Lesson 10

LESSON 10: GLOBAL CITY
 21st Century
 Is a hub for the closer relation of states and for a wider perspective in
technological development. As such, the world became a web where
people can witness the interconnectivity of nations.
 Thomas Friedman
 In his book The World is Flat (2005), there are three stages of
globalization:
 What did Thomas Friedman mean by the world is flat?
 Friedman believes the world is flat in the sense that the competitive playing
field between industrial and emerging market countries is leveling.
 Three stages of globalization:
1. Globalization 1.0
 Lasted from 1492 to 1800
 “shrank the world from a size large to a size medium.”
 Known as the age of mercantilism and colonialism and the driving forces
were workforce, horsepower, wind power, and later on, steam power.
2. Pax Britannica / Globalization 2.0
 When Great Britain was the hegemonic power in terms of trade and economy
 The driving force was new institutions, particularly the emergence of global
markets and multinational corporations.
3. Pax Americana / Globalization 3.0
 Occurred during the second half of the 20th century
 Refers to the age of Pax Americana when the United States of America was
hegemonic power in terms of security, trade, and economy.
 After fall of the Soviet Union in the 1980s, the USA became the sole
superpower in the so-called Unipolar World.
 WHAT IS A SOFT POWER?
 Unlike in the 19th and 20th century, the present condition does not use the
tactics of force as a primary strategy in maintaining one’s influence over
another state, rather it uses soft power to retain one’s dominance over
the less powerful states.
 Joseph Nye (2004)
- who coined the term soft power.
- Soft power uses a different method to establish cooperation - attraction.
- this form of power “arises from the attractiveness of a country’s culture, political
ideals, and politics.” When these policies are deemed justifiable by other states,
soft power is enhanced.
 Nye argues that it will be a mistake if a country does not use this as part of its
national strategy. He further posits that attraction has always been more
effective than force; shared values such as democracy, human rights, and
individual opportunities are highly persuasive. Admittedly, the USA has been
employing its soft power in various ways.
 MICHAEL PRYSNER - u.s army veteran activist who confronted ex-Pres.

Bush over deaths in the Iraq war at Beverly Hills, CA on September 19, 2021.
 Over 276,000 people are estimated to have been killed in the Iraq war.
 Bush sent troops into Iraq claiming it had weapons of mass destruction.
 THE TERM COUNTRY IS A SYNONYM FOR STATE

4 ELEMENTS OF STATE:
1. PEOPLE - contains a permanent population
2. TERRITORY - occupies a defined territory on the earth’s surface
3. GOVERNMENT - rules people
4. SOVEREIGNTY - control over its internal and foreign affairs, independent from
other states; freedom from external control
 Concept of dividing world into independent is recent.
 With the development of technology, corporations around the world tried to
expand their footholds outside their own countries.
 Gore (2013) - explained that the world Is changing dramatically and there are
six driving forces in the global change. One of the drivers of global change is
the emergence of a deeply interconnected global economy that increasingly
operates as a whole entity.
 Gore (2013) - Multinational corporations (MNCs) plays a substantial role in
the global economy and enjoy a multitude of privileges such as
unquestionable access to vast amounts of wealth they draw from their
income, theoretical immortality to a certain extent, and the ability to pit
themselves against one another.
 Nation-states are the centerpieces of the global community to the extent that
MNCs threaten nation-states themselves.
 Therefore, from these established premises, one can infer that MNCs play a
pivotal role not only in the global economy but in the international political
community as well, alongside nation-states in terms of their capacity to
sustain themselves and considerably to influence the members of the
international community.
 In a sense, MNCs seem to tie together an otherwise politically separated and
clouted world under an all-encompassing banner of commerce and economy.
Products and goods have their intrinsic capability to attract a target market
regardless of geographical location and political ideology. MNCs, in a sense,
have the capacity to erase and transcend the borders of the world.
 MNCs and the irrefutable continuity of nation-states act as key actors of the
global community. With these, the world, at least figuratively, seems to be
smaller and more connected.
 The global city serves as a hub for production, finance, and
telecommunications.
 Sassen (2005) - outlined the different characteristics of globality that maintain
its link to globalization.
 Some of the obvious characteristics of global city are:
1. The cultural diversity of the people;
2. Existence of a center of economy;
3. Geographic dispersal of economic activities that marks globalization;
4. Global reach performance
 These characteristics are observed in famous global cities such as New
York, Tokyo, Singapore, and Seoul.
 It cannot be helped that a multitude of cultures interact with each other when
nation-states and multinational corporations behave in a gender scheme.
 The result of this constant interaction among a wide array of cultures
conglomeration of cultures in a particular geographical setting which has
been labelled as a global city.
 Thus, global cities represent cities around the world that exemplify these
characteristics of a city better than other cities.
 For example:
 2017 and 2018 by A.T. Kearney’s Global Cities Report - The cities of San
Francisco and New York in the united State of America were showcased as
global cities that exhibit strength in innovation and strong performance in
business activity.
 As development of global condition, cultural diversity of market among

countries arises and the world as people know it is currently in the state
where people are diverse, yet connected.
 Through the development of mutinational corporations, global cities have
been established. The 21st century brought the countries together into global
competition. In the coming decades, the number of global cities will
dramatically increase.

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LESSON 10: GLOBAL CITY

 MICHAEL PRYSNER - u.s army veteran activist who confronted ex-Pres.

 THE TERM COUNTRY IS A SYNONYM FOR STATE

 As development of global condition, cultural diversity of market among

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