ENVISCI SCRIPTS

Alliah
Definition---External and internal influences affect ecosystems in different ways.
The overall structure of an ecosystem is controlled by external elements such as
terrain, soil's parent material, and climate, which are not directly influenced by
the ecosystem. Decomposition, root competition, shade, disturbance, succession,
and the kinds of species present are a few examples of internal elements that are
under control. The availability of these resources within the ecosystem is
governed by internal variables, whilst the resource inputs are often under the
control of external activities. As a result, internal variables both influence and are
influenced by ecological activities.
Function---The ecosystem's functional characteristics maintain its constituent
parts working together. Ecosystem functions are energy exchanges or natural
processes that occur in various plant and animal groups throughout the world's
varied biomes.
Green leaves, for instance, prepare food, while roots draw nutrients from the soil.
Herbivores consume the leaves and roots, which then provide food for carnivores.
Decomposers carry out the processes that convert complicated organic
components into straightforward inorganic products that are used by the
manufacturers.
Fundamentally, the way an ecosystem works is through the transfer of nutrients
and energy up the food chain. The planet's plant and animal life, as well as the
breakdown of organic materials and the creation of biomass, are all supported by
these exchanges.
Importance---Healthy ecosystems maintain our soil, clean our air, control the
climate, recycle nutrients, and give us food. They offer resources and raw
materials for making medications and other things. They support our economies
and are the cornerstone of all civilizations. A soil's role in an ecosystem is crucial.
It gives the plants in an environment crucial nutrients. It aids in securing the
plants to their location. Numerous living species find a home in soil, which also
absorbs and stores water for plants and animals to use.
Rogin
TOPIC : "STRUCTURE OF THE ECOSYSTEM"

DEFINITION : The structure of the ecosystem includes the organisms and physical
features of the environment, including the amount and distribution of nutrients in
a particular habitat. It also provides information regarding the climatic conditions
of that area.
Under the STRUCTURE ECOSYSTEM we have BIOTIC and ABIOTIC
Let's talk about "BIOTIC ECOSYSTEM COMPONENTS"
• Biologic components are the parts of an ecosystem that are alive. Plants,
animals, fungus, and bacteria are a few of these factors. Based on the source of
energy needed, these biotic components can be further divided into categories.
The 3 main groups of biotic components are producers, consumers, and
decomposers.
Producers - This are the plants in the ecosystem, which can generate their own
energy requirement through photosynthesis, in the presence of sunlight and
chlorophyll. All other living beings are dependent on plants for their energy
requirement of food as well as oxygen.
Second is consumer - This include herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores. The
herbivores are the living organisms that feed on plants. Carnivores eat other living
organisms. Omnivores are animals that can eat both plant and animal tissue.
And last Decomposers - This are the fungi and bacteria, which are the
saprophytes. They feed on the decaying organic matter and convert this matter
into nitrogen and carbon dioxide. The saprophytes play a vital role in recycling the
nutrients so that the producers, Example: plants can use them once again.
And now. Let's move on to "Abiotic Components of Ecosystem"
• Abiotic components are the physical and/or the chemical factors that act on the
living organisms at any part of their life. These are also called as the ecological
factors. The physical and chemical factors are characteristic of the environment.
Light, air, soil, and nutrients, etc. form the abiotic components of an ecosystem.
The abiotic factors vary from ecosystem to ecosystem. In an aquatic ecosystem,
the abiotic factors may include water pH, sunlight, turbidity, water depth, salinity,
available nutrients and dissolved oxygen. Similarly, abiotic factors in terrestrial
ecosystems can include soil, soil types, temperature, rain, altitude, wind,
nutrients, sunlight etc.

ELY (Forest)
A forest ecosystem is a place that provides natural habitat to millions of plant and
animal species. The forest ecosystems have been divid ed into different types
based on the climatic conditions of that particular region – for example- tropical
rainforest, temperate, etc.
The forest ecosystem plays an essential role in the environment. It helps to
balance the climate of the planet. One of the major roles that forests play is that
it provides us oxygen to breathe. Trees help to maintain the balance of carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere. Besides this, forests also help to prevent soil erosion,
rainfall, purifying the air, etc.
Community Structure
Descriptions of the community structure relate to both the species richness,
which is the total number of species, and the species diversity, a community
complexity measurement which takes in the species richness as well as their
relative abundances for example 5 individuals rather than 100 individuals).
Communities in which species exhibit higher species richness and evenness are
considered to be more diverse.
Communities in ecosystems are constantly experiencing disturbances that cause
structural changes. These disturbances can come in the form of the arrival of new
species, natural disasters (such as wildfires), and more. This process of constant
disturbances and their resulting structural changes to species and habitats over
time is known as ecological succession. There are two kinds of ecological
succession: primary and secondary.
Primary Succession
Primary succession occurs when a previously lifeless, non-existent, or obscured
habitat is colonized by species for the first time.
The first organisms to colonize this habitat are known as pioneer species. This
pioneer species represents the first community and, over time, the community
increases in complexity as biodiversity grows due to the arrival of more species.
Some ways in which primary succession can occur would be following natural
disasters, such as volcanic eruptions, landslides, or soil erosion during flooding
which all create or reveal new habitat that was not previously present. Primary
succession can also be instigated by humans, through the abandonment of
structures, thus allowing for the colonization of wildlife.
Secondary Succession
Secondary succession occurs when some ecological disturbance causes a habitat
that was colonized by organisms previously to have much of its animal and plant
life disappear, eventually resulting in the recolonization of the habitat.
Causes of secondary succession can include natural disasters, such as wildfires,
which may eradicate many species or cause them to escape to other areas, and
anthropogenic factors, such as agricultural development in habitat.
The key difference between primary and secondary succession is that, in
secondary succession, life was previously present in the area and the habitat will
eventually be recolonized, rather than being colonized for the first time.

JAKE(Grassland)
Grassland - Grassland Ecosystem is an area where the vegetation is dominated by
grasses and other herbaceous (non-woody) plants. It is also called transitional
landscape because grassland ecosystems are dominated by the grass with few or
no trees in the area where there is not enough for a forest and too much of a
forest.
ROGIN TUNDRA

• Treeless areas with a cold, windy environment and little rainfall are known as
tundra ecosystems, and they can be found in the Arctic and on the tops of
mountains. Snow covers tundra lands for the most of the year, but summer brings
wildflower blooming.

ALLIAH Desert
desert ecosystem is the community of living and non-living organisms living
together and interacting in an environment which seems to be abandoned. A
Desert ecosystem is the interaction between both the Biotic and Abiotic
components of the environment.

CHRISTIAN Freshwater
* A subset of the aquatic ecosystems on Earth are freshwater ecosystems. Lakes,
ponds, rivers, streams, springs, bogs, and wetlands are some of them.
Temperature, light penetration, nutrients, and vegetation are just a few of the
variables that can be used to categorize freshwater environments. The three
primary categories of freshwater habitats are lentic (slow flowing water, such as
lakes, ponds, and pools), lotic (rapid moving water, such as streams and rivers),
and wetlands (areas where the soil is saturated or inundated for at least part of
the time). Overfishing, contaminated water, altered flow patterns, habitat
destruction or degradation, and exotic species invasion are some of the threats to
freshwater biodiversity.

IVAN Marine