The Spanish spectators shouted “Viva
* Fort Santiago, 29 December 1896José
Espaňa!” “Muerte a los Traidores”,
Rizal. Regards to the whole family, to * (Long Live Spain! “Death to the
Sra. Rosa, Loleng, Traitors!”) and the Spanish Military Band,
Conradito, and Federico. played Marcha de Cadiz.
* I leave a book for you as my remembrance. * The previous evening (December 29), Doña
* At around 6:30, Rizal was taken from cell and Teodora had gone from one official to
the march to Bagumbayan another, begging to be given her son’s
began body after the execution.
* Rizal, dressed in a black suit with white * The family of Dr. Jose Rizal tried to retrieve
vest the his body but it was kept from them. They
* Holding a rosary in his right hand, Rizal was tried in vain to look for every cemetery they
tied at the elbows as his group walked could think of, while some members pleaded for
behind four advance guards armed with the authorities to disclose to them the burial
bayonets. site. They were met with a shrug. * That Rizal
* A colonel took Rizal to site of his execution was buried at Paco Cemetery without a
* Rizal had requested the firing squad to coffin and unmarked grave, even his hat was
spare his head which was granted.
taken
* Rizal refused to be blindfolded and
* Rizal’s sister, Narcisa, searched suburban
insisted on facing his executioners, but
graveyards for where Jose Rizal was
this was denied.
buried. She eventually discovered that
* Dr. Felipe Ruiz Castillo, who took Rizal’s
he was buried in Paco Park. She marked
vital signs and pulse rate before the
the plot with the letters R.P.J. (Rizal’s
execution, was amazed to find that the
initials in reverse)
national hero was calm and unafraid.
* After Rizal execution, Josephine
* Upon hearing the squad commander’s shout
of “Fuego (Fire),” Rizal turned to face accompanied by Paciano and Trinidad
the firing squad. Rizal entered rebel territory in Cavite.
* Rizal fell face up and was able to see the They were received by Andres Bonifacio
dawn breaking before he uttered in his who received from the Rizals a copy of
final breath: the hero’s last poem which would be
“CONSUMMATUM EST!” known as the Mi Ultimo Adios.
(IT IS FINISHED) * Josephine stayed with the
Katipuneros until May 1897. Around
AFTER RIZAL’S EXECUTION February Josephine wrote a short
* Rizal died on December 30, 1896 at the of recollection of her life from her birth up
aged 35 years, five months and to her marriage with Rizal. It showed
 her sad experiences after the death of * She explained that the family had never been
her mother, and as an adopted daughter patriotic for money, but if the government
who had problems with Mr. Taufer’s had extra funds, it would do well to lighten
wives. Taufer had married twice after the taxes on the Filipino people.
the death of his first wife. After the * By his writings, which awakened Filipino
part she wrote after the death of Rizal, nationalism and paved the for the Philippine
Josephine cryptically ended her Revolution, he proved that “pen is mightier
narration: “Good bye Father I am dead.” than the sword”.
* Josephine did not die after writing her
recollections. After the insurgent AFTERMATH OF A HERO- MARTY’S DEATH
stronghold at San Francisco de Malabon fell
to the Spaniards on April 6, 1897 she was RIZAL’S RE-INTERMENT
moved to Naic and on to Maragondon the * The remains of Rizal, after exhumation on
following month. While escaping from the August 17, 1898, were kept in the Rizal
Spanish army she walked barefooted or was family house in Binondo until they were
carried by a carabao. She reached Laguna brought to their final resting place in
where Venancio Cueto, a Katipunan leader Luneta.
sneaked her into Manila and from there * On December 30, 2012, the nation will
Josephine sailed back to Hong Kong. commemorate the centennial of the re-
* Following Rizal's death, Bracken promptly
interment of Rizal’s remains in Rizal Park.
joined revolutionary forces in Cavite
A hundred years ago, on December 30,
province, where she took care of sick and
1912, Jose Rizal’s remains were
wounded soldiers, boosting their morale,
transferred from his family’s custody to
and helping operate reloading jigs for
Mauser cartridges at the Imus Arsenal the base of the monument during which, a
under revolutionary general Pantaleón ceremony was conducted.
García. *A year after the transfer, Rizal’s monument
* Josephine remarried in Hong Kong to another was unveiled. This was the 17th
Filipino named Vicente Abad on December 15, anniversary of his death.
1898. They had a daughter named Dolores. * On December 20, 1898, almost two years
While in Hong Kong, Josephine contracted after Rizal's execution, Gen.
tuberculosis. She died on March 15, 1902
Emilio Aguinaldo issued the first official
and was buried at the Happy
Proclamation making
Valley Cemetery. Her grave remains unknown
December 30 “Rizal Day”.
today since the cemetery has been converted * In 1901 under the country’s first
into a racetrack
* In 1911, at the age of 83, Doña Aurora American civil governor, William Howard
witnessed the dedication of the Rizal Taft, Rizal acquired the official title of
Monument to her son. A week later, she died. Philippine National Hero
* Today, Doña Teodora’s remains rest in the Rizal
Shrine in Calamba, in a corner that is just as * It was also during the American times
unassuming as her life. When the American that Rizal’s death anniversary was made
government offered her a lifetime of pension an official holiday.
as a sign of gratitude, she courteously RIZAL MONUMENT
refused. * Location : Rizal Park, Manila
 * Designer : Richard Kissling * Rizal is a secondary source of the
* Type : Mausoleum book due to his Annotations What is Las
* Material : Granite
* Islas Filipinas?
Height : 12.7 metres (42 ft)
* Beginning date : 1908 * The Philippines was named in honor of King
* Completion date : 1913 Philip II of Spain.
* Opening date : December 30, 1913
* Dedicated to : The memory of José What is Sucesos?
Rizal, patriot and martyr
* Events, happenings, occurrence
June 12, 1956 - REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1425 was
The Sucesos is the work of an honest
approved that also known as Rizal's Law
observer, a versatile bureaucrat, who
by Claro Mayo Recto, sponsored by Jose P.
knew of the workings of the
Laurel
administration from the inside.

Annotation of Antonio Morga's RIZAL’s Objectives:

Sucesos de Las Islas Filipinas 1. To awaken the consciousness of the
Filipinos regarding their glorious ways of
The Book: Sucesos De Las Islas Filipinas the past.

* An account of Spanish observations about 2. To correct what has been distorted

the Filipinos and the Philippines. about the Philippines due to Spanish
conquest.
Background info./important info. about 3. To prove that Filipinos are civilized even
Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas before the coming of the Spaniards.

* Dr. Antonio De Morga – Blumentritt’s Influence on Rizal

author/Spanish lawyer and official in the
Philippines during the 17th century Ferdinand Blumentritt has encouraged Rizal to
write about the Philippines’ pre-colonial History.
* One of the first books ever to tackle
Philippine History ON RIZAL’S ANNOTATION
* Book that describes the events inside and
outside of the country from 1493 to The First Objective
1603, including history of the Philippines * The Early Filipino Pride
* Consist of 8 chapters * Rizal strove to establish that the Filipinos
* Discuss the political, social, and economical could be proud of their preconquest past
aspects of a colonizer and the colonized The Second Objective
country * History as a Propaganda Weapon
* The content of the book is based on * Rizal aimed to use history as a propaganda
documentary research, observation weapon
and personal experience of Morga EARLY GOVERNMENT
Our forefathers in the pre-colonial Philippines
already possessed a working judicial and
legislative system.
HIGH LITERACY RATE RIZAL’S 3 PROPOSITIONS
1. The people of the Philippines have
The Spanish missionaries exploited the baybayin
a culture on their own, before the
for their own ends, learning and using it to
coming of the Spaniards
translate goals.
2. Filipinos were decimated,
EARLY ARTILLERY
demoralized, exploited, and ruined
Our ancestors were very proficient in the art of
by the Spanish colonization
war. Aside from wielding swords and spears,
3. The present state of the
they also knew how to make and fire guns and
Philippines was not necessarily
cannons.
superior to its past
SMOOTH FOREIGN RELATIONS
JOSE RIZAL as Philippines’ National Hero
The pre-colonial Filipinos had already
* Rizal gave us freedom by using goodness
established trading and diplomatic relations
with countries as far away as the * Jose Rizal became the Philippines’ National
Hero because he fought for freedom in a
Middle East
silent but powerful way * He expressed his
SELF-SUFFICIENT
love for the
In terms of food, our forefathers did not
Philippines through his novels, essays
suffer from any lack thereof. Blessed with such
and articles rather than through the use of
a resource-rich country, they had enough for
themselves and their families. force or aggression. “To foretell the destiny
of a nation, it is necessary to open the
ADVANCED CIVILIZATION
books that tell of her past.”
Our ancestors possessed a complex working
society and a culture replete with works of arts - Rizal
and literature.
IMPORTANT POINTS: Importance of Rizal’s Annotations to the
* Sucesos De Las Islas Filipinas is the first present generation:
book to tackle the Philippine History * To awaken in the Filipinos the
* The book discusses the political, social, consciousness of our past
and economical aspects of a colonizer * To devote ourselves to studying the future
and the colonized country * To first lay bare the past, in order to
* The book that describes the events inside better judge the present and to survey
and outside of the country from 1493 to the road trodden during three centuries
1603, including history of the Philippines * To prove Filipinos had a culture of their
* The pre-colonial Philippines already own, prior to colonization, that the
possessed a working judicial and Filipinos were NOT inferior to the white
legislative system man
Spanish missionaries put an end to the * To shatter the myth of the so-called
baybayin written system of the “Indolence of the Filipinos”
Philippines to translate their goals. * To reduce those Filipinos who denied their
* Our ancestors possessed a complex working native tongue into rotten fish
society and a culture filled with arts and * To seriously study Tagalog and produce a
literature. comprehensive Tagalog dictionary
To embrace the generic term “Indio,” or in requires all schools in the Philippines to
today’s case, Filipino, with all its negative teach
connotations, and turn it into one of dignity and
nobility. Power- struggles for power and abuses of power
comprise the majority of the conflicts in Noli
Me Tángere.
Radicalism vs. incrementalismThough both
Ibarra and Elías are in favor of significant
changes to Philippine society, they disagree
NOLI ME TANGERE about the best means to achieve these
About Noli Me Tangere changes.
Education-In Noli Me Tángere, education is
portrayed as an important means of fighting
* known in English as Touch Me Not (a literal oppression. Despite his mestizo heritage,
translation of the Latin title) or The Social Ibarra is able to become a prominent,
Cancer, is often considered the greatest respected member of the community because
novel of the Philippines, along with its sequel, of the education he obtains in Europe, which
El filibusterismo. allows him to create new opportunities for
It was originally written in Spanish but is more the next generation of Filipino youth by
often read in either Tagalog or English in creating a school for them.
classrooms today. Family and honor- Family is extremely
After reading Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle important in Noli Me Tángere. After his
Tom’s Cabin, which influenced many white father’s death, Ibarra must decide how best
Americans to oppose slavery, Rizal wanted to to honor his legacy, setting out to build a
write a similar novel about Philippine society. school that his father would have loved.
Ibarra, the hero of the novel, is a mestizo, a Sacrifice- early in the novel, Ibarra declares
term generally used throughout the Spanish- that every country’s prosperity, or lack
speaking world to describe people of mixed thereof, is proportionate to its freedoms and
Spanish and indigenous heritage. In the the sacrifices of its ancestors, an idea that
Philippines, the term specifically refers to Father Damaso dismisses as obvious.
people of Filipino and other, typically Spanish
or sometimes Chinese, descent. (Rizal himself Religion- takes many forms in Noli Me Tángere.
had Most obviously, Catholicism is visible in the
Spanish, Chinese, Japanese, and organized system of the church and its
Filipino heritage.) hierarchy
Finished in 1887, the novel was quickly banned
by Spanish authorities in the Philippines, but
it was smuggled into the country often. In THEMES
the more-thana-century since its original
publication, Noli Me Tángere has become a
classic. In 1956, the Philippines’ Congress * Privilege- Throughout Noli Me
passed a law known as the Rizal Law, which Tángere, Ibarra’s allies, such as Elías and
Tasio, point to his relative privilege as a
 wealthy man with Spanish (as well as Maria Clara
Filipino) heritage in the colonial * A woman of high social standing, she is
Philippines as an obstacle to him truly thought to be the daughter of Capitan
understanding the pain of the Filipino Tiago and goddaughter of Father
people. Dámaso. She is actually the biological
daughter of Father Dámaso, the product
* Isolation- All the characters in Noli Me of a scandalous relationship between the
Tángere are physically isolated from the old priest and Capitan Tiago’s wife. María
seat of the Spanish empire in Spain, living Clara grew up alongside Ibarra and
far away in the colonial Philippines. planned to marry him, but Father Dámaso
disapproved of the union. After Ibarra is
* Revenge- Over the course of the novel,
excommunicated from the church, her
Rizal shows revenge to be a deeply
guardians set her up to be wed to
flawed source of motivation, though it
Linares, a wealthy young man of Spanish
can be an understandable one.
descent, and she tries to go along with
the plan to avoid hurting her father, the
CHARACTERS
weak-willed Capitan Tiago. When Ibarra
Juan Crisóstomo Ibarra y Magsalin
is put on trial for sedition, she is coerced
(Ibarra)
into surrendering the letters Ibarra has
* A wealthy young mestizo who has just sent her as evidence of his guilt.
returned to the Philippines after seven Ultimately, when she hears of Ibarra's
years of studying in Europe, Ibarra is apparent death, she refuses to marry
sophisticated, highly esteemed, and very Linares and joins a convent.
idealistic. The priests of San Diego all
view him with great wariness on account Father Damaso
of his highly liberal education and * Father Dámaso is an old, powerhungry, and
connections. His father, the equally shamelessly corrupt Spanish priest who
idealistic Don Rafael, was labeled a has lived among the native Filipinos for
subversive and a heretic by the corrupt nearly two decades. In spite of having
priesthood and incarcerated, ultimately spent all that time among them, the years
leading to his death. Ibarra hopes to have done nothing to endear him or
create a school in San Diego in order to develop
carry out his father's dreams and ideals, any sympathy in him for his “flock.” He is
but he becomes entangled in conflicts deeply racist, as well as petty and
with the church and is forced to flee San vindictive, and he thinks nothing of using
Diego as a result of a conspiracy led by his considerable influence to ruin the
the scheming Father Salví. In contrast to lives of those who have slighted him,
his more radical friend Elías, Ibarra regardless of how small the offense is.
generally wants to work within systems to He masterminded the death of Don
reform the Philippines, rather than Rafael Ibarra, then brazenly taunted the
overthrow them, but he shifts towards younger Ibarra. After he publically
Elías's beliefs as the novel progresses. insults Ibarra's father, Ibarra attacks
him and he excommunicates Ibarra from
the church. He is also the godfather
 (and, in fact, the biological father) of and shamelessly joins in others' racist
María Clara, giving him influence over her insults against his own people. His
relationship with Ibarra. primary concern is to marry off his
daughter, María Clara, to an affluent man
Elias from an influential family. This is one of
* A mysterious character, Elías is a man on the main reasons that he is quick to toss
the run from the law who resents both aside his loyalties to Ibarra when he is
the Spanish colonial government and the labeled a subversive. His predilection for
Catholic Church, despite his strong advantageous social pairings makes him
religious convictions. He crosses paths quick to assent to Linares as a potential
with the more temperate Ibarra when new match for his daughter.
Ibarra bravely saves him from a
crocodile. Elías uncovers a plot against
Doña Consolación
Ibarra's life and works closely with him
* The pugnacious wife of Alferez (The
throughout the second half of the novel.
Ensign), Doña Consolación is an older
He and Ibarra have several long
Filipina woman who is ashamed of her
conversations regarding the ethics of
heritage and pretends to be unable to
politics and governance, with Elias taking
speak Tagalog, her own native language.
a more revolutionary stance.
She fights with her husband frequently
and makes many of her husband's
Father Salvi
decisions for him. Despite being
* A younger, more cunning Spanish priest
described as very ugly, she is proud and
who assumes control over Father
demands respect from others.
Damaso’s post as friar curate of San
Alferez (The Ensign)
Diego. He is in many regards more
* The nameless head of the Civil Guard of
dangerous that his precursor as he is a
the township of San Diego. A man of
more gifted strategist who uses his
Spanish descent, he is in a constant
religious role for political influence as
bitter feud with Father Salví to gain
well as personal
power in the town. He imposes curfews
vendettas. He frequently fights with the
that make it all but impossible for the
town's ensign for power. His most
citizens of San Diego to attend mass at
significant role in the novel comes
the proper schedule. He drinks
through his plot to ruin Ibarra, who is
excessively and is married to Doña
engaged to María Clara, who he is in love
Consolación, who he frequently fights
with.
with.

Captain Tiago (Don Santiago de los

Don Rafael Ibarra
Santos)
*Crisóstomo Ibarra’s father is posthumously
* Capitan Tiago is a rarity in that he is a mentioned in the novel. A critic of the
wealthy Filipino who is native-born. He corrupt practices of the Spanish friars,
keeps close ties with high-ranking he earns the ire of the vitriolic Father
members of the Catholic Church, despite Dámaso, who accuses him of sedition and
actually having no respect for religion, heresy. He dies in prison before his name
 can be cleared. His remains are buried in Doctor Tiburcio de Espadaña
the Catholic cemetery in the town of San * A fraud and a hustler, the Spaniard who
Diego, but Father Dámaso hires a calls himself Doctor Tiburcio de
gravedigger to disinter his body to have Espadaña was actually a customs officer
him buried at the Chinese cemetery who was dismissed from his post shortly
because of his status as a heretic. after arriving in the Philippines. Despite
Crispín having no medical experience, he travels
* A young boy studying to be a church the countryside posing as a doctor,
caretaker, Crispín and his brother Basilio charging extortionate fees for his
work ceaselessly to send support money socalled services after his wife
to their beleaguered mother, Sisa. encourages him to pretend to be a
Crispín is blamed for stealing money from doctor. His patients eventually catch
the church coffers by the head sexton wind of his schemes and he is forced to
and is kept a virtual prisoner until the relocate to another area where he is all
debt is paid. On the night that he and his but unknown. He finds his way to San
brother were to visit their mother, the Diego, where he resumes his fake medical
head sexton keeps them until the curfew, practice.
effectively barring the brothers from La Doctora Victorina de los Reyes de
travelling. The head sexton beats him and Espadaña
he is never seen again afterward,
* A brazen and determined Filipina social
presumably dying at the hands of the
climber, Doña Victorina is the spouse of
cruel head sexton, though another church
the counterfeit doctor, Tiburcio de
official claims he escaped.
Espadaña. She is well past her prime and
relies on garish makeup to carry on a
Basilio
façade of youth. She eagerly tries to
* Basilio is Crispín's older brother. Like his
marry off her nephew to María Clara,
younger brother, he works as a sexton.
likely as a means to further advance her
Basilio makes a desperate run for their
social status.
home the night Crispín is dragged away
and attempts to locate his younger
Lt. Guevara
brother the day after, but his search
efforts are fruitless. The following day,
* A morally upright man of Spanish descent
the Civil Guard comes looking for him and
who holds both Crisóstomo Ibarra and
his brother. Fearing for his life, he runs
the late Don Rafael in high esteem, he is
to the forest where he goes into hiding,
also the lieutenant of the Civil Guard. He
living with kind family until Christmas
is one of the few who openly support the
Eve. When he finally locates Sisa, he
Ibarras and is vocal about his dislike of
learns that she has gone mad from grief
Father Dámaso’s control. He informs
and is thus unable to identify him as her
Crisóstomo Ibarra of the fate of his
son. He follows her to the forest, where
father and how Father Damaso was
she regains her wits temporarily and then
involved in his death.
dies from the shock.
Linares * An assassin tasked to kill the younger
* Dr. de Espadaña’s nephew, a respectable Ibarra, his plot to murder the young man
young Spanish man. Like his uncle, he has is thwarted by the cunning Elias. He is
forged credentials and hopes to climb given this moniker for his permanently
through the social ranks. sallow, jaundiced complexion.
Sisa
The Schoolmaster
* A teacher that Don Rafael housed, thus * The long-suffering mother of sextons-in-
allowing him to suitably attend to the training Crispin and Basilio, she goes mad
task of instructing students; he informs upon the loss of her sons. Impoverished
Crisóstomo Ibarra of the sorry state of and married to a violent drunkard, she is
education of San Diego since the passing allied only with her sons. She wanders
of his father. The friars closely watch the town, clothes tattered and hair
the material being taught in the school, disheveled, calling out for her sons. When
forbidding him from teaching Spanish. she actually does meet Basilio, she cannot
The schoolmaster is grateful to the recognize him.
Ibarra family, but he is not hopeful that
Father Sibyla
he’ll make headway in getting any lasting
educational reforms to happen. * A priest serving in the Binondo district in
the city of Manila, Father Sibyla serves
Don Filipo (Filipo Lino) as a foil to the otherwise largely corrupt
* Don Filipo Lino is a representative of the Father Dámaso and the perverse Father
younger, less religiously shackled Salví as he is rational and calm. Father
generation of movers and shakers in San Sibyla is an adept and shrewd orator who
Diego, and he also serves as the vice takes obvious delight in antagonizing the
mayor of the town. He despises the idea pompous Father Dámaso at Ibarra’s
of spending lavish amounts of money on return party.
the numerous feast days that mark the
religious calendar, seeing it as both Aunt Isabel
wasteful and burdensome to the citizens.
His words, however, fall on deaf ears as * A cousin of Capitan Tiago who raised Maria
he is only deputy mayor, and the mayor Clara as her own child after her mother’s
himself is a dedicated follower of the untimely death.
Catholic church and the de facto
Old Tasio (Don Anastasio)
mouthpiece of the friars.
* An old man who previously studied
The Mayor philosophy and is believed to be crazy by
* Nothing more than a marionette of the most of the community. He respects
Catholic priesthood, the unnamed mayor Ibarra and gives him valuable advice, and
of San Diego is very conservative and also helped Ibarra's father before him.
bows down to the religious officials of SUMMARY
the town.
Juan Crisóstomo Ibarra y Magsalin, commonly
The Yellow Man
referred to as Ibarra, has been studying in
Europe for the past seven years, though he is a he protests, Crispín is severely beaten, while
mestizo Filipino. As he arrives back in the Basilio escapes. He returns the next day to look
Philippines, his friend, a prominent man named for his brother, but can't find him. Sisa looks
Captain Tiago, hosts a reunion dinner. Ibarra for both her sons, losing her mind as she
had been in Europe for such a long time that he wanders the area in search of them.
doesn’t know what has been going on in the
country. At dinner, Father Dámaso, who Ibarra Ibarra goes to his father’s grave, seeking
thought was friends with his father, treats him peace. He is shocked to discover that his
badly, which surprises Ibarra. father’s corpse was removed and supposedly put
into a Chinese cemetery at the order of the
As Ibarra is walking home from the dinner, town's curate—Father Dámaso.
another family friend, Señor Guevara, follows
him and tells him that Ibarra’s father died in During the town's festivities, Ibarra and
prison after a campaign of slander against him, the officials plan to celebrate the new school,
and that Father Damaso had a hand in his death. hoping to bless it after a sermon by Father
Father Dámaso had accused the elder Ibarra of Dámaso. During the sermon, a mysterious man
not going to confession, and after Rafael Ibarra named Elias approaches Ibarra, warning him of a
inadvertently killed a man who beat a young boy, plot to kill him. Elías had been the boatman on an
he was imprisoned and attacked with accusations earlier excursion Ibarra took with friends, but
of subversion and heresy. Guevara tried to clear after the excursion, Ibarra discovered he was a
his name, but he died in prison before he could wanted fugitive.
be freed. The younger Ibarra is shocked, but That night, Father Dámaso invites
unsure of what to do. He goes to visit his old himself to a dinner Ibarra is hosting. He insults
lover, Maria Clara, but as Maria mentions both indigenous Filipinos and Ibarra’s father
Ibarra’s family, Ibarra is put off. specifically. He punches Father Dámaso, but
before he can kill him, he is stopped by María
Clara.
Instead of seeking revenge, Ibarra tries
Ibarra is excommunicated, and Maria
to follow his father’s footsteps of peace. After
Clara falls ill, then is reengaged to a new man
meeting with a schoolmaster who knew his
after her spineless father calls off her wedding
father, he plans on establishing a public school
to Ibarra. Meanwhile, the Captain General, the
to help his hometown. Yet the schoolmaster
highest Spanish official in the novel, manages to
warns him that Father Dámaso meddles in the
lift Ibarra's excommunication, angering the
school system, preventing students from
clergy. Ibarra continues working on the school,
learning Spanish and demanding that he beat the
and Father Salvi, who is in love with María Clara,
students.
plots with Lucas, the brother of a man killed by
Ibarra pitches the idea of the school to town
the plot intended to kill Ibarra at the festival,
officials, pretending that he wants to work with
to frame Ibarra for a rebellion, organizing
them on it, and they agree.
people with grievances against the colonial
Meanwhile, two young boys, Crispin and government and telling them that Ibarra is
Basilio, work as sextons to support their leading the revolt. Right before the attack
impoverished mother, Sisa, who is abused by happens, Father Salvi warns everyone, claiming
their father. When Crispín is falsely accused of someone told him about it in confession.
theft, the brothers must work even more. When
 Ibarra is thrown into prison, having been * El Filibusterismo’ is Jose Rizal’s second
found guilty based on a letter he wrote to María novel written as the sequel of his Noli Me
Clara before leaving for Europe years ago. Tangere’. Commonly
Again, Elías rescues him, breaking him out of nicknamed ‘El Fili’ or simply ‘Fili’,
prison and taking him to María Clara. She * It was written also in Spanish. And its
explains that she gave Father Salvi the letter commonly known English alternative title
that led to Ibarra being found guilty because he is ‘The Reign of Greed’.
blackmailed her: he knew that her real father is
Father Dámaso, and threatened to reveal this The Writing And Printing Of Fili
information. She apologizes to Ibarra,
profoundly sorry. * Rizal started writing El Filibusterismo in
October 1887 in Calamba during his first
Elías and Ibarra row away, but they homecoming. The novel was thus written
quickly realize they're being followed by against the background of threats and
another boat, which will soon catch up. Elías oppressions he and his family suffered
jumps off the boat to confuse their pursuers, because of the Noli and the so-called
who think he is Ibarra and try to shoot him Calamba agrarian trouble.
while the real Ibarra escapes. They appear to * He continued working on it, making some
kill him, but they never see his body. revisions, in London in 1888.
María Clara tells Father Dámaso that she Rizal then went on to write the novel in Paris,
can't marry Linares, the man she is now engaged
and then in Brussels where distractions were
to, and threatens to commit suicide if she is not
less and the cost of living was cheaper. Being
allowed to enter a convent. Because a newspaper
able to focus on finishing the book, Rizal had
reported Ibarra is dead, she cannot bear the
finally completed it by March 29, 1891 in
thought of being married to another man.
Father Dámaso reluctantly agrees. Biarritz.
* Jose Alejandrino, Rizal’s roommate in Belgium
On Christmas Eve, Basilio wanders away related that he was the one who canvassed
from the cabin where he's been staying with an printing press for El Fili. He delivered proofs
adoptive family and looks for Sisa, his mother. and revisions to F. Meyer van Loo in Ghent.
He finds her, but she doesn't recognize him and For his assistance, Rizal gave him the El Fili’s
runs away. Finally, he catches her and faints, corrected proofs and the pen used in doing
and she dies of shock, having finally recognized the corrections. Unluckily, these historical
him. Elías appears, telling Basilio that he is souvenirs were either lost or destroyed
about to die, and asks Basilio to put his body during the revolution (Ocampo, p. 111).
with Sisa's on a funeral pyre. "I die without * Alejandrino, who later became a general in
seeing dawn’s light shining on my country… You, the Philippine revolution, may have been the
who will see it, welcome it for me…don’t forget first person to read the novel aside from
those who fell during the night time," he says.
the author. However, the honor of being
called ‘the savior of the Fili’ had gone to
EL FILIBUSTERISMO Valentin Ventura—Rizal’s friend who
partially financed the novel’s publication.
History
(Ventura’s steal of the title, one may argue,
 is another classic elucidation of the Fili manuscript from Ventura for a large
expression, sum of 10,000
“That’s what money can do.”) pesos (Zaide, p. 194). It is now being kept
* Initially, Rizal financed El Fili’s printing by in the National Library.
pawning his properties. In a letter to Jose
CHARACTERS
Basa dated July 9, 1891, he related: “For
the past three months I have not SIMOUN
* Crisóstomo Ibarra in disguise, presumed dead
received a single centavo, so I have
at the end of Noli Me Tángere. Ibarra has
pawned all that I have in order to publish returned as the wealthy jeweler Simoun. His
this book. I appearance is described as being tanned,
will continue publishing it as long as I having a sparse beard, long white hair, and
large blue-tinted glasses.
can; and when there is nothing to pawn
I will stop"
* Rizal’s next letter to Basa carried the sad * He was sometimes crude and confrontational.
news that the printing had to be He was derisively described by Custodio and
suspended for lack of funds, and it was Ben-Zayb as an American mulatto or a British
at this point where Valentin Ventura Indian. While presenting as the arrogant
came into the picture. Having known elitist on the outside, he secretly plans a
Rizal’s predicament, Ventura offered him violent revolution in order to avenge himself
financial help. In hindsight, we can for his misfortunes as Crisóstomo Ibarra, as
assume that Ventura was bothered by his well as hasten Elias' reformist goals.
conscience, hence his generous monetary
assistance for Rizal’s novel. Remember
that Ventura was one of the Filipinos who BASILIO
promised to co-author Rizal’s proposed * He son of Sisa and another character from
first book but ended up contributing Noli Me Tángere. In the events of El fili, he
nothing. is an aspiring and so far successful physician
* But even with Ventura’s help, Rizal found it on his last year at university and was waiting
necessary to fundamentally shorten the for his license to be released upon his
novel, erasing 47 whole pages from the graduation.
279-page manuscript to save expenses
* After his mother's death in the Noli, He
(Ocampo, p. 111). Thus, the printed El Fili,
which came off the press by the middle applied as a servant in Kapitán Tiago's
of September, 1891, turned out household in exchange for food, lodging, and

comprising only 38 chapters compared to being allowed to study. Eventually he took up

the 64 of the Noli—contrary to his medicine, and with Tiago having retired from
society, he also became the manager of
original plan to make a longer sequel.·
Tiago's vast estate. He is a quiet,
* For Ventura’s salvific act, Rizal gave him
contemplative man who is more aware of his
the novel’s original manuscript, a pen, and
immediate duties as a servant, doctor, and
an autographed printed copy. In 1925,
member of the student association than he is
the Philippine government bought the El
of politics or patriotic endeavors.
 * His sweetheart is Juli, the daughter of * When the 1872 Cavite mutiny broke out, he
Kabesang Tales whose family took him in when promptly resigned from the priesthood,
he was a young boy fleeing the Guardia Civil fearful of drawing unwanted attention. He
and his deranged mother. was an indio and a secular, or a priest that
was unaffiliated with the orders, and yet his
ISAGANI parish drew in a huge income. He retired to
his family's large estate along the shores of
* Basilio's friend. He is described as a poet, taller
the Pacific.
and more robust than Basilio although
younger. He is the nephew of Padre
* He is described as white-haired, with a
Florentino, but is also rumored to be
Florentino's son with his old sweetheart quiet, serene personality and a strong build.
before he was ordained as a priest. He did not smoke or drink. He was well
* During the events of the novel, Isagani is respected by his peers, even by Spanish
finishing his studies at the Ateneo Municipal friars and officials.
and is planning to take medicine.
FATHER FERNANDEZ
A member of the student association, Isagani * a Dominican who was a friend of Isagani.
is proud and naive, and tends to put himself
Following the incident with the posters, he
on the spot when his ideals are affronted.
invited Isagani to a dialogue, not so much as a
* His unrestrained idealism and poeticism clash teacher with his student but as a friar with a
with the more practical and mundane Filipino.
concerns of his girlfriend, Paulita Gomez.
When Isagani allows himself to be arrested * Although they failed to resolve their
after their association is outlawed, Paulita differences, they each promised to approach
leaves him for Juanito Peláez. In his final their colleagues with the opposing views from
mention in the novel, he was bidding goodbye the other party – although both feared that
to his landlords, the Orenda family, to stay given the animosity that existed between
with Florentino permanently. their sides, their own compatriots may not
believe in the other party's existence.
FATHER FLORENTINO
KAPITAN TIAGO
* Isagani's uncle and a retired priest. Florentino * Don Santiago de los Santos. María Clara's
was the son of a wealthy and influential stepfather. Having several landholdings in
Manila family. He entered the priesthood at Pampanga, Binondo, and Laguna, as well as
the insistence of his mother. As a result he taking ownership of the Ibarras' vast estate,
had to break an affair with a woman he loved, Tiago still fell into depression following
and in María's entry into the convent.
despair devoted himself instead to his parish.
* He alleviated this by smoking opium, which
quickly became an uncontrolled
vice, exacerbated by his association with
Padre Írene who regularly supplied him with
the substance. Tiago hired Basilio as a
capista, a servant who given the opportunity
to study as part of his wages; Basilio
eventually pursued medicine and became his
 caregiver and the manager of his estate. coerced Quiroga into hiding weapons inside
Tiago died of shock upon hearing of Basilio's the latter's warehouses in preparation for
arrest and Padre Írene's embellished stories the revolution.
of violent revolt.
DON CUSTODIO
CAPTAIN GENERAL
* Custodio de Salazar y Sánchez de
* the highest-ranking official in the Philippines Monteredondo, a famous "contractor" who
during the Spanish colonial period. The was tasked by the Captain-General to develop
Captain-General in El fili is Simoun's friend the students association's proposal for an
and confidant, and is described as having an academy for the teaching of Spanish, but was
insatiable lust for gold. Simoun met him when then also under pressure from the priests not
he was still a major during the Ten Years' to compromise their prerogatives as
War in Cuba. monopolizers of instruction. Some of the
* He secured the major's friendship and novel's most scathing criticism is reserved
promotion to Captain-General through bribes. for Custodio, who is portrayed as an
When he was posted in the Philippines, opportunist who married his way into high
Simoun used him as a pawn in his own power society, who regularly criticized favored
plays to drive the country into revolution. ideas that did not come from him, but was
* The Captain-General was shamed into not ultimately, laughably incompetent in spite of
extending his tenure after being rebuked by his scruples.
a high official in the aftermath of Basilio's
BEN-ZAYB
imprisonment. This decision to retire would
later on prove to be a crucial element to * A columnist for the Manila Spanish newspaper El
Simoun's schemes. Grito de la Integridad. BenZayb is his pen
name and is an anagram of
FATHER BERNARDO SALVÍ
Ybanez, an alternate spelling of his last
* the former parish priest of San Diego in Noli name Ibañez. His first name is not mentioned.
Me Tángere, and now the director and * Ben-Zayb is said to have the looks of a friar,
chaplain of the Santa Clara convent. The who believes that in Manila they think
epilogue of the Noli implies that Salví because he thinks. He is deeply patriotic,
regularly rapes María Clara when he is sometimes to the point of jingoism.
present at the convent. In El fili, he is * As a journalist he has no qualms embellishing a
described as her confessor. In spite of story, conflating and butchering details,
reports of Ibarra's death, Salví believes that turning phrases over and over, making a
he is still alive and lives in constant fear of mundane story sound better than it actually
his revenge. is. Father Camorra derisively calls him an ink-
slinger.
FATHER MILLON
FATHER CAMORRA
* a Dominican who serves as a physics professor
in the University of Santo Tomas. * The parish priest of Tiani. Ben-Zayb's regular
foil, he is said to look like an artilleryman in
QUIROGA
counterpoint to BenZayb's friar looks. He
stops at nothing to mock and humiliate Ben-
* a Chinese businessman who aspired to be a
Zayb's liberal pretensions. In his own parish,
consul for China in the Philippines. Simoun
 * Camorra has a reputation for unrestrained Placido has become one of Simoun's
lustfulness. He drives Juli into suicide after committed followers. He is later
attempting to rape her inside the convent. seen with the former schoolmaster of San
For his misbehavior he was "detained" in a Diego, who was now Simoun's bombmaker.
luxurious riverside villa just outside Manila.
PAULITA GÓMEZ
FATHER ÍRENE
* The girlfriend of Isagani and the niece of Doña
* Kapitán Tiago's spiritual adviser. Along with Victorina, the old Indio who passes herself
Custodio, Írene is severely criticized as a off as a Peninsular, who is the wife of the
representative of priests who allied quack doctor Tiburcio de Espadaña. In the
themselves with temporal authority for the end, she and Isagani
sake of power and monetary gain. Known to part ways, Paulita believing she will have no
many as the final authority who Don Custodio future if she marries him. She eventually
consults, the student association sought his marries Juanito Peláez.
support and gifted him with two chestnut-
KABESANG TALES
colored horses, yet he betrayed the students
by counseling Custodio into making them fee
* Telesforo Juan de Dios, a former kabesa of
collectors in their own school, which was then
Barrio Sagpang in Tiani. He was a sugarcane
to be administered by the Dominicans instead
planter who cleared lands he thought
of being a secular and privately managed
belonged to no one, losing his wife and eldest
institution as the students envisioned.
daughter in the endeavor. When the
* Írene secretly but regularly supplies Dominicans took over his farm, he fought to
Kapitán Tiago with opium while exhorting his last money to have it retained in his
Basilio to do his duty. Írene embellished possession. While his suit against the
stories of panic following the outlawing of the Dominicans was ongoing, he was kidnapped by
student association Basilio was part of, bandits while he was out patrolling his fields.
hastening Kapitán Tiago's death. With Basilio
* Having no money to pay his captors, his
in prison, he then struck Basilio out of Tiago's
daughter Juli was forced to become a maid in
last will and testament, ensuring he inherited
exchange for her mistress paying his ransom.
nothing.
When his son Tano was conscripted into the
Guardia Civil, again Tales had no money to pay
PLACIDO PENITENTE
* a student of the University of Santo Tomas for Tano's exclusion from the draft. When in
who had a distaste for study and would have spite of all Tales lost the case, he not only
left school if it were not for his mother's lost his farm but was also dealt with a heavy
pleas for him to stay. He clashes with his fine. He later joined the bandits and became
physics professor, who then accuses him of one of their fiercest commanders. Tandang
being a member of the student association, Selo, his father, would later on join his band
whom the friars despise. Following the after the death of Juli.
confrontation, he meets Simoun at the
CHARACTERS FROM BARRIO SAGPANG
Quiapo Fair.
TANDANG SELO
* Seeing potential in Placido, Simoun takes him
* Father of Kabesang Tales and grandfather of
along to survey his preparations for the
Tano and Juli. A deer hunter and later on a
upcoming revolution. The following morning
broom-maker, he and Tales took in the young,
 sick Basilio who was then fleeing from the described as a pious woman who speaks
Guardia Spanish; however, her piety was clouded over
Civil. by the virtues taught by the friars. While
* On Christmas Day, when Juli left to be with Juli was in her service, she made her work
her mistress, Selo suffered some form of constantly, refusing to give her time off so
stroke that impaired his ability to speak. she can take care of her grandfather Selo.
After Juli's suicide, Selo left town Nevertheless, when the rich folks of Tiani
permanently, taking with him his hunting shunned Juli because to support her family in
spear. any way might earn some form of retribution
* He was later seen with the bandits and from the friars, Penchang was the only one
was killed in an encounter with the Guardia who took pity upon her
Civil – ironically by the gun of the troops' HERMANA BÁLI
sharpshooter Tano, his grandson.
JULI * Juli's mother-figure and counselor. She
accompanied Juli in her efforts to secure
* Juliana de Dios, the girlfriend of Basilio, and Kabesang Tales' ransom and later on
the youngest daughter of Kabesang Tales. Basilio's release. Báli was a panguinguera – a
When Tales was captured by bandits, Juli gambler – who once performed religious
petitioned Hermana Penchang to pay for his services in a Manila convent. When Tales was
ransom. In exchange, she had to work as captured by bandits, it was Báli who
Penchang's maid. Basilio ransomed her and suggested to Juli the idea to borrow money
bought a house for her family. When Basilio from Tiani's wealthy citizens, payable when
was sent to prison, Juli approached Tiani's Tales' legal dispute over his farm was won.
curate, Padre Camorra, for help. When
Camorra tried to rape her instead, Juli STUDENT ASSOCIATION FOR THE TEACHING OF

jumped to her death from the church's SPANISH

tower.
MACARAIG

TANO
* The leader. He is described as wealthy, with his
* Kabesang Tales's son, second to Lucia who died own coach, driver, and set of horses. He is

in childhood. He was nicknamed "Carolino" said to own several houses, and that he is
after returning from Guardia Civil training in lending one to serve as the schoolhouse for

the Carolines. His squad was escorting their planned Spanish language academy.
prisoners through a road that skirted a After the outlawing of the group, he was the

mountain when they were ambushed by first to post bail. He then left the country
bandits. In the ensuing battle, Tano, the after his release.

squad's sharpshooter, killed a surrendering

SANDOVAL
bandit from a distance, not knowing it was his
own grandfather Selo. * A Peninsular who had come to Manila as a
government employee and was finishing his
HERMANA PENCHANG
studies, and who had completely identified
himself with the cause of the Filipino
* The one among the "rich folks" of Tiani who lent
students. After the outlawing of the group,
Juli money to ransom Kabesang Tales from
he still managed to pass his courses through
the bandits. In return, Juli will serve as her
sheer oratorical skill.
maid until the money was paid off. Penchang is
PECSON the Noli Me Tangere. It is more revolutionary
* Described as chubby, pessimistic, and having an and more tragic than the first novel.
annoying grin. He is Sandoval's regular foil
when Sandoval launches into any kind of * The hero of El Filibusterismo is a rich jeweler
patriotic, optimistic speech. After they named Simoun. He was
receive disappointing news about their Crisostomo Ibarra of the Noli, who, with
Spanish language academy project, it was Elias’ help, escaped from the pursuing soldiers
Pecson who suggested a torch-lit dinner at at Laguna de Bay, dug up his buried treasure,
and fled to Cuba where he became rich and
the Panciteria Macanista de Buen Gusto, just
befriended many Spanish officials. After
a block away from the Binondo Church and
many years he returned to the Philippines,
Convent, served by naked Chinese waiters.
where he freely moved around. He is a
From there Sandoval and Pecson became more powerful figure not only because he is a rich
gracious to each other. jeweler but also because he is a good friend
and adviser of the governor general.
TADEO
* A truant and charlatan who regularly dreamed * Outwardly, Simoun is a friend of Spain. However
of an eternal "holiday" from school, but was deep in his heart, he is secretly cherishing a
all the same beloved by professors and terrible revenge against the Spanish
passed courses. A longtime Manila resident, authorities. His two magnificent obsessions
are to rescue Maria Clara from the nunnery
he is seen having fun by telling outrageous
of Santa Clara and to foment a revolution
stories about himself to a newcomer student
against the hated Spanish masters.
from his home province. After the outlawing
of the group, he alone seemed to welcome
* The story of El Filibusterismo begins on board
imprisonment as it meant not going to school.
the clumsy, roundish shaped steamer Tabo, so
His holiday realized at last, he "celebrated"
appropriately named. This steamer is sailing
by setting up a bonfire using his books upon
upstream the Pasig from Manila to Laguna de
his release.
Bay. Among the passengers are Simoun, the
rich jeweler; Doña Victorina, the ridiculously
JUANITO PELÁEZ
proSpanish native woman who is going to
* Isagani's rival for Paulita Gomez's affection. He Laguna in search of her henpecked husband,
was the son of a Timoteo Peláez, a Tiburcio de Espadaña, who has deserted her;
metalworks trader. He was a favorite of his Paulita Gomez, her beautiful niece; Ben-Zayb
professors. A regular prankster, he was said (anagram of Ibañez), a Spanish journalist who
to have developed a hump by playing some writes silly articles about the Filipinos; Padre
trick and then hunching behind his Sibyla, vice-rector of the University of Santo
classmates. He paid his dues to the student Tomas; Padre Camorra, the parish priest of
association, but broke away just as easily the town of Tiani; Don Custodio, a pro-spanish
when the association was outlawed. Following Filipino holding a position in the government;
Isagani's arrest, Paulita breaks off from Padre Salvi, thin Franciscan friar and former
Isagani to marry Juanito. cura of San Diego; Padre Irene, a kind friar
who was a friend of the Filipino students;
SUMMARY Padre Florentino, a retired scholarly and
patriotic Filipino priest; Isagani, a
* This novel is a sequel to the Noli. It has a little
poetnephew of Padre Florentino and a lover of
humor, lessidealism, and less romance than
Paulita; and Basilio, son of Sisa and promising
 medical student, whose medical education is house, seizes the lightened lamp, and hurls it into
financed by his patron, Capitan Tiago. the river, where it explodes.
* Simoun, a man of wealth and mystery, is a very close * The revolutionary plot was thus discovered. Simoun
friend and confidante of the Spanish governor was cornered by the soldiers, but he escaped.
general. Because of his great influence in Mortally wounded, and carrying his treasure
Malacañang, he was called the “Brown Cardinal” or chest, he sought refuge in the home of Padre
the “Black Eminence”. By using his wealth and Florentino by the sea.
political influence, he encourages corruption in The Spanish authorities, however, learns of his
the government, promotes the oppression of the presence in the house of Padre
masses, and hastens the moral degradation of the Florentino. Lieutenant Perez of the Guardia Civil
country so that the people may become informs the priest by letter that he would come
desperate and fight. He smuggles arms into the at eight o’clock that night to arrest Simoun.
country with the help of a rich Chinese merchant, Simoun eluded arrest by taking poison. As he is dying,
Quiroga, who wants very much to be Chinese heconfesses to Padre
consul of Manila. His first attempt to begin the Florentino, revealing his true identity, his dastardly
armed plan to use his wealth to avenge himself, and his
uprising did not materialize because at the last sinister aim to destroy his friends and enemies.
hour he hears the sad news that Maria Clara died The confession of the dying Simoun is long and
in the nunnery. In his agonizing moment of painful. It is already night when Padre Florentino,
bereavement, he did not give the signal for the wiping the sweat from his wrinkled brow, rises
outbreak of hostilities. and begins to meditate. He consoles the dying
* After a long time of illness brought about by the man saying: “God will forgive you Señor Simoun.
bitter loss of Maria Clara, Simoun perfects his He knows that we are fallible. He has seen that
plan to overthrow the government. On the you have suffered, and in ordaining that the
occasion of the wedding of Paulita Gomez and chastisement for your faults should come as
Juanito Pelaez, he gives a wedding gift to them a death from the very ones you have instigated to
beautiful lamp. Only he and his confidential crime, we can see His infinite mercy. He has
associates, Basilio (Sisa’s son who joined his frustrated your plans one by one, the best
revolutionary cause), know that when the wick of conceived, first by the death of Maria Clara,
his lamp burns lower the nitroglycerine, hidden in then by a lack of preparation, then in some
its secret compartment, will explode, destroying mysterious way. Let us bow to His will and render
the house where the wedding feast is going to be Him thanks!”
held killing all the guests, including the governor Watching Simoun die peacefully with a clear
general, the friars, and the government officials. conscience and at peace with God. Padre
Simultaneously, all the government buildings in Florentino falls upon his knees and prays for the
Manila will be blown by Simoun’s followers. dead jeweler. He takes the treasure chest and
* As the wedding feast begins, the poet Isagani, who throws it into the sea; as the waves close over
has been rejected by Paulita because of his the sinking chest.
liberal ideas, is standing outside the house,
watching sorrowfully the merriment inside. OTHER INFORMATION
Basilio, his friend, warns him to go away because
the lightened lamp will soon explode.
thieves who outsmarted the building’s sleepy
* Upon hearing the horrible secret of the lamp,
guards sent a ransom note “made of newspaper
Isagani realizes that his beloved Paulita was in
cutouts” to the Jose Rizal National Centennial
grave danger. To save her life, he rushes into the
Commission (JRNCC)
(Ocampo, p. 148). The robbers demanded 1.4 private room in the house—the toilet” (Ocampo, p.
million pesos for the return of the original 108).
texts, else Rizal’s handiworks would be burned. * That was the fate of the first edition of Rizal’s
novels. But that is nothing compared to what
To summarize the ‘historic robbery’, the then
happened to their original manuscripts about 70
Education Secretary Alejandro ‘Anding’ Roces
years after their publication.
personally met with the burglars and, after some
* The original manuscripts of the Noli and Fili (along
various negotiations, had retrieved the
with that of the poem ‘Mi
documents without paying a single centavo. The
Ultimo Adios’) were stolen from the
manuscripts were returned on installment basis
National Library on the evening of
—the ‘Ultimo Adios’ during the first meeting,
December 8, 1961. After some days, the
the ‘El Fili’ on the next negotiation, and lastly,
the ‘Noli’. There wa a time when the demanded
feeling, “Ang sarap basahin, kinikilabutan ako!”
ransom was reduced to 100,000 pesos and then
(Ocampo, p. 148). It’s remarkably funny to note
to 10,000 pesos (Ocampo, p. 148). But
however that the thief did not understand Spanish!
recognizing perhaps that they would get nothing Nonetheless, these indicate that the stealers were
from the government, the robbers ultimately probably bothered by their conscience, hence the
settled on returning the expensive documents, consent to just send back the national hero’s works.
free of charge. * Anding promised not to identify the robbers or to
be a witness against them in court. Thus, the
Many still find this ‘charge-free return of the hilariously controversial thieves were never known.
manuscripts’ strange and mindblowing. But the
following additional details about the story could
perhaps shed light on the account.
* El Filibusterismo, the second of José Rizal’s novels
THE PHILIPPINES: A
of Philippine life, is a story of the last days of the CENTURY HENCE
Spanish régime in the Philippines. Under the name of
* It was originally entitled “Filipinas dentro
The Reign of Greed it is for the first time translated
into English. Written some four or five years after cien anos”
Noli Me Tangere, the book represents Rizal’s more * First published in La Solidaridad in
mature judgment on political and social conditions in Madrid at September 30, 1889 –
the islands, and in its graver and less hopeful tone
February 1, 1890
reflects the disappointments and discouragements
* Charles E. Derbyshire translated it in
which he had encountered in his efforts to lead the
way to reform. Rizal’s dedication to thefirst edition English
is of special interest, as the writing of it was one of * “The Philippines a Century Hence” is an
the grounds of accusation against him when he was essay written by Philippine national hero
condemned to death in 1896. It reads: Jose Rizal to forecast the future of the
In Rizal’s time, the Permanent Commission of country within a hundred years. Rizal
Censorship recommended the absolute prohibition on
felt that it was time to remind Spain
the importation, reproduction, and circulation of the
Noli. The copies of the Fili, on the other hand, was that the circumstances that ushered in
destroyed by Customs in Manila upon shipment to the the French Revolution could have a
Philippines. The rare surviving copies of the novels telling effect for her in the Philippines.
were secretly purchased and “according to one friend * This essay, published in La Solidaridad
of the family, had to be read in the smallest, most
starts by analyzing the various causes of
 the miseries suffered by the Filipino
people:
1. Spain’s implementation of military policies
2. Deterioration and disappearance of Filipino
indigenous culture
3. Passivity and submissiveness to
Spanish colonizers

PART I
*“In order to read the destiny of a people, it
is necessary to open the book of it’s past”

*He is not actually prophesying; instead, he

was telling in his article an analysis

* Rizal just carefully observed the

present and the past situation of our
dear Motherland, and from then
“predicted” our future.

Possible Reasons of Rizal upon writing

this Essay
* Installing fear on the current regime of
Spanish tyranny for them to fly away
from other country.
* Expressing sadness and failure, that even
if Spain let loose hold of the Philippines,
there will be other countries in the world
that are ready to take hold of our
country

* Rizal was giving a hint of hope to the

Filipinos that sooner or alter, a great
nation will save their country from the
oppressive rule of Spain

Part II

*
Rizal answered the question what will
Philippines become within a Century
* Rizal discuss first the history of
 Malayan Filipinos.
* Rizal stated that Spain took
advantage the discord on our land
and present them as Peacemaker
after to dominate both parties. He
subject them to his authority.

Some Issues that Concern our Country

* Spain’s implementation of military

policies
* The Philippine population decreased
dramatically.
* Poverty became more rampant than
ever, and farmlands were left to
wither.

The Lack of Freedom of the Press

* Rizal stated that the Philippines will

remain under Spanish
domination, but with more law and
greater liberty, or they will declare
themselves independent after
steeping themselves and the mother
country in blood.
* In his essay we see his urge to put
freedom in our land through
peaceful negotiations with the
Spanish government in Spain.

Part III

* The question then arises as to what

had awakened the hearts and opened
the minds of the Filipino people with
regards to their plight.
* Eventually, the natives realized that
such oppression in their society by
foreign colonizers must no longer be
tolerated.
* In this case some governors have been
trying to introduce needed reforms but
it produced scanty result for the
government as well as to the country
* With this our country is most likely
reminded to Sancho Panza in
Barataria island where he took his
seat on appointed table covered with
fruits and variety of food but when
Pedro Rezio interposed Sanchi was a
hungry as ever.
* That he should not eat except according
to the usage and custom of other island.
Philippines is like Sancho, reforms are
the dishes, Rezio are those persons
interested in not having the dishes
touched.
* The result is the long suffering of
Sancho (Philippines) misses his liberty
and end up rebelling. In this manner as
long as the Philippines have no liberty of
press all the effort of the colonial
ministers will meet the fake like the
dishes in Barataria Island.
* The minister who wants his reforms be
reforms must begin by declaring the
press in the Philippines free and by
instituting Filipino delegates.
* A government that governs in a country
may even dispense with the press
because it is on the ground has eyes and
ears, and directly observes what is
rules and administers.
* A government that governs a far requires
that the truth and facts reach its
knowledge by every possible channel
that it may weigh and
estimate them better, and this need
increases when a country like
Philippines is concerned.
* To recapitulate: The Philippines will
remain Spanish if they enter upon
the life of law and civilization, if the
rights of their inhabitants are
respected, if the other rights due
them aregranted, if the liberal
policy of the government is carried
 out without false interpretation.

Part IV

* Best described by this paragraph:

The existence of a foreign body
within another endowed with
strength and activity is contrary
to all natural and ethical laws.
Science teaches us that it is
either assimilated, destroys the
organism, is eliminated or
becomes encysted.
* One question Rizal raises in this essay
is whether or not Spain can indeed
prevent the progress of the
Philippines:
1. Keeping the people uneducated and
Keeping the people uneducated and
ignorant had failed. National
consciousness had still awakened,
and great Filipino minds still
emerged from the rubble.
2. Keeping the people impoverished
also came to no avail. On the
contrary, living a life of eternal
destitution had allowed the Filipinos
to act on the desire for a change in
their way of life. They began to
explore other horizons through
which they could move towards
progress.
3. Exterminating the people as an
alternative to hindering progress did
not work either. The Filipino race
was able to survive amidst wars and
famine, and became even more
numerous after such catastrophes.
To wipe out the nation altogether
would require the sacrifice of
thousands of Spanish soldiers, and
this is something Spain would not
allow.
* Spain, therefore, had no means to stop
the progress of the country. What she
needs to do is to change her colonial
policies so that they are in keeping with
the needs of the Philippine society and
to the rising nationalism of the people.
* What Rizal had envisioned in his essay
came true. In 1898, the Americans
wrestled with Spain to win the
Philippines, and eventually took over the
country. Theirs was a reign of
democracy and liberty.

4. * Five decades after Rizal’s

death, the Philippines gained her
long-awaited independence. This
was in fulfillment of what he had
written in his essay: “History does
not record in its annals any lasting
domination by one people over
another, of different races, of
diverse usages and customs, of
opposite and divergent ideas. One of
the two had to yield and succumb.

LETTER TO THE WOMAN

OF MALOLOS
* When Jose Rizal wrote the Noli Me
Tangere, He asked himself whether
bravery was a common thing in the
young women of our people.
* Brought back to his recollection and
reviewed those he had known since
my infancy, but there were only few
who seem to come up to his idea.
* There was, it is true, an abundance of
girls with agreeable manners,
beautiful ways, and modest
demeanor, but there was in all an
admixture of servitude and
deference to the words or whims of
their so-called "spiritual fathers"
(as if the spirit or soul had any
 father other than God), due to
excessive kindness, modesty, or
perhaps ignorance.
* They seemed faced plants sown and
reared in darkness, having flowers
without perfume and fruits without
sap.
* However, when the news of what
happened at Malolos reached us, he
saw his error, and great was his
rejoicing.
* After all, who is to blame him? he
didn't know Malolos nor its young
women, except one called Emila
[Emilia Tiongson,whom Rizal met
in 1887].
* Now that he have responded to their
first appeal in the interest of the
welfare of the people; now that he
have set an example to those who,
like him, long to have their eyes
opened and be delivered from
servitude, new hopes are awakened
in them and they now even dare to
face adversity, because they have
him for their allies and are
confident of victory.
* No longer does the Filipina stand with her
head bowed nor does she spend her
time on her knees, because she is
quickened by hope in the future; no
longer will the mother contribute to
keeping her daughter in darkness and
bring her up in contempt and moral
annihilation.
* And no longer will the science of all
sciences consist in blind submission to
any unjust order, or in extreme
complacency, nor will a courteous smile
be deemed the only weapon against
insult or humble tears the ineffable
panacea for all tribulations.
* He know that the will of God is different
from that of the priest; that
 religiousness does not consist of long
periods spent on your knees, nor in
endless prayers, big rosarios, and grimy
scapularies [religious garment showing
devotion], but in a spotless conduct,
firm intention and upright judgment.
* It is cowardice and erroneous to believe
that saintliness consists in blind
obedience and that prudence and the
habit of thinking are presumptuous.
Ignorance has ever
been ignorance, and never prudence
and honor. God, the primal source of
all wisdom, does not demand that
man, created in his image and
likeness, allow himself to be
deceived and hoodwinked, but wants
us to use and let shine the light of
reason with which He has so
mercifully endowed us.
* He may be compared to the father
who gave each of his sons a torch to
light their way in the darkness
bidding them keep its light bright
and take care of it, and not put it
out and trust to the light of the
others, but to help and advise each
other to find the right path. They
would be madman were they to
follow the light of another, only to
come to a fall, and the father could
unbraid them and say to them: "Did
I not give each of you
his own torch," but he couldn't say
so if the fall were due to the light
of the torch of him who fell, as the
light might have been dim and the
road very bad.
* The duties that woman has to perform
in order to deliver the people from
suffering are of no little
importance, but be they as they
may, they will not be beyond the
strength and stamina of the Filipino
 people.
* The power and good judgment of the
women of the Philippines are well
known, and it is because of this that
she has been hoodwinked, and tied,
and rendered pusillanimous, and now
her enslavers rest at ease, because so long
as they can keep the Filipina mother a
slave, so long will they be able to make
slaves of her children. * The cause of
the backwardness of Asia lies in the
fact that there the women are ignorant,
are slaves; while Europe and America
are powerful because there the women
are free and well-educated and endowed
with lucid intellect and a strong will.

ON THE INDOLENCE OF
THE FILIPINOS
* Sobre la indolencia de los
filipinos ("On the Indolence of
the Filipinos" in Spanish) is a
sociopolitical essay published in
La solidaridad in Madrid in
1890.
* It was written by José Rizal as a
response to the accusation of Indio
or Malay indolence and to explain
the alleged idleness of his people
during the Spanish colonization. He
admits the existence of indolence
among the Filipinos, but it could be
attributed to a number of reasons.
He traces its causes to factors such
as the climate and social disorders.
He defends the Filipinos by saying
that they are by nature not
indolent, because in fact, even
before the arrival of Spaniards,
Filipinos have been engaged in
economic activities such as
agriculture and trade. Indolence
therefore has more deeply rooted
 causes such as abuse and
discrimination.
* The Indolence of the Filipinos is a
study of the causes why the people
did not, as was said, work hard
during the Spanish regime. Rizal
pointed out that long before the
coming of the Spaniards, the
Filipinos were industrious and
hardworking. The Spanish reign
brought about a decline
in economic activities because of
certain causes:

Chapter 1: ADMITTING THE

EXISTENCE OF INDOLENCE

* Rizal admits that indolence does exist

among the Filipinos, but it cannot be
attributed to the troubles and
backwardness of the country; rather it
is the effect of the backwardness and
troubles experienced by the country.
Past writings on indolence revolve only
on either denying or affirming, and
never studying its causes in depth. One
must study the causes of indolence,
Rizal says, before curing it. He
therefore enumerates the causes of
indolence and elaborates on the
circumstances that have led to it.
* The hot climate, he points out, is a
reasonable predisposition for
indolence. Rizal admitted that the
Filipinos did not work so hard
because they were wise enough to
adjust themselves to the warm,
tropical climate. “An hour’s work
under that burning sun, in the midst
of pernicious influences springing
from nature in activity, is equal to a
day’s labor in a temperate climate. ”
Filipinos cannot be compared to
 Europeans, who live in cold countries
and who must exert much more effort
at work.

Chapter 2: INDOLENCE OF CHRONIC

ILLNESS

* Rizal says that an illness will worsen if

the wrong treatment is given. The
same applies to indolence. People,
however, should not lose hope in
fighting indolence. Even before the
Spaniards arrived, Rizal argues, the
early Filipinos were already carrying
out trade within provinces and with
other neighboring countries; they
were also engaged in agriculture and
mining; some natives even spoke
Spanish.
* The establishment of the Galleon
Trade cut off all previous
associations of the Philippines with
other countries in Asia and the
Middle East. As a result, business
was only conducted with Spain
through Mexico. Because of this,
the small businesses and handicraft
industries that flourished during
the pre-Spanish period gradually
disappeared.
* All this disproves the notion that
Filipinos are by nature indolent.
Rizal ends by asking what then would
have caused Filipinos to forget their
past.

Chapter 3: WARS,
INSURRECTIONS, EXPEDITIONS
AND INVASION

* Rizal enumerates several reasons that

may have caused the Filipinos'
cultural and economic decadence.
The frequent wars, insurrections,
and invasions have brought disorder
 to the communities. Chaos has been
widespread, and destruction
rampant. Many Filipinos have also
been sent
abroad to fight wars for Spain or for
expeditions. Thus, the population has
decreased in number.
* Spain also extinguished the natives’ love
of work because of the implementation
of forced labor(polo y servicios).
Because of the wars between Spain and
other countries in Europe as well as the
Muslims in Mindanao, the Filipinos were
compelled to work in shipyards, roads,
and other public works, abandoning
agriculture, industry, and commerce.
* Meanwhile, natives who have had enough
of abuse have gone to the mountains. As
a result, the farms have been neglected.
The so-called indolence of Filipinos
definitely has deeply rooted causes.

Chapter 4: DEATH OF TRADE IN THE

PHILIPPINES

* Filipinos, according to Rizal, are not

responsible for their misfortunes, as
they are not their own masters. The
Spanish government has not encouraged
labor and trade, which ceased after the
government treated the country's
neighboring trade partners with great
suspicion.
* Spain did not protect the people against
foreign invaders and pirates. With no
arms to defend themselves, the natives
were killed, their houses burned, and
their lands destroyed.
* As a result of this, the Filipinos were
forced to become nomads, lost
interest in cultivating their lands or
in rebuilding the industries that
were shut down, and simply became
submissive to the mercy of God.
 * Businesses are monopolized by many
government officials, red tape and
bribery operate on a wide scale,
rampant gambling is tolerated by
the government.
* Gambling was established and widely
propagated during those times.
Almost everyday there were
cockfights, and during feast days,
the government officials and friars
were the first to engage in all sorts
of bets and gambles.
* There was a crooked system of
religion. The friars taught the naïve
Filipinos that it was easier for a
poor man to enter heaven, and so
they preferred not to work and
remain poor so that they could easily
enter heaven after they died.
* What was being taught in the schools
were repetitive prayers and other
things that could not be used by the
students to lead the country to
progress. There were no courses in
Agriculture, Industry, etc., which
were badly needed by the
Philippines during those times.
* These are some of the main reasons
that Rizal cites as causing the
deterioration of values among the
Filipinos.
Chapter 5: LIMITED TRAINING AND
EDUCATION

* According to Rizal, all the causes of

indolence can be reduced to two
factors.
1. The first factor is the limited
training and education Filipino
natives receive. Segregated from
Spaniards, Filipinos do not receive
the same opportunities that are
available to the foreigners. They are
taught to be inferior.
 2. The second factor is the lack of a
national sentiment of unity among
them. Because Filipinos think they
are inferior, they submit to the
foreign culture and do everything to
imitate it. The solution, according to
Rizal, would be education and
liberty.

ANALYSIS

* It is important to note that indolence in

the Philippines is a chronic malady, but
not a hereditary one. Truth is, before
the Spaniards arrived on these lands,
the natives were industriously
conducting business with China, Japan,
Arabia, Malaysia, and other countries in
the Middle East. The reasons for this
said indolence were clearly stated in the
essay, and were not based only on
presumptions, but were grounded on
fact taken from history.
* Another thing that we might add that
had caused this indolence, is the
lack of unity among the Filipino
people.
* In the absence of unity and oneness,
the people did not have the power to
fight the hostile attacks of the
government and of the other forces
of society. There would also be no
voice, no leader, to sow progress and
to cultivate it, so that it may be
reaped in due time. In such a
condition, the Philippines remained a
country that was lifeless, dead,
simply existing and not living. As
Rizal stated in conclusion, “a man in
the Philippines is an individual; he is
not merely a citizen of a country.”
* It can clearly be deduced from the
writing that the cause of the
indolence attributed to our race is
 Spain: When the Filipinos wanted to
study and learn, there were no
schools, and if there were any, they
lacked sufficient resources and did
not present more useful knowledge;
when the Filipinos wanted to
establish their businesses, there
wasn’t enough capital nor protection
from the government; when the
Filipinos tried to cultivate their
lands and establish various
industries, they were made to pay
enormous taxes and were exploited
by the foreign rulers.
* It is not only the Philippines, but also
other countries, that may be called
indolent, depending on the criteria
upon which such a label is based.
* Man cannot work without resting, and
if in doing so he is considered lazy,
they we could say that all men are
indolent.
* One cannot blame a country that was
deprived of its dignity, to have lost
its will to continue building its
foundation upon the backs of its
people, especially when the fruits of
their labor do not so much as reach
their lips.
* When we spend our entire lives
worshipping such a cruel and
inhumane society, forced upon us by
aliens who do not even know our
motherland, we are destined to tire
after a while. We are not fools, we
are not puppets who simply do as we
are commanded – we are human
beings, who are motivated by our will
towards the accomplishment of our
objectives, and who strive for the
preservation of our race.
*When this fundamental aspect of
our existence is denied of us, who
 can blame us if we turn idle?

JOSE RIZAL AND THE PHILIPPINE

NATIONALISM: BAYANI AND
KABAYANIHAN

HERO (ORIGIN) HERO

(MODERN DEFINITION) The word
hero A hero or bayani comes from
the in Tagalog is Greek ρως ἥ
somebody that
(hērōs), "hero" saves lives
(literally" The essential protector"
or trait of a hero is "defender").
BRAVERY.

KABAYANIHAN HEROISM

* Heroic conduct especially as exhibited

in fulfilling a high purpose or
attaining a noble end.
* Quality of a hero.
* Heroism consists of putting others
first, even at your own peril. As
someone who shows great courage
and valor is referred to as a hero,
their actions are considered to be
acts of heroism.
* Being called a hero does not require
sacrificing his/her life for the cause
or for the country.
* Simple acts of serving people are acts
of “KABAYANIHAN” and that
makes a person “BAYANI” at
present.

HOW DID DR. JOSE RIZAL

ACQUIRED HIS TITLE" PHILIPPINE
NATIONAL HERO"?

JUNE 11, 1901

* According to NCCA or National

Commission on Cultural Arts, Rizal
 “had become Philippine National
Hero” under the United States
colonial government of Civil
Governor William Howard Taft.
American colonizers gave Rizal
the title to “win the sympathy
of the Filipinos, and to
convince them that they were
pro-Filipinos more than the
Spaniards” in order to
have them “conform” to the new
government.
* The Taft Commission honored
Rizal as the country’s “greatest
hero and martyr” by renaming
the politico-military district of
Morong into the Province of Rizal
through Act No. 137 on June 11,
1901.

NATIONALISM

WHAT IS NATIONALISM?

* Nationalism is an idea and movement

that promotes the interests of a
particular nation (as in a group of
people), especially with the aim of
gaining and maintaining the nation's
sovereignty (self-governance) over
its homeland.
* Nationalism is the feeling of oneness
among the people of a certain
country.

FILIPINO NATIONALISM

* Filipino nationalism refers to the

awakening and support towards a
political identity associated with
modern Philippines leading to a
wideranging campaign for political,
social, and economic freedom in the
 Philippines.
* These movements are characterized
by the upsurge of anti-colonialist
sentiments and ideals which peaked
in the late 19th century led mostly
by the ilustrado or landed, educated
elites, whether peninsulares,
insulares, or native (Indio). This
served as the backbone of the first
nationalist revolution in Asia, the
Philippine Revolution of 1896.
* The modern concept would later be
fully actualized upon the inception
of a Philippine state with its
contemporary borders after being
granted independence by the United
States by the 1946 Treaty of
Manila.

ILUSTRADO

* During Spain's rule of the Philippines,

the ilustrados belonged to the
European- educated middle-class
Filipinos.

INDIO

* The indigenous peoples of the

Philippines were referred to as
Indios (for those of pure
Austronesian descent) and negritos.
Indio was a general term applied to
native Austronesians as a legal
classification; it was only applied to
Christianised natives who lived in
proximity to the Spanish colonies.

INSULARES

* The insulares or criollos are European

descent but born in the colonies of
Spain. A son or daughter of a
 Spanish couple is an insulare.

PENINSULARES

* Peninsulares are pure blooded

Spaniards born from Spain and sent
to Spanish colonies to govern. Often
times, they are awarded with great
favors and large quantities of land.

THREE PHASES OF NATIONALISM

• Period of Scholarly Interest

• Period of Patriotic Agitation
• Rise of Mass National Movement

TIMELINE OF PHILIPPINE NATIONAL

MOVEMENT

* 1571 - Permanent Spanish

settlements established
* 1872- Gomburza Affair
* 1882- Rizal goes to Europe *
1887- Noli Me Tangere published
* 1892- The Katipunan
established:
Rizal returns and established La Liga
Filipina
* 1896- Rizal executed by Spanish
Authorities
* 1898- Spanish American War ends:
Aguinaldo Declares Philippine
independence.
* 1899 to 1901- Philippine American
War
* 1907- Philippine Commission dissolved;
the Philippines becomes U.S
Commonwealth
* 1942-1945- Japanese Occupation
* 1946- Formal Independence from U.S

FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTED TO

THE
BIRTH OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM
• The opening of the Philippines to
 the world trade.
• The rise of the Middle class
• The secularization controversy
• The influx of liberal ideas fro
Europe
• The opening of the Suez Canal
• The martyrdom of Gomburza

CAUSES OF FILIPINO REVOLTS

• The desire to regain our lost

freedom.
• The Spanish abuses or opression.
• Agrarian complaints or loss of the
Filipino lands
• The religious intolerance of the
Spanish authorities

NATIONALISM ACCORDING TO
RIZAL'S CONTEXT

START OF PHILIPPINE NATIONALISM

(1760'S-1820'S)

EFFECTS DURING 1760'S TO 1820'S

* The earliest signs of the effect to

Filipino Nationalism by the
developments mentioned could be
seen in the writings of Luis
Rodríguez Varela, a Creole educated
in liberal France and highly exposed
to the Age of Enlightenment.
Knighted under the Order of Carlos
III, Varela was perhaps the only
Philippine Creole who was actually
part of European nobility.
* The court gazette in Madrid
announced that he was to become a
Conde and from that point on
proudly called himself El Conde
Filipino. He won the rights of
 Filipinos in the islands and slowly
made the term applicable to anyone
born in the Philippines.
* Age of Enlightenment
(also known as the Age of Reason or
simply the Enlightenment) was an
intellectual and philosophical
movement that dominated the world
of ideas in Europe during the 17th
and 18th centuries.
* The decline of Galleon trade between
Manila and Acapulco was caused by
the arrival of the ship Buen Consejo
in 1765. The Buen Consejo took the
shorter route via Cape of Good
Hope, a rocky headland on the
Atlantic coast controlled by
Portugal. The journey through the
Cape of Good Hope takes three
months from Spain to the
Philippines, whereas the journey of
the galleon trade takes five months.

ECONOMY

* The Creoles gradually changed from a

very government-dependent class
into capital-driven entrepreneurs.
Their turning of attention towards
guilded soil caused the rise of the
large private haciendas. Various
government and church positions
were transferred to the roles of
the Peninsulares who were
characterized mostly in the 19 th
century Philippine history as corrupt
bureaucrats.

EDUCATION

* During the administration of

Governor-General Jose Raon, a
royal order from Spain, which
stated that every village or barrio
must have a school and a teacher,
 was implemented. The
implementation of the order
expanded the reach of basic
education during the Spanish era.

FURTHER PROGRESS OF FILIPINO

NATIONALISM (1820S–1860)

* At this stage, the Creoles slowly

introduced their own reforms.
Parishes began to have native
priests. The Philippines was given
representation in the Spanish
Cortes three times (last time was
from 1836– 1837). However, on June
1, 1823, a Creole revolt broke out
in Manila led by the Mexican-blood
Creole captain Andres Novales. The
revolt, caused by an order from
Spain that declared military
officers commissioned in the
Peninsula (Spain) should outrank all
those appointed in the Colonies, saw
Manila cheering with Novales's cry
of "Viva la Independencia" (English:
Long Live Independence).
* Economic developments also did a part
in making up the shape of Filipino
Nationalism. Before the opening of
Manila to foreign trade, the Spanish
authorities discouraged foreign
merchants from residing in the
colony and engaging in business.[12]
In 1823, Governor-General Mariano
Ricafort promulgated an edict
prohibiting foreign merchants from
engaging in retail trade and visiting
the provinces for purposes of trade.
However, by the royal decree of
September 6, 1834, the privileges
of the Company were abolished and
the port of Manila was opened to
trade.
 * Economic developments also did a part
in making up the shape of Filipino
Nationalism. Before the opening of
Manila to foreign trade, the Spanish
authorities discouraged foreign
merchants from residing in the
colony and engaging in business.
* Shortly after opening Manila to world
trade, the Spanish merchants began
to lose their commercial supremacy
in the Philippines. In 1834,
restrictions against foreign traders
were relaxed when Manila became an
open port. By the end of 1859, there
were 15 foreign firms in Manila:
seven of which were British, three
American, two French, two Swiss
and one German.

PROPAGANDA MOVEMENTS

Propaganda Movement

* Reform and national consciousness

movement that arose among young
Filipino expatriates in the late 19th
century.
* In February 17, 1872, Fathers
Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and
Jocinto Zamora (Gomburza), all
Filipino priest, was executed by the
Spanish colonizers on charges of
subversion. The charges against
Fathers Gomez, Burgos and Zamora
was their alleged complicity in the
uprising of workers at the Cavite
Naval Yard. The death of Gomburza
awakened strong feelings of anger
and resentment among the Filipinos.
They questioned Spanish authorities
and demanded reforms. The
martyrdom of the three priests
apparently helped to inspire the
organization of the Propaganda
Movement, which aimed to seek
 reforms and inform Spain of the
abuses of its colonial government.
* The ilustrados led the Filipino’s quest
for reforms. Because of their
education and newly acquired wealth,
they felt more confident about
voicing out popular grievances.
However, since the illustrados
themselves were a result of the
changes that the Spanish
government had been slowly
implementing, the group could not
really push very hard for the
reforms it wanted.
* The illustrados did not succeeded in
easing the sufferings of the
Filipinos; but from this group arose
another faction called the
intelligentsia. The intelligentsia also
wanted reforms; but they were
more systematic and
used a peaceful means called the
Propaganda Movement.

GOALS OF THE PROPAGANDA

MOVEMENTS

Goals of the Propaganda Movement

Members of the Propaganda Movement
were called propagandists or reformists.
They worked inside and outside the
Philippines. Their objectives were to seek:

* Recognition of the Philippines as a

province of Spain
* Equal status for both Filipinos and
Spaniards
* Philippine representation in the
Spanish Cortes
* Secularization of Philippine parishes.
* Recognition of human rights The
Propaganda

Movement never asked for Philippine

independence because its members
believed that once Spain realized the
pitiful state of the country, the Spaniards
would implement the changes the Filipinos
were seeking.

PROPAGANDISTS

The Filipinos in Europe were much more

active in seeking reforms than those in
Manila. They could be divided into three
groups: The first included Filipinos who had
been exiled to the Marianas Islands in 1872
after being implicated in the Cavite Mutiny.
After two many years in the Marianas, they
proceeded to Madrid and Barcelona
because they could no longer return Noli
Me Tangere Book by Jose Rizalto the
Philippines. The second group consisted of
illustrados in the Philippines who had been
sent to Europe for their education. The
third group was composed of Filipinos who
had fled their country to avoid punishment
for a crime, or simply because they could
not stand Spanish atrocities any longer.
Still, not all Filipinos living in Spain were
members of the Propaganda Movement.
Jose Rizal, Graciano Lopez Jaena and
Marcelo H. del Pilar were it most prominent
members.

JOSE RIZAL (THE NATIONAL HERO)

* Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado Alonzo

y Realonda. (June 19, 1861 to Dec.
30, 1896)
* Pen names include Dimasalang,
LaongLaan and P. Jacinto.
* He was the first Filipino become
famous for his written works. He
wrote a poem entitled “Sa Aking
mga Kababata” when he was only
 eight years old

SOME WORKS:

* Noli Me Tangere – the novel that

exposed the evils in society.
* El Filibusterismo – the sequel of Noli
which exposed the evils in the
government and in the church.
* His pen name was Tagailog
* Mi Ultimo Adios – a poem written by
Rizal in his prison cell in Fort
Bonifacio.
* Sobre La Indolencia de los Filipinos
(On the Indolence of the Filipinos)
– an essay defending the Filipinos
on the accusation of laziness of
the Filipinos and the evaluation of
the reasons behind it.
* La Juventud Filipina (To the Filipino
Youth) – a prize-winning poem
dedicated to the Filipino Youth.
* Junto al Pasig (Beside the Pasig
River) – an idyll he wrote when he
was 14 years old.

GRACIANO LOPEZ-JAENA (THE

GREATEST ORATOR)

* December 18, 1856 - January 20, 1896

* He wrote 100 speeches in Spanish, and
published by Remigio Garcia.
* He escaped to Valencia, Spain to avoid
arrest due to his “Fray Botod.”
* Moved to Barcelona, Spain and
established La Solidaridad, as its 1st
Editor-in-Chief.
* The La Soli became the official paper
of the Associacion Hispano.
SOME WORKS

* Ang Fray Botod – he exposed

some of the friars were
greedy, ambitious and
immoral.
* La Hija del Fraile (The Child of
the Friar) and
* Everything is Hambug (Everything
is a mere Show) – here he
explains
the tragedy of marrying a
Spaniard.
* Sa mga Pilipino – a speech aimed
to improve the condition of the
Filipinos to become free and
progressive

MARCELO H. DEL PILAR (THE

CONSUMMATE
JOURNALIST/PROPAGANDIST)

* August 30, 1850 - July 4, 1896

* He used pen names such as

Plaridel, Pupdoh, Piping Dilat, and
Dolores Manapat.

* He established Diariong Tagalog

where he exposed the evils of
Spanish Government.

* He succeeded Lopez-Jaena as
editor of La

* Solidaridad, the official newspaper

of Propaganda Movement.

SOME WORKS

* Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa (Love

of Country) – he translated
Rizal’s Amor Patria.

* Kaiingat Kayo (Be Careful) – a

 humorous and sarcastic dig in
response to Fr. Jose Rodriguez’s
attack on the Noli of Rizal.

* Dasalan at Tocsohan (Prayers and

Jokes) – similar to catechism but
sarcastically done against the
parish priests
ANTONIO LUNA (THE PHARMACIST,
WRITER AND GENERAL)

* October 29, 1866 - June 5, 1899

* A pharmacist who was banished by the
Spaniards to Spain

* He wrote about Filipino customs and

how Spain mismanaged the
Philippines.
* He became a general of the revolution
against Spain.
* He was murdered by Aguinaldo’s men
at the age of 33.

SOME WORKS

* Noche Buena (Christmas Eve) –

pictures true Filipino life.
* Se devierten (How they Diverted
Themselves) – a dig at a dance of
the Spaniards where the people are
very crowded.
* La Tertulia Filipina (A Filipino
Conference or Feast) depicts a
Filipino custom which he believed
was much better than the Spanish.

MARIANO PONCE (THE SECRETARY)

* March 22, 1863 to May 23, 1918

* He became an editor-in-chief,
biographer and researcher of
Propaganda movement.

* He used Tikbalang, Naning and

 Kalipulako as pen names

* He wrote about the values of

education and how the Filipinos
were oppresed by the foreigners
as well as problems of his
countrymen.
SOME WORKS

* Ang Alamat ng Bulacan (Legend of

Bulacan) – contains legends and
folklores of his native town.
* Pagpugot kay Longinos (The
Beheading of Longinus) – a play
shown at the plaza of Malolos,
Bulacan.
* Sobre Filipinos (About the Filipinos). *
Ang mga Pilipino sa Indo-Tsina (The
Filipinos in Indo-China).

PEDRO PATERNO

• February 17, 1857 - March 27, 1911

• He is a scholar, dramatist,
researcher and novelist.  He is
also a mason of the Confraternity of
Masons.
• He was the first Filipino writer who
escaped censorship of the press.

SOME WORKS

* Ninay – the first social novel in

Spanish written by a Filipino.
* A Mi Madre (To my Mother) – shows
the importance of mothers
especially in the homes.
* Sampaguita y Poesias Varias
(Sampaguitas and Varied Poems) –
a collection of his poems.

JOSE MARIA PANGANIBAN

* February 1, 1863 - August 19, 1890 *

 He used JOMAPA as his pen name.
* He was known for his photographic
mind.
* He was a member of various
movements in the country.

SOME WORKS

* Ang Lupang Tinubuan (My Native

Land)
* Ang Aking Buhay (My Life)
* Su Plano de Estudio (Your Study
Plan)
* El Pensamiento (The Thinking)

The writings produced by the Propaganda

Movement inspired Andres Bonifacio and
other radicals to establish the Katipunan
and set the Philippine Revolution in place.
Continue to La Solidaridad & La Liga
Filipina.

PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT

* Reform and national consciousness

movement that arose among young
Filipino expatriates in the late
19th century. Although its
adherents expressed loyalty to
the Spanish colonial government,
Spanish authorities harshly
repressed the movement and
executed its most prominent
member, José Rizal.
* Public education did not arrive in the
Philippines until the 1860s, and even
then the Roman Catholic Church
controlled the curriculum. Because
the Spanish friars made
comparatively little effort to
inculcate a knowledge of Castilian,
less than one-fifth of those who
went to school could read and write
Spanish, and far fewer could speak
 it. The Filipino populace was thus
kept apart from the colonial power
that had been ruling it for more
than three centuries. After the
construction of the Suez Canal in
1869, sons of the wealthy were sent
to Spain and other countries for
study. At home and abroad, a
growing sense of Filipino identity
had begun to manifest, and in 1872
this burgeoning nationalism spawned
an armed insurrection. About 200
Filipino soldiers at the Cavite
arsenal revolted, killed their
officers, and shouted for
independence.

* Plans for a similar demonstration in

Manila failed. The rebellion was
quickly suppressed and led to
wholesale arrests, life imprisonment,
and the execution of, among others,
three Filipino priests, whose
connection with the uprising was not
satisfactorily explained.
* In 1888 Filipino expatriate journalist
Graciano López Jaena founded the
newspaper La Solidaridad in
Barcelona. Throughout its course, La
Solidaridad urged reforms in both
religion and government in the
Philippines, and it served as the
voice of what became known as the
Propaganda Movement. One of the
foremost contributors to La
Solidaridad was the precocious José
Rizal y Mercado. Rizal wrote two
political novels— Noli me tangere
(1887; Touch Me Not) and El
filibusterismo (1891; The Reign of
Greed)—which had a wide impact in
the Philippines. López Jaena, Rizal,
and journalist Marcelo del Pilar
emerged as the three leading
figures of the Propaganda
 Movement, and magazines, poetry,
and pamphleteering flourished.
* Within the Philippines there had
developed a firm commitment to
independence among the somewhat
less privileged class. Shocked by the
arrest of Rizal, these activists formed
the Katipunan under the leadership of
Andres Bonifacio, a self-educated
warehouseman. The Katipunan was
dedicated to the expulsion of the
Spanish from the islands, and
preparations were made for armed
revolt. There had been many Filipino
rebels throughout the history of Spanish
rule, but now for the first time they
were inspired by nationalist ambitions
and possessed the education needed to
make success a real possibility.

* On August 26, 1896, Bonifacio issued

the Grito de Balintawak (“the Cry of
Balintawak”), calling for an armed
uprising against the Spanish. The centre
of the revolt was in Cavite province,
where Filipino independence leader Emilio
Aguinaldo first came into prominence.
Spain sent reinforcements until there
was an army of 28,000, along with a few
loyal regiments of Filipino soldiers. A
stiff campaign of 52 days brought about
the defeat of the insurgents, but the
Spanish once again endeavoured to work
against their own interests. Although
Rizal had no connection to the uprising or
Katipunan, the Spanish military arrested
him and, after a farcical trial, found him
guilty of sedition. He was executed by a
firing squad in Manila on December 30,
1896.
* The execution of Rizal breathed new life
into the insurrection, and the
Philippine Revolution spread to the
provinces of Pangasinan, Zambales, and
Ilocos. With the destruction of the U.S.
battleship Maine on February 15, 1898, in
the harbour of Havana, Cuba, and the
subsequent wave of public indignation,
hostilities erupted between Spain and the
United States. The exiled Aguinaldo
returned to the Philippines on May 19 and
announced renewal of the struggle with
Spain. The Philippines declared
independence from Spain on June 12 and
proclaimed a provisional republic with
Aguinaldo as president. With the conclusion
of the Spanish-American War, the
Philippines, along with Puerto Rico and
Guam, were ceded by Spain to the
U.S. by the Treaty of Paris, on December
10, 1898. The Filipino struggle for
independence would continue through the
PhilippineAmerican War and would not be
achieved until after World War II.

JOSE RIZAL AND PHILIPPINE

NATIONALISM - NATIONAL
SYMBOL

WHAT IS NATIONAL SYMBOL?

Represent our ideals and represent our

sovereignty as a nation

THE OFFICIAL NATIONAL SYMBOLS

OF THE PHILIPPINES (Pambansang
Sagisag ng Pilipinas)

THESE SYMBOLS HAVE BEEN ENACTED

IN OUR LAWS (Recognised by law)

PHILIPPINE FLAG

The Philippine National Flag has two equal

horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with
a white equilateral triangle based on the
hoist side; in the center of the triangle is a
yellow sun with eight primary rays (each
containing three individual rays) and in each
corner of the triangle is a small yellow five-
pointed star.

NATIONAL ANTHEM: LUPANG

HINIRANG

The Philippine national anthem is entitled

“Lupang Hinirang” and composed by Julian
Felipe. a Filipino music teacher and
composer of Cavite. “Lupang Hinirang” was
first played publicly on June 12, 1898
during the proclamation of Philippine
Independence. Its lyrics were adopted
from the Spanish poem, Filipinas, which was
written by José Palma.
NATIONAL COAT-OF-ARMS

The official seal of the Senate of the

Philippines is actually an adaptation of the
Coat of Arms of the Republic, which was
approved on July 15, 1950. This orientation
is but inevitable, the Senate being the
legislative body of the State. However,
certain modifications were recommended
to recognize the lawmaking function of the
Senate.

As a symbol of the State, the coat of arms

of the Republic represents three historical
phases — Philippines, Spanish and
American.

NATIONAL LANGUAGE: FILIPINO

Filipino, also known as Pilipino, is the

national language of the Philippines. Filipino
is also designated, along with English, as an
official language of the country. It is a
standardized variety of the Tagalog
language, an Austronesian regional
language that is widely spoken in the
Philippines

NATIONAL MOTO: “MAKA-DIYOS,

MAKA-TAO, MAKAKALIKASAN AT
MAKABANSA

National Motto of the Philippines: Maka-

Diyos, Maka-Tao, Makakalikasan at
Makabansa

For the Love of God, People, Nature and

Country
The National Motto of the Philippines is set
in law. It is contained in the Flag and
Heraldic Code of the Philippines (R.A.
8491).

NATIONAL FLOWER: SAMPAGUITA

the national flower of Philippines, is grown

in the tropics, mostly for its rich
fragrance. Its complex chemical
composition makes it a worthwhile option
for medicinal and ornamental purposes.

NATIONAL TREE: NARA

Is a striking, large and strong shady tree.

It is one of the most wanted wood for
furniture but because there are only a few
trees left, cutting down a Narra tree is no
longer allowed. It is mostly found in Bicol,
Mindanao and the Cagayan Valley forests.
The Narra trees grow all over the
Philippine islands and are mostly found and
grown in Bicol, Mindanao and the Cagayan
Valley forests.

NATIONAL BIRD: PHILIPPINE EAGLE

also known as the monkey-eating eagle or
great Philippine eagle, is an endangered
species of eagle of the family
Accipitridae which is endemic to forests
in the Philippines.
NATIONAL GEM: PHILIPPINE PEARL

Pearls evoke elegance and distinction. They

are a source of incomparable joy. In the
Philippines, the Golden South Sea Pearl is a
national gem. This highly prized wonder of
nature from our tropical shores symbolizes
the embodiment of the country's tradition
and culture.

NATIONAL SPORT: ARNIS

Arnis is the national martial art sport of

Philippines. It is also known as Eskrima and
Kali. This sport actually emphasizes weapon
based fighting which is done using knives,
bladed weapons, sticks and various
improvised weapons. ... This sport was
known as the defensing sport in the past by
the practitioners.

The following that are circulating

through various sources, has no basis
in the Philippine law such as the
claims:

THE UNOFFICIAL SYMBOLS OF THE

PHILIPPINES

DECLARATION BY POPULAR
ACCLAMATION (PAGKILALA SA
SAGISAG KAHIT WALA PANG OPISYAL
NA DEKLARASYON)

NATIONAL HERO: JOSE RIZAL

Was a Filipino nationalist and polymath

during the tail end of the Spanish colonial
period of the Philippines. He is tagged as
the national hero of the Filipino people.

NATIONAL DANCE: CARINOSA

is a Philippine dance of colonial era origin

from the Maria Clara suite of Philippine
folk dances, where the fan or handkerchief
plays an instrumental role as it places the
couple in romance scenario.
NATIONAL ANIMAL: CARABAO

The Carabao is the national animal of the

Philippines. It symbolizes, strength, power,
efficiency, perseverance and most of all,
hard work.

NATIONAL FISH: BANGUS

is a favorite of the common folk as the

best part of the fish is the belly fat. It
was seen as the national fish but was
unofficial as there is no law that would
make it official

NATIONAL HOUSE: BAHAY KUBO

(NIPA HUT)

Nipa hut, it is the symbol of Filipino homes.

They are commonly seen in the provinces.

NATIONAL LEAF: ANAHAW

Anahaw or Fan palm leaves are also a

widespread symbol in the Philippines that is
often used in awards and medals to
represent high achievement, strength, and
loyalty. Also known as the round-leaf
fountain palm or scientifically known as
Saribus rotundifolius, is an unofficial
national symbol.

NATIONAL FRUIT: MANGO

The reason it was unofficaly called the

national fruit is because it is commonly
seen in markets and a great food for
desserts

Also known as the round-leaf fountain palm

or scientifically known as Saribus
rotundifolius, is an unofficial national
symbol.
Although the following national items
are unofficial in the eyes of the
Constitution, a house bill prepared in
2014 has been created to try to give
these people and objects the
recognition they deserve. House Bill
Number 3926, also known as "An
Act Declaring The National Symbols
of the Philippines" aims to make the
national song, hero, dance, bird, fish,
animal, leaf, fruit, food, costume,
slippers, and house official
*