END SEM PROJECT REVIEW

Development of Pedestrian Safety Index at an

Urban Uncontrolled Intersection

Prepared by Supervising Teacher

Prince Thakor Mr. Manivel M.
(Roll No.21MCT012)

M.TECH CIVIL TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING SECTION

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY, PDEU 1
Content
1. INTRODUCTION
2. NEED OF STUDY
3. OBJECTIVE OF RESEARCH WORK
4. LITERATURE REVIEW
5. METHODOLOGY
6. STUDY AREA AND DATA COLLECTION
7. RESEARCH PLAN
8. REFERENCES

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 Pedestrians and motor vehicles both use the same road space
to get around. In the current situation, the safety of road
users in developing nations is in danger. Because they are
unprotected, pedestrians are the most vulnerable road users.

Due to increasing urbanization, high population density, and

lack of respect of traffic norms by road users, including both
INTRODUCTION vehicles and pedestrians, traffic accidents involving
pedestrians have become a serious safety concern in
emerging nations.

Stopping before the road curb or road edge, looking for

moving traffic, listening to the traffic direction, considering
the best crossing opportunity, and then crossing the road
when clear, are the five phases in a careful road crossing
approach.

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 Uncontrolled intersections in developing countries like India
experience many critical conflicts which result in severe
accidents. Moreover, on Indian roads traffic is heterogeneous in
nature and there are no separate lanes for each vehicle class
which increases the chances of accidents and results in
aggravates the problem.

On urban roads in India, there has been a rapid increase in

Need of Study pedestrian volumes and traffic-pedestrian conflicts in the last
few decades. To enhance pedestrian safety under mixed traffic
conditions, there is a need to improve pedestrian facilities.

The Pedestrian Intersection Safety Index (PedISI) model

includes a unique calculation that specifies the index of safety
value at a unique level of a pedestrian crossing. So basically,
there is a need to study this to evaluate the level of safety of
intersections so that to minimize the number of accidents
implementation can be done.
Objectives of Research
Work
1. To identify the suitable parameters to evaluate
pedestrian safety at an intersection.
2. To develop the relationship between various
parameters and pedestrian safety at an
uncontrolled intersection.
3. Development of a model between various
parameters and pedestrian safety at an
uncontrolled intersection.
LITERATURE
REVIEW
Literature Review from past studies:
International status
Mistretta et al., (2009) said in their study that clearly illustrates that
pedestrians around bus stops can be transit users (i.e., those waiting at,
arriving at, or leaving bus stops) or random passers-by. Nonetheless,
bus stations are strategically placed in high-traffic areas, such as
densely populated residential or business neighbourhoods. Given the
lack of pedestrian count data (and thus no other mechanism to screen
for potentially dangerous roadway portions), screening high-risk bus
stops to improve their safety will undoubtedly increase pedestrian
safety. In other words, the increased safety near bus stops benefits all
pedestrians, not just transit riders.

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International status

• Jiang et al. (2015) said in their study the estimated differences in TTC and TTC-
related metrics between China and Germany were calculated using road user
trajectories, as shown in this analysis. To address the crossing decision behavior
under bounded rationality and risk, Chen et al. used evolutionary game theory and
cumulative prospect theory to take into consideration the decision process of vehicle
drivers and pedestrians throughout the encounter.

• Ismail et al. (2010) said in their study that analysis clearly reveals that the safety
evaluations were conducted using video data for automated analysis, demonstrating
the capability of conducting before-and-after (BA) safety evaluations. I order to
prioritize pedestrian safety at intersection crosswalks,
 National status
• S. Marisamynathan,, P. Vedagiri said in their study this analysis clearly shows that the Pearson correlation
testing was conducted to define key variables with respect to pedestrian perceived safety index score. The
sensitivity of each model variable was analyzed using a Tornado diagram, and the stepwise linear regression
approach was used to develop a safety index model with a 95% confidence interval. K-means clustering was
performed to define the threshold values for each safety index rating.
• Badveeti Adinarayana, Mohammad Shafi Mir. (2021) said in their study the research study was undertaken to
develop Pedestrian Safety Index models using parameters such as crosswalk speed (m/sec), crosswalk
markings, vehicle stream speed (km/hr), pedestrian volume, pedestrian safety scores /rankings and crosswalk
length (m). At numerous un-signalized crossroads, data was captured and retrieved using a videographic
approach. The Pedestrian Safety Index models were created with SPSS software and evaluated on a dataset
collected from various places throughout Srinagar. The results of the created Pedestrian Safety Score Index
(PSSI) model produced for all selected places in Srinagar are three to four, suggesting an ordinary / average
safe to risky scenario of the PSI scores. The PSSI and Ped ISI model findings show how to estimate the
correct pedestrian safety index value at various un-signalized intersections. This study will also aid in
improving pedestrian safety methods, pedestrian volumes (ped/hr), and pedestrian safety interventions on city
streets in a variety of traffic situations.

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METHODOLOGY
OF STUDY

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Types of Intersection

According to IRC (Special Publication, 1994)

Grade-separated intersection
Signalized Intersection
Priority controlled Intersection
Uncontrolled Intersection

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Grade-separated intersection

• The highest crossroads that can be given are this kind of

intersection. The traffic at such intersections suffers minimal
delays and collisions.
• The differences in vertical degrees are achieved. Simply put
over the bridge, flyover or underpass is classified as a
separate grade crossing.

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 Signalized Intersection
• These types of crossings are installed in order to prevent the risk of collisions with traffic signals for the safe flow of
traffic. It removes conflicts in turning traffic and synchronizes the traffic pattern with various directions.

source-(mntransportationresearch.org) Source-(www.researchgate.net)

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Priority controlled
Intersection

• The intersections have the

regulatory sign for "STOP" or
a broad and interrupted STOP
on a minor road to give
preference to minor road
vehicles.
• Although minor road vehicle
is able to merge with the
mainstream whenever they
find a considerable gap.

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Uncontrolled
Intersection
• Intersections not installed with
traffic controls and traffic signals
are referred to as uncontrolled
intersections.
• The highest number of crucial
points in a road network is kept at
an unexpected junction, which is
likely to cause delay by
occupying the same right of way
at the same time.

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STUDY AREA AND DATA COLLECTION
• The intersection under investigation is a standard three-arm uncontrolled intersection
in Ahmedabad.
• The intersection is divided into two arms that run parallel to the major path and a third
arm that connects to a minor road.
• The main road is a separated two-lane carriageway, though the minor road is also a
divided two-lane carriageway in Ahmedabad.
• At the intersection, Light commercial vehicles (LCV), Heavy commercial vehicles
(HCV), Two-wheelers (2W), Three-wheelers (3W) and auto rickshaws move. The
intersection has clear approaches and is free of bus stops, parking, and other
obstructions.
• The intersection has clear approaches and is free of bus stops, parking, and other
obstructions. Left-turning cars from the major road usually take the left-most lane and
diverge into the minor road at the intersection. Similarly, cars making a left turn from
a minor road merge into the left-most lane of the main road.
• As a result, these actions do pose a danger to the intersection's safety. We also chosen
to use a very thorough approach, detailed form of investigation.
• All analysis variables are gathered from the recording, including time and background
information. Many databases are collected, but all of them are very carefully
organised and conducted during the month of January and February.

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 • We have determined the several critical factors causing critical conflicts at
uncontrolled intersections should be gathered and evaluated.
• This segment covers the data collection portion of the study, which involves the
Intersection gathering of traffic volumes and dimensions for various approaches. This
segment describes the data collection procedure and provides a brief overview of
selected for the research field.
• The video-graphic technique is used to gather data at the chosen uncontrolled
study intersection destinations. A high-definition handy-camera is mounted in suitable
positions.

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SELECTED LOCATION

DIMENSIONAL DETAILS OF
SATELLITE VIEW
INTERSECTION
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 Research Plan
Aug- Sep- Oct- Nov- Dec- Jan- Feb- Mar-
Task 22 22 22 22 22 23 23 23
Topic overview
Topic Finalisation
Literature Review
Research Gap Identification
Framing Objectives and
Methodology
Data Collection
Data Analysis
report writing
Research paper

Completed

Pending

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 REFERENCES
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pp.421-430.

• Archer, J. and Young, W., 2010, December. The measurement and modelling of proximal safety measures. In Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Transport

(Vol. 163, No.4, pp. 191-201). Thomas Telford Ltd.

• Archer, J., 2000, October. Developing the potential of micro-simulation modelling for traffic safety assessment. In Proceedings of the 13th ICTCT Workshop (Vol. 44)

• Archer, J., 2005. Indicators for traffic safety assessment and prediction and their application in micro-simulation modelling: A study of urban and suburban intersections

(Doctoral dissertation, KTH).

• Ashalatha, R. and Chandra, S., 2011. Service delay analysis at TWSC intersections through simulation. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 15(2), pp.413-425.

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5(4), pp.371- 383.

• Caliendo, C. and Guida, M., 2012. Microsimulation approach for predicting crashes at unsignalized intersections using traffic conflicts. Journal of transportation engineering,

138(12), pp.1453-1467.

• Caliendo, C., 2014. Delay time model at unsignalized intersections. Journal of Transportation Engineering, 140(9), p.04014042.

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.

• CHANDRA, D.S. and MOHAN, D.M., 2018, April. ANALYSIS OF DRIVER BEHAVIOUR AT UNSIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS. In Journal of the Indian Roads

Congress (p. 5).

• Chin, H.C. and Quek, S.T., 1997. Measurement of traffic conflicts. Safety Science, 26(3), pp.169-185.

• Cooper, P.J., 1984. Experience with traffic conflicts in Canada with emphasis on “post encroachment time” techniques. In International calibration study of traffic conflict

techniques (pp. 75-96). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

• Gettman, D. and Head, L., 2003. Surrogate safety measures from traffic simulation models. Transportation Research Record, 1840(1), pp.104-115.

• Ghanim, M.S. and Shaaban, K., 2019. A case study for surrogate safety assessment model in predicting real-life conflicts. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering,

44(5), pp.4225-4231.

• Hayward, J., 1971. Near misses as a measure of safety at urban intersections. Pennsylvania Transportation and Traffic Safety Center.

• Kanagaraj, V., Srinivasan, K.K. and Sivanandan, R., 2010. Modeling vehicular merging behaviour under heterogeneous traffic conditions. Transportation research record,

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• Kittelson, W.K. and Vandehey, M.A., 1991. Delay effects on driver gap acceptance characteristics at two-way stop-controlled intersections (No. 1320).

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