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    Pulmnonary System

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    natalie muyengwa
    The document discusses the physiology of the human respiratory system. It describes the organization of breathing including internal and external respiration. It details the stages of respiration including ventilation, gas exchange, and transport of gases. It also examines the mechanism of lung ventilation and the types of lung volumes and capacities.

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    Pulmnonary System

    Uploaded by

    natalie muyengwa
    20 views13 pages
    The document discusses the physiology of the human respiratory system. It describes the organization of breathing including internal and external respiration. It details the stages of respiration including ventilation, gas exchange, and transport of gases. It also examines the mechanism of lung ventilation and the types of lung volumes and capacities.

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    physiology

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    Pulmnonary system

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    The document discusses the physiology of the human respiratory system. It describes the organization of breathing including internal and external respiration. It details the stages of respiration including ventilation, gas exchange, and transport of gases. It also examines the mechanism of lung ventilation and the types of lung volumes and capacities.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    20 views13 pages

    Pulmnonary System

    Uploaded by

    natalie muyengwa
    The document discusses the physiology of the human respiratory system. It describes the organization of breathing including internal and external respiration. It details the stages of respiration including ventilation, gas exchange, and transport of gases. It also examines the mechanism of lung ventilation and the types of lung volumes and capacities.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 13

    PHYSIOLOGY OF THE

    HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

    lek. Kamila Gorczyca


    ORGANIZATION OF
    BREATHING
    INTERNAL RESPIRATION (-ssue respira-on)
    Breathing involving the metabolism and energy in each cell.
    It consists mainly in the transfer of electrons from hydrogen organic compounds to
    molecular oxygen, leading to the forma-on of water.

    O2 + 4 H ® 2 O2- + 4 H+ ® 2 H2O

    The second oxida-on product – CO2 is formed mainly by decarboxyla-on of acids


    Organic.

    EXTERNAL RESPIRATION (gas exchange)


    It consists in taking oxygen and giving away carbon dioxide.
    Ven-la-on of the respiratory organs and exchange of gases between the blood in the
    capillaries of the respiratory surface and the external environment of the body.
    ORGANIZATION OF BREATHING
    Respira-on (excluding from it all chemical transforma-ons in cells that take place in
    them from the moment of O2 intake and co2 excre-on) are divided into stages:

    1. VENTILATION of the respiratory organs

    External
    2. GAS EXCHANGE between the blood in the breathing
    capillaries of the respiratory surface and the
    external environment of the body

    3. TRANSPORT OF GASES in the space between the surface Respiratory


    respiratory in capillaries in -ssues blood func-on

    4. GAS EXCHANGE between blood and fluid


    intercellular through the wall of capillaries in -ssues with Internal
    breathing
    once between cells and surrounding -ssue fluid
    EXCHANGE OF BREATHING GASES
    EXCHANGE OF BREATHING GASES
    The alveoli are made up of one layer of a very thin flat epithelium
    EXCHANGE OF BREATHING GASES
    EXCHANGE OF BREATHING GASES
    The direc-on of movement of breathing gases is strictly determined by the decrease in
    par-al pressures and the pressure of these gases

    Atmosfera Płuca Krew Tkanki

    O2 O2 O2 O2 O2
    159 102 40 100 40

    CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2


    0,2 40 46 40 46

    The rate and efficiency of respiratory gas exchange depends on:


    par-al pressure difference
    the size of the surface on which diffusion occurs
    temperature at which the exchange takes place
    pH at individual exchange points
    EXCHANGE OF BREATHING GASES
    LUNG VENTILATION MECHANISM
    The lungs can change in volume with the chest, which becomes more capacious
    when inhaling and less capacious when exhaling
    LUNG VENTILATION MECHANISM

    In the ver-cal direc-on, the dimension of the chest increases during the contrac-on of
    the diaphragm

    Transverse expansion of the chest involves li[ing the ribs, moving the sternum and
    changing the shape of the spine. During a calm inhala-on, this happens under
    the effect of spasm of the external and interchonal muscles.
    LUNG VENTILATION MECHANISM
    The en-re lungs are covered from the outside by a serous membrane called the
    visceral pleura, which passes into the wall pleura lining the inside of the chest
    Between them is a narrow space filled with a very small amount of serous fluid,
    called the pleural cavity

    WDECH WYDECH

    The inner surface of the alveoli is covered with a molecular layer of SURFACTATANATE, which reduces
    surface tension and prevents the alveoli from collapsing completely during exhalaAon
    TYPES OF LUNG VOLUME AND CAPACITY
    The lungs together with the airways are very stretchable and therefore do not have a constant
    volume, but there are several typical types of air, capacity or volume
    VOLUMES (V)
    CAPACITY (C)
    Elementary and indivisible components
    Sum of relevant volumes
    of the en-re lung capacity

    Deepest breath

    Calm inhala,on

    Calm exhala,on

    Deepest exhala,on

    SPIROMETER is used to measure air volume


    introduced into the lungs and removed from there during
    different degrees of intensity of respiratory movements
    RODZAJE OBJĘTOŚCI I POJEMNOŚCI
    PŁUC
    TV – breathing volume = volume of single breath (500 ml)
    IRV – spare inspiratory volume (supplementary air) = the largest volume of air that
    can be drawn into the lungs replenishing their filling from the top of a calm inhalaOon (2000 ml)
    ERV – spare exhaust volume (spare air) = the largest volume of air that can be breathed out of the
    lungs starOng at the end of a calm exhalaOon (1500 ml)
    RV – residual volume (residual air) = volume of air in the lungs at the Ome of compleOon of the
    deepest exhalaOon (1200 ml)
    TLC – total lung capacity = volume of air in the lungs at the Ome of compleOon of the deepest
    inhalaOon: IRV + TV + ERV + RV (5200 ml)
    VC – vital capacity = volume of air that can be breathed out of the lungs in the space from the
    deepest inhalaOon to the deepest exhalaOon: IRV + TV + ERV (4000 ml)
    IC - inspiratory capacity (inhalaOon air) = the volume of air that can be drawn into the lungs starOng
    from the peak of calm exhalaOon and ending with the top of the deepest inhalaOon : TV + IRV (2500
    ml)
    FRC – funcOonal residual capacity = volume of air contained in the lungs at the Ome of compleOon of
    calm exhalaOon: ERV + RV (2700 ml)

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