The Fibonacci Sequence

Leonardo of Pisa – Fibonacci

 Fibonacci is the greatest of European mathematician of the middle ages.
 Born in 1770 and died in 1240
 He introduced the Arabic number system in Europe
Origin of Fibonacci Sequence
 Fibonacci Sequence was discovered after an investigation on the reproduction of rabbits
because of the Growing Population of Rabbits. Rabbits are able to mate at the age of one month
so that at the end of the second month, a female can produce pair of rabbits.
Fibonacci Sequence
 Is an integer in the infinite sequence 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, … add the last two to get the next term.
Example of Fibonacci Sequence in Nature
 Fibonacci Spiral in Sunflowers
 Pine Cones
 Pineapple
Can plants do math?
 No, but their growth is based on this sequence.
The Golden Ratio
 It is connected to Fibonacci Sequence
 The Golden ratio is often denoted by the Greek letter (phi)
 This is approximately equal to 1,618
 The Golden Ration can be expressed as the ration between two numbers.
This illustration can be applied using this formula.

Example of the Golden Ratio in Nature

 Mona Lisa
 Notre Dame Cathedral
 Parthenon
Find the indicatePd term of the Fibonacci Sequence.
Mathematics in Our World: Appreciation of Numbers
 The importance of mathematics in our daily lives, we may not notice it but we’ve been
surrounded by mathematics in our whole life whether in everyday matters. Math teaches us to
think analytically and improves our using skills, it is regarded as a powerful tool for worldwide
understanding and communication.
 Math is to know my body temperature, to know the date, to know the score I get in playing
games, to know my body size in clothes and many more.
 Without math we wouldn’t have the internet, technology and devices on which we rely
primarily these days.
 Math is helpful in detecting the rate of Covid 19 cases among other things these are only few
examples of mathematics in everyday life and there’s still so much more to recognized and
appreciated.

Mathematical Language and Symbol

 Language is a systematic way of communication with other people use of sounds or conventions
symbols.
 Language was invented to communicate ideas to others.
 The language of mathematics was designed:
- Numbers
- Sets
- Functions
- Perform operations
Symbols commonly used in Mathematics
1. The ten digits: 0, 1, 2, … 9
2. Operations: +, -, ×, ÷
3. Sets: (, )
4. Variables: a, b, c, x and y
5. Special symbols: =, <, >, ≤, ≥, π
6. Logic Symbols: ~, ^, v, →
7. Set Notations: N, W, Z, O, R, C
Some important sets are the following:
 N = {1, 2, 3, …} = The set of natural numbers.
 W = {0, 1, 2, 3, …} = the set of whole numbers.
 Z = {…-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …} = the set of integers.
 Q = the set of rational numbers
 Q = the set of irrational numbers
 R = the set of real numbers

The Grammar of Mathematics

 The mathematical notation used for formulas has its own grammar, not dependent on a specific
natural language, but shared internationally by mathematics regardless of their mother tongues.
Characteristics of the Mathematics Language
 Precise
 Concise
 Powerful
Difficulties
 The word “is” could mean equality, inequality, or member in a set.
 Different use of a number (cardinal, ordinal, nominal, ratio)
 Mathematical objects be represented in many ways such as sets and functions.
 The words “and” and “or” mean differently in mathematics from its English use.

Mathematical Language and Symbols: variables

Variables
 It is represented by a letter, like x or y.
 A symbol for a value we don’t know yet.
Advantage of using variables
 It allows you to give a temporary name to what you are seeking so that you can perform
concrete computations with it to help discover its possible values.
 Example: Is there a number with the following property:
 Doubling it and adding 3 gives the same results as squaring it?

Writing Sentences Using Variables

 Use variables to rewrite the following sentences more formally.
a. Are the numbers with the property that the sum of their squares equals the square of
their sum?
b. Give any real number, its square is nonnegative.
Writing sentences using variables (cont.)
a. Are there numbers with the property that the sum of their squares equals the square of their
sum?
Solution :

b. Given any real number, its square is nonnegative.

Solution :

Some Important Kinds of Mathematical statements

 Universal Statement – Says that a certain property is true for all elements in a set. “For all”
Example: All positive numbers are greater than zero.
 Conditional Statement: says one thing is true some other thing also has to be true. “if-then”
Example: if 378 is divisible by 18, then 378 is divisible by 6.
 Existential Statement – says that there is at least one thing for which the property is true.
Example: there is a prime number that is even
Universal Condition Statements
 A statement that is both Universal and conditional.
Example: for all animals a, if a is a dog, then a is a mammal.
 They can be rewritten in ways that make them appear to be purely universal or purely
conditional.
- If a is a dog, then a is a mammal
- If an animal is a dog, then the animal is a mammal
- For all dogs a, a is a mammal.
- All dogs are mammals.
Universal Existential Statements
 A statement that is universal because its first part says that a certain property is
true for all objects of a given type, and it is existential because its second part
asserts the existence of something.
Example: Every Real number has an additive inverse.
- All real numbers have additive inverses.
- For all real numbers r, there is an additive inverse for r.
- For all real numbers r, there is a real number s such that s is an additive inverse.
Existential Universal Statements
 A statement that is existential because its first part asserts that a certain object
exists and is universal because its second part says that the object satisfies a
certain property for all things of a certain kind

- Example: There is a positive integer that is less than or equal to every positive integer.

Part 1: The Language of Sets

SETS

 A set is a well-defined collection of distinct objects.. It usually represented by capital letters.

 The objects of a set are separated by commas.
 The objects that belong in a set are the elements, or n the set.
 It can be represented by listing its element between b
 A set is said to be well-defined if the elements in specifically listed..
EXAMPLES:
A = {a, e, I, o, u}
B = {set of plane figures} C= {Ca, Au, Ag}

Notation
 If S is a set, the Notation
- XES means that x is an element of S
- X € S means that x is not an element of S)
 A variation of notation is used to describe a very large set.
- (1, 2, 3., 100) refer to set of all integers from 1 to 100.
-. (1.2.3.) refer to set of all positive integers. The symbol… is called an ellipses with exactly

Using the Set – Roster Notation

 A set may be specified using the set-roster notation by writing all elements between braces.
Example:
- Let A= [1, 2, 3], B = (3, 1, 2), and C=(1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3). What are the Element of A, B, and
C? How are A, B, and C related?
- A, B, C have exactly the same three elements, 1, 2, 3. Therefore A, 8, and C are simply
represented in different ways.
 Is (0) = 0?
(0) ≠ 0 because [0] is a set with one element, namely 0, whereas 0 js just the
symbol that represents the number zero.

Cartesian Sets of Numbers

Some important sets are the following:
1. N=(1, 2, 3,…) the set of natural numbers.
2. W(0, 1, 2, 3, …) the set of whole numbers 3. Z -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3….) the set of integers
4. Q the set of rational numbers (terminating or repeating decimals)
5. Q’ the set of irrational numbers (non terminating, non repeating decimals).
6. R= the set of real numbers
7. C = the set of complex numbers

Set-Builder Notation

 Let S denote and let P(x) be a property that elements of S may or may not satisfy. We define a
new set to be the set of all elements x in S such that P(x) is true. We denote this set as follows:

Using the Set-Builder Notation

 Given that R the set of all real numbers. Z the set of all integers, and Z+ the set of all positive
integers, describe the following sets.

Definitions Regarding Sets

 A set is finite if the number of elements is countable.

 EXAMPLES:
A = {even numbers less than 10}
B = {days in a week}
 A set is infinite if the numbers of elements cannot be counted.
EXAMPLES:
A = {even numbers greater than 20}
B = {odd numbers}
C = {stars in the sky}

Equal and Equivalent Sets

 Equal sets are set with exactly the same elements and cardinality.
Example:
A = {c, a, r, e}
B = {r, a, c, e}

 Equivalent sets are set with the same number of elements or Cardinality.
Example:
A = {a. e. I, o, u}
B = {1,2,3,4,5}

Joint and Disjoint Sets

 Joint sets are set with common elements (intersection).

Example:
A = {c,a,r,e}
B= {b,e,a, r. s}
 Disjoint sets are set with no common elements.
Example:
The set A= {a, b, c} and B = {e, f,g} are disjoint sets, since no elements is common.

Part 2: The Language of Sets

Universal Set

 The set of all elements. We will use the letter U to denote universal set.
EXAMPLE:
If A {1, 2, 3} and B {3, 4,5, 5}, then the universal set U is,
U {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

 The empty set or null set is the set that contains no elements. The
Symbol Ó or {}is represent the empty set.
EXAMPLES:
A = {days start with letter L}
B= {triangles with 4 sides}
Subsets
 If A and B are sets, then A is called a subsets of B, written A ≤ B, if, and only if, every element of
A is also an element of B.
A≥B means the For all elements x, if x E A then x E B.
Proper Subset
 Let A and B be sets, A is a proper subset of B, if, and only if, every element of B is in B but there
is a least one element of B that is not in A.
Example
- Let A = Z+, B = { n E Z|0 ≤ n ≤ 100}, and
C = { 100, 200, 300, 400, 500}. Evaluate the Truth and falsity of each of the following
statements.
1. B ≤ A False. Zero is not a positive integer. Thus zero is in B but zero is not in A, and
so B ≥ A.
2. C is a proper subset of A.
 3. C and B have at least one element in common.

Ordered Pair
 Given elements a and b, the symbol (a, b) denotes the ordered pair consisting of a and b
together with the specification that a is the first element of the pair and b is the second
element. Two ordered pairs (a, b) and (c, d) are: equal if, and only if, a = c and b = d. Symbolically
(a, b)=(c, d) means that a = c and b = d
Example
- Is (1,2) = (2,1)?
No. By definition of equality of ordered pairs.

Yes. By definition of equality of ordered pairs.

 What is the first element of (1, 1)?
In the ordered pair (1, 1), the first and the and the second elements are both 1.
Cartesian Product

 Given sets A and B, the Cartesian product of A and B, denoted A x B and read “A times B,” is the
set of all ordered pairs (a, b) where a is in A and b is in B. Symbolically:

Example
 Let A (1, 2, 3) and B = (u, v)
Find AxB. AxB = {(1, u), (2, u), (3, u),(1,v),(2,v),(3,v)
Find BX A. BxA = {(u, 1), (u, 2), (u, 3), (v, 1), (v, 2) (v, 3)}
Find BxB. BxB= {(u, u), (u, v), (v, u), (vv)}
How many elements are in Ax B, BxA, and Bx B? AxB has six elements, BxA has six elements and BxB has
four elements.

Relation
 A relation is a rule that relates values from a set of values (called the domain) to a second set of
values (called the range.)
 The elements of the domain can be imagined as input to a machine that applies a rule to these
inputs to generate one or more outputs.
 A relation is also a set of ordered pair (x, y).
EXAMPLE:
R = {(1,2), (2, 4), (3, 61, 14. 8), 15, 10)}
A Relation as a Subset
 Let A = (1, 2) and B = {1, 2, 3) and define a relation from A to B as follows: Given any (x, y) e Ax B,
(x, y) e R means that x – y/2 is an integer.

1. State explicitly which ordered pairs are in Ax B and which are in R.

2. Is 1 R 3? Is 2 R 3? Is 2 R 2?
3. What are the domain and range of R?

The Language of Relation and Functions

Function
  A function is a relation where each element in the domain is related to only one value in the
range by some rule.
 The elements of the domain can be imagined as input to a machine that applies a rule so that
each input corresponds to only one output.
 A function is a set of ordered pairs (x,y) such that no two ordered pairs have the same x-value
but different y-values.

Functions can be represented in different ways.

Which of the following relations are Functions?

 F= {(1, 2), (2, 2), (3, 5), (4, 5)} Function

 G= {(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 7)} Not a Function
 h={(1, 3), (2, 6), (3, 9),…, (n, 3n),…} Function

Which of the following mapping diagrams represent functions?

THE VERTICAL LINE TEST

 A graph represents a function if and only if each vertical line intersects the graph at most once.

Which of the following represents a function?

EVALUATING A FUNCTION
Evaluate f(x) = 2x + 1 at x = 3x – 1
F(3x – 1) = 2x + 1
= 2(3x – 1) + 1
= 6x – 2 + 1
F(3x – 1) = 6x – 1