Mitosis Meiosis

FBS 182: FOREST GENETICS AND TREE IMPROVEMENT
Exercise No. 3
Mitosis and Meiosis
Names: Besly Glenda
Cadsap Steven
Dusog Syndy Mae
Mantilis Lyma Rose
Unos, Yoly
III. Questions to answer:
1. Give a concise description of the different stages of Mitosis.
Mitosis is a type of division for somatic cells in a way that it shows how the cell replace and make a
copies of cell in an organisms.
Stages.
Prophase- it is where the nucleus disappears. The chromatin condense into chromosomes. It is where
the centrosomes start to separates and start of the formation of the spindle fibers.
*Prometaphase - it is where the nuclear envelope dissembles and the chromosomes forms into 2
kinetochores at the centromere.
Metaphase - the chromosomes meet or align in the middle of the cell
Anaphase- chromatids are pulled, move or separating apart in different poles.
Telophase - this is where the new nuclear envelope forms. The chromosomes back into chromatin and
the cell continues to elongate.
Cytokinesis - the end. The cytoplasm has to divide in half or the single cell divide into to cells
2. Give a concise description of the stages of Meiosis.
Meiosis I
Meiosis I
Before entering meiosis I, a cell must first go through interphase. As in
mitosis, the cell grows during G_11start subscript, 1, end subscript phase,
copies all of its chromosomes during S phase, and prepares for division
during G_22start subscript, 2, end subscript phase.
During prophase I, differences from mitosis begin to appear. As in mitosis,

the chromosomes begin to condense, but in meiosis I, they also pair up. Each
chromosome carefully aligns with its homologue partner so that the two
match up at corresponding positions along their full length.
For instance, in the image below, the letters A, B, and C represent genes
found at particular spots on the chromosome, with capital and lowercase
letters for different forms, or alleles, of each gene. The DNA is broken at the
same spot on each homologue—here, between genes B and C—and
reconnected in a criss-cross pattern so that the homologues exchange part of
their DNA.
Image of crossing over. Two homologous chromosomes carry different

versions of three genes. One has the A, B, and C versions, while the other has
the a, b, and c versions. A crossover event in which two chromatids—one
from each homologue—exchange fragments swaps the C and c genes. Now,
each homologue has two dissimilar chromatids.
One has A, B, C on one chromatid and A, B, c on the other chromatid.

The other homologue has a, b, c on one chromatid and a, b, C on the other
chromatid.
Image credit: based on "The process of meiosis: Figure 2" by OpenStax College, Biology, CC BY 3.0
This process, in which homologous chromosomes trade parts, is

called crossing over. It's helped along by a protein structure called
the synaptonemal complex that holds the homologues together. The
chromosomes would actually be positioned one on top of the other—as in the
image below—throughout crossing over; they're only shown side-by-side in
the image above so that it's easier to see the exchange of genetic material.
Image of two homologous chromosomes, positioned one on top of the other

and held together by the synaptonemal complex.
Image credit: based on "The process of meiosis: Figure 1" by OpenStax College, Biology, CC BY 3.0
You can see crossovers under a microscope as chiasmata, cross-shaped

structures where homologues are linked together. Chiasmata keep the
homologues connected to each other after the synaptonemal complex breaks
down, so each homologous pair needs at least one. It's common for multiple
crossovers (up to 252525!) to take place for each homologue pair ^11start
superscript, 1, end superscript.
The spots where crossovers happen are more or less random, leading to the
formation of new, "remixed" chromosomes with unique combinations of
alleles.
After crossing over, the spindle begins to capture chromosomes and move
them towards the center of the cell (metaphase plate). This may seem familiar
from mitosis, but there is a twist. Each chromosome attaches to microtubules
from just one pole of the spindle, and the two homologues of a pair bind to
microtubules from opposite poles. So, during metaphase I, homologue pairs
—not individual chromosomes—line up at the metaphase plate for
separation.
The phases of meiosis I.
Prophase I: The starting cell is diploid, 2n = 4. Homologous chromosomes

pair up and exchange fragments in the process of crossing over.
Metaphase I: Homologue pairs line up at the metaphase plate.
Anaphase I: Homologues separate to opposite ends of the cell. Sister

chromatids stay together.
Telophase I: Newly forming cells are haploid, n = 2. Each chromosome still
has two sister chromatids, but the chromatids of each chromosome are no
longer identical to each other.
When the homologous pairs line up at the metaphase plate, the orientation of
each pair is random. For instance, in the diagram above, the pink version of
the big chromosome and the purple version of the little chromosome happen
to be positioned towards the same pole and go into the same cell. But the
orientation could have equally well been flipped, so that both purple
chromosomes went into the cell together. This allows for the formation of
gametes with different sets of homologues.
[Can you show me what you mean?]
In anaphase I, the homologues are pulled apart and move apart to opposite
ends of the cell. The sister chromatids of each chromosome, however, remain
attached to one another and don't come apart.
Finally, in telophase I, the chromosomes arrive at opposite poles of the cell.

In some organisms, the nuclear membrane re-forms and the chromosomes
decondense, although in others, this step is skipped—since cells will soon go
through another round of division, meiosis II^{2,3}2,3start superscript, 2,
comma, 3, end superscript. Cytokinesis usually occurs at the same time as
telophase I, forming two haploid daughter cells.
Meiosis II
Cells move from meiosis I to meiosis II without copying their DNA. Meiosis
II is a shorter and simpler process than meiosis I, and you may find it helpful
to think of meiosis II as “mitosis for haploid cells."
The cells that enter meiosis II are the ones made in meiosis I. These cells are
haploid—have just one chromosome from each homologue pair—but their
chromosomes still consist of two sister chromatids. In meiosis II, the sister
chromatids separate, making haploid cells with non-duplicated chromosomes.
Phases of meiosis II
Prophase II: Starting cells are the haploid cells made in meiosis I.
Chromosomes condense.
Metaphase II: Chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate.
Anaphase II: Sister chromatids separate to opposite ends of the cell.
Telophase II: Newly forming gametes are haploid, and each chromosome
now has just one chromatid.
During prophase II, chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope breaks

down, if needed. The centrosomes move apart, the spindle forms between
them, and the spindle microtubules begin to capture chromosomes.
[When did the centrosomes duplicate?]
The two sister chromatids of each chromosome are captured by microtubules
from opposite spindle poles. In metaphase II, the chromosomes line up
individually along the metaphase plate. In anaphase II, the sister chromatids
separate and are pulled towards opposite poles of the cell.
In telophase II, nuclear membranes form around each set of chromosomes,

and the chromosomes decondense. Cytokinesis splits the chromosome sets
into new cells, forming the final products of meiosis: four haploid cells in
which each chromosome has just one chromatid. In humans, the products of
meiosis are sperm or egg cells.
3. What are the major differences and similarities between meiosis and mitosis?
SIMILARITIES OF MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS

CAN ONLY OCCUR IN EUKARYOTES
DNA replication occurs first
Production of daughter cell based on parents cell’s genetic material
Means of cell replication in plants, animal and fungi
Mitosis Meiosis
Differences
Starts as diploid: end as diploid Starts as diploid: ends as haploid
Used for growth/healing/asexual reproduction Used for sexual reproduction
1 nuclear division 2 nuclear divisions
5 phases 8 phases
Daughter cell identical to parent cell Daughter cell not identical to parent cell
Results in 2 daughter cells Results in 4 haploid daughter cells
Produces somatic cells Produces germ cells
Occurs in asexual and sexual organism Occurs in sexual organism
4. There are 54 chromosomes in each of the somatic cells of large leaf mahogany. All somatic cells
trace the original zygote. How many chromosomes are expected to be present in the sperm nucleus of
the pollen grain and in the egg nucleus?
54/2= 17
5. Pinus kesiya had a 2n = 80, how many chromosomes is expected of its egg nucleus?
Answer: 80/2=40
6. Durian (Durio zibethinus), a forest tree species, has 28 chromosomes at diakinesis of the
reproductive spores. If there is complete fertilization, how many chromosomes do you expect to find
in the ensuing endosperm and somatic cells of the zygote?
Answer: 56

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FBS 182: FOREST GENETICS AND TREE IMPROVEMENT

Mitosis and Meiosis

Names: Besly Glenda

Dusog Syndy Mae

Mantilis Lyma Rose

III. Questions to answer:

1. Give a concise description of the different stages of Mitosis.

Metaphase - the chromosomes meet or align in the middle of the cell

Anaphase- chromatids are pulled, move or separating apart in different poles.

2. Give a concise description of the stages of Meiosis.

During prophase I, differences from mitosis begin to appear. As in mitosis,

Image of crossing over. Two homologous chromosomes carry different

One has A, B, C on one chromatid and A, B, c on the other chromatid.

This process, in which homologous chromosomes trade parts, is

Image of two homologous chromosomes, positioned one on top of the other

You can see crossovers under a microscope as chiasmata, cross-shaped

The phases of meiosis I.

Prophase I: The starting cell is diploid, 2n = 4. Homologous chromosomes

Metaphase I: Homologue pairs line up at the metaphase plate.

Anaphase I: Homologues separate to opposite ends of the cell. Sister

Finally, in telophase I, the chromosomes arrive at opposite poles of the cell.

Metaphase II: Chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate.

Anaphase II: Sister chromatids separate to opposite ends of the cell.

During prophase II, chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope breaks

In telophase II, nuclear membranes form around each set of chromosomes,

SIMILARITIES OF MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS

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