Chapter 1
Chapter 1
Matrix
Le Cong Nhan
1 Matrix Algebra
2 Rank of a Matrix
3 Determinants
4 Inverse of a Matrix
aij are called entries (or elements) in the ith row and jth colume of the
matrix.
the size of the matrix A = (aij )m×n is m by n (written m × n).
A = B ⇐⇒ aij = bij .
Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC University of Technology
Chapter and
1. Education)
Matrix Ngày 12 tháng 2 năm 2022 3 / 45
Special Matrices
3 Lower triangular matrix: A square matrix with property that all its entries
above the main diagonal are zeros.
a11 0 ··· 0
a21 a22 ··· 0
A= . .. ..
.. ..
. . .
an1 an2 ··· ann
a11 b11 + a12 b21 + · · · + a1p bp1 ··· a11 b1n + a12 b2n + · · · + a1p bpn
a21 b11 + a22 b21 + · · · + a2p bp1 ··· a21 b1n + a22 b2n + · · · + a2p bp2
=
.. ..
. .
am1 b11 + am2 b21 + · · · + amp bp1 ··· am1 b1n + am2 b2n + · · · + amp bp2
p
!
X
= aik bkj
k=1 m×n
1 A+B =B +A
2 (A + B) + C = A + (B + C )
3 A+0=0+A=A
4 (k1 k2 )A = k1 (k2 A)
5 1A = A
6 k(A + B) = kA + kB
7 (k1 + k2 )A = k1 A + k2 A
8 (AB)C = A(BC )
9 Am×n In = Am×n = Im Am×n
10 A(B + C ) = AB + AC
Properties of Transpose
Suppose A and B are matrices and k a scalar. Then
(AT )T = A
(A + B)T = AT + B T
(AB)T = B T AT
(kA)T = kAT
Definition 7
a11 a12
A deteminant of A = is the number
a21 a22
a a12
det(A) = 11 = a11 a22 − a21 a12
a21 a22
Definition 8
a11 a12 a13
A deteminant of A = a21 a22 a23 is the number
a31 a32 a33
a11 a12 a13
a a23 a21 a23 a21 a22
det(A) = a21 a22 a23 = a11 22
− a12
+ a13
a31 a32 a33 a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32
where Mij is the determinant of the submatrix obtained by deleting the ith row
and the jth column of A.
1 detAT = detA
2 If any two rows (columns) of an n × n matrix A are the same, then detA = 0.
3 If all the entries in a row (column) of an n × n matrix A are zero, then
detA = 0.
Ri ↔Rj
4 If A −−−−→ B, then detB = −detA
αRi →Rj
5 If A −−−−−→ B, then detB = α · detA
Ri +αRj →Ri
6 If A −−−−−−−→ B, then detB = detA
7 det(AB) = detA · detB
8 Suppose A = (aij )n is an triangular matrix (upper or lower). Then
AB = BA = In (3)
a11 a12 ··· a1n 1 0 ··· 0
a21 a22 ··· a2n 0 1 ··· 0
(A|In ) = . .. .. .. .. ..
| {z } .. . . . . .
partitioned matrix
an1 an2· · · ann 0 0 · · · 1
1 0 · · · 0 b11 b12 ··· b1n
0 1 · · · 0 b21 b22 ··· b2n
elementary
−−−−−−−−→ . . .. .. .. .. = (In |B)
row operations .. .. . . . .
0 0 · · · 1 bn1 bn2 ··· bnn
AX = B, (5)
where aij are called coefficients and bi are called constants of the system.
a11 a12 · · · a1n x1 b1
a21 a22 · · · a2n x2 b2
.. .. .. · .. = .. . (7)
. . . . .
am1 am2 · · · amn xn bm
| {z } | {z } | {z }
A X B
If all the constants are zero, the system (6) is said to be homogeneous; otherwise
it is nonhomogeneous.
Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC University of Technology
Chapter and
1. Education)
Matrix Ngày 12 tháng 2 năm 2022 27 / 45
Augmented Matrix
1 Two system of equations are called equivalent iff they have the same
solution set.
2 A linear system of equations is said to be consistent if it has at least one
solution, and inconsistent if it has no solutions.
3 If a linear system is consistent, it has either
a unique solution (that is, precisely one solution), or
infinitely many solutions.
Example 20
Solving the linear system of equations
x1 − 5x3 = −1
2x1 + 8x2 = 7
x2 + 9x3 = 1
Let A = (aij )n×n be the coefficient matrix and B = (bi )n×1 be the constant matrix
of the system and define a special matrix
a11 a12 · · · a1 k−1 b1 a1 k+1 ··· a1n
a21 a22 · · · a2 k−1 b2 a2 k+1 ··· a2n
Ak = . .. .. .. .. .. (10)
.. . . . . .
an1 an2 · · · an k−1 bn an k+1 ··· ann
AX = B
where A is a square matrix. If det(A) 6= 0, then the system has a unique solution
given by
Example 27
Use the inverse of the coefficient matrix to solve the system
3x1 + 2x2 + x3 = 7
x1 − x2 + 3x3 = 3
5x1 + 4x2 − 2x3 = 1.
hay có dạng phương trình ma trận AX = 0. Lưu ý rằng hệ phương trình (11) luôn
tương thích do (0, 0, ..., 0) luôn là nghiệm của (11). Đây được gọi là nghiệm tầm
thường (trivial solution).
Example 30
Chứng tỏ rằng các hệ phương trình thuần nhất sau có nghiệm không tầm thường
và hãy tìm tập nghiệm của chúng
3x1 + 5x2 − 4x3 = 0
a) −3x1 − 2x2 + 4x3 = 0 b) x + y − 2z = 0.
6x1 + x2 − 8x3 = 0
Example 32
Balance the chemical equation
C2 H6 + O2 → CO2 + H2 O.