Structural Welded Wire Reinforcement

STRUCTURAL
WELDED WIRE
REINFORCEMENT
WIRE REINFORCEMENT INSTITUTE, INC.

Excellence Set in Concrete
www.wirereinforcementinstitute.org

This draft is not final and is subject to revisions. This draft is for public review and comment

Manual of
Standard Practice
Structural Welded
Wire Reinforcement
Prepared under direction of the technical committees of the
Wire Reinforcement Institute, Inc.
942 Main Street

Hartford, CT 06103
Phone: (860) 240-9545
www.wirereinforcementinstitute.org

Table of Contents
1. Welded Wire Reinforcement ........................................................................................... 3
2. Nomenclature ................................................................................................................... 4
2.1 Item Description .................................................................................................... 4
2.2 Wire Size Designation ........................................................................................... 4
2.3 Style ................................................................................................................... 4-5
2.4 Dimensions ............................................................................................................... 6
3. Manufacturing and Availability ......................................................................................... 7

3.1 Manufacturing Process ............................................................................................. 8
3.2 Minimum Quantity Requirements ............................................................................... 8
3.3 Common Sizes .......................................................................................................... 8
3.4 Individual Project Needs ............................................................................................ 8
4. Specifications and Properties ........................................................................................... 9

4.1 ASTM Specifications ................................................................................................. 9
4.2 Yield Strength (elongation test criteria) ..................................................................... 9
4.3 Weld Shear Strength ........................................................................................ 9-10,11
4.4 WWR Coating .......................................................................................................... 10
5. Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete (ACI 318) .......................... 12-24
6. Design Aids 25-32

Sectional Area Table ............................................................................................... 25-26
Development & Splice Lengths Deformed WWR ..................................................... 27-28
Development & Splice Lengths Plain WWR ............................................................. 29-30
Wire Size Comparison Tables .................................................................................. 31-32
7. Bridge LRFD Design Specifications Requirements (AASHTO LRFD) ................... 33-44
8. Handling, Shipping and Unloading ................................................................................ 45
9. Placing ............................................................................................................................ 46
10. Weight (Mass) Calculation ............................................................................................. 47

Weight (Mass) Estimating Tables ............................................................................. 48-51
© Copyright December 2016, Wire Reinforcement Institute, Inc.
WWR-500 • 9th Edition
This manual is furnished as a guide for the selection of welded wire reinforcement with the
understanding that while every effort has been made to insure accuracy, neither the Wire Reinforcement
Institute, Inc., nor its member companies make any warranty of any kind respecting the use of the manual
for other than informational purposes.

Welded Wire Reinforcement 1

Welded wire reinforcement (WWR) is a prefabricated
reinforcement consisting of parallel series of high-
strength, cold-drawn or cold-rolled wire welded together
in square or rectangular grids. Each wire intersection is
electrically resistance-welded by a continuous automatic
welder, refer to Figure 1.1. Pressure and heat fuse the
intersecting wires into a homogeneous section and fix all
wires in their proper position. Plain wires, deformed wires
or a combination of both may be used in WWR.
Welded plain wire reinforcement bonds to concrete by the

positive mechanical anchorage at each welded wire
Figure 1.1. Section at typical weld showing
intersection. Welded deformed wire utilizes deformations complete fusion of intersecting wires.
plus welded intersections for bond and anchorage.
Concrete structures are being successfully and economically reinforced with high-strength, uniformly distributed wires in
WWR. The smaller diameter, closely-spaced wires of WWR provide more uniform stress distribution and more effective
crack control in slabs and walls. The wide range of wire sizes and spacings available makes it possible to furnish the
exact cross-sectional steel area required. The welded crosswires hold the reinforcement in the proper position, uniformly
spaced. The ease, refer to Figure 1.2, and speed with which WWR can be handled and installed considerably reduces
placing time, resulting in reduced cost. Reduced construction time is of particular benefit to the owner by affording earlier
occupancy and reducing total (project) cost. Material savings can be realized by specifying WWR with higher yield
strengths as recognized by ACI 318 and ASTM. Consult the various WRI manufacturers for their high-strength
capabilities.
This manual provides WWR product information, material specifications, design and detailing requirements, and
various tables and design aids for those interested in the design and construction of reinforced concrete structures.
Figure 1.2. Placing a shear cage of welded wire reinforcement in a concrete girder for a sports stadium.

Nomenclature 2
2.1 Item Description
In the welded wire industry, an “item” is the term used to designate a complete unit of WWR as it appears on an order
form.
2.2 Wire Size Designation

Individual wire (plain and deformed) size designations are based on the cross-sectional area of a given wire. Gage
numbers were used exclusively for many years. The industry changed over to a letter-number combination in the 1970’s.
The prefixes “W” and “D” are used in combination with a number. The letter “W” designates a plain wire and the letter “D”
denotes a deformed wire. The number following the letter gives the cross-sectional area in hundredths of a square inch.
For instance, wire designation W4 would indicate a plain wire with a cross-sectional area of 0.04 sq. in.; a D10 wire would
indicate a deformed wire with a cross-sectional area of 0.10 sq. in. The size of wires in welded wire reinforcement sheets
is designated in the same manner. This system has many advantages. Since the engineer knows the cross-sectional area
of a wire and the spacing, the total cross-sectional area per foot of width can easily be determined. For instance, a W6
wire on 4 inch centers would provide 3 wires per foot with a total cross- sectional area of 0.18 sq. in. per foot of width.
When describing metric wire, the prefix “M” is added. MW describes metric plain wire and MD metric deformed wire. The
wire spacings in metric WWR are given in millimeters (mm) and the cross-sectional areas of the wires in square
millimeters (mm2).
Nominal cross-sectional area of a deformed wire is determined from the weight (mass) per foot of wire rather than the
diameter. The weight (mass) may be calculated from the wire area multiplied by 3.4 (0.00784) to obtain weight per foot.
2.3 Style Industry Method of Designating Style:

Spacings and sizes of wires in WWR are identified by Example: 6 x 12 – D12 x W5
“style.”, see below and refer to Figure 2.1 for a typical style
designation: Longitudinal Longitudinal
6 x 12 – W12 x W5 wire spacing wire size
Transverse Transverse
This denotes a unit of WWR in which: wire spacing wire size
• Spacing of longitudinal wire = 6” (152mm)
• Spacing of transverse wires = 12” (305mm) Figure 2.1. WWR Nomenclature
• Size of longitudinal wires = W12 (0.12 sq. in.) (77mm2)
• Size of transverse wires = W5 (.05 sq. in.) (32mm2)
Thus, the style for the sample above would be expressed metrically as 152 x 305–MW77 x MW32. A welded deformed
wire style would be noted in the same manner by substituting the prefix D for the W. Note that “style” gives spacings
and sizes of wires only and does not provide any other information such as width and length of sheet.
WWR with non-uniform wire spacings is available. In this case, special information is added to the style designation to
describe the reinforcement. Figure 2.2 illustrates the style dimensioning nomenclature and the style dimensioning is
further defined in Section 2.4.

Figure 2.2 WWR Style Dimensioning Nomenclature wires.
It is very important to note that the terms longitudinal and transverse are related to the manufacturing process and do
not refer to the relative position of the wires in a concrete structure. The WWR manufacturing process is discussed in
detail in section 3.1. Transverse wires are individually welded at right angles as the longitudinal reinforcement
advances through the welder. In some WWR machines, the transverse wire is fed from a continuous coil; in others they
are precut to length and hopper fed to the welding position. Table 1 illustrates several means of ordering welded wire
reinforcement.

2.4 Dimensions
Description of width, length and overhang dimensions of sheets follow:
Width = Center to center distance between

outside longitudinal wires. This
dimension does not include
overhangs.
Side Overhang = Extension of transverse wires beyond
centerline of outside longitudinal
wires. If no side overhang is specified,
WWR will be furnished with overhangs
on each side, of no greater than 1
inch (25 mm). Wires can be cut flush (no
overhangs) specified thus: (+0”, +0”).
When specific overhangs are required,
they’re noted as: (+1”, +3”), (+6”, +6”) or
(+0.5”, 12”) etc..
Overall Width = Width including side overhangs, in. (or

mm). In other words the tip-to-tip
dimension of transverse wires.
Length = Tip-to-tip dimension of longitudinal wires.

Whenever possible this dimension should
be an even multiple of the transverse
wire spacing. [The length dimension
always includes end overhangs.]
End Overhangs = Extension of longitudinal wires beyond

centerline of outside transverse wires.
Unless otherwise noted, standard end
overhangs are assumed to be required.
End overhangs are needed and shall be
specified. Standard styles with prior
agreed upon end overhangs may not need
to be specified. Non-standard end
overhangs may be specified for special
situations; preferably the sum of the two
end overhangs should equal tothe Figure 3. (Above) Inner and outer vertical face of wall reinforcement.
transverse wire spacing.
NOTE: It is recommended that quantities and complete Style Descriptions including Width, Side Overhangs, Length, and
Length End Overhangs be provided with the ordering information.
Table 2.1. Welded Wire Reinforcement Sample Order

The following example of welded wire reinforcement items illustrates how a typical order using the nomenclature described
might appear:
Side
Width Lengths End Overhangs
Item Quantity Style Overhangs
(inches) (feet–inches) (inches)
(inches)
1 1000 sheets 12 x 12 – W11 x W11 90” (+6”, +6”) 15’-2” (+1”, +1”)
2 150 sheets 6 x 6 – W4 x W4 60” (+0”, +0“) 20’-6” (+3”, +3”)
3 500 sheets 6 x 12 – D10 x D6 96” (+3”, +3”) 18’-0” (+6”, +6”)
A sample metric order may appear as follows:
Side
Width Lengths End Overhangs
Item Quantity Style Overhangs
(mm) (meters) (inches)
(mm)
1 1000 sheets 305 x 305 – MW71 x MW71 2286 (+152, +152) 4.623 m (+12.5mm, +12.5mm)
2 150 sheets 152 x 152 – MW26 X MW26 1524 (+0”, +0“) 6.248 m (+10mm, +10mm)
3 500 sheets 152 x 305 – MD65 x MD39 2438 (+3”, +3”) 5.486 m (+152mm, +152mm)

Manufacturing & Availability 3

3.1 Manufacturing Process
The wire used in welded wire reinforcement is produced from controlled-quality, hot-rolled rods. These rods are cold-
worked through a series of dies or cassettes to reduce the rod diameter to the specified diameter; this cold-working
process, increases the yield strength of the wire. Chemical composition of the steel is carefully selected to give proper
welding characteristics in addition to desired mechanical properties.
WWR is produced on automatic welding machines which
are designed for consistent manufacturing of a specific
style. Longitudinal wires are straightened and fed
continuously through the machine. Transverse wires,
entering from the side or from above the welder, are
individually welded at right angles to the longitudinal wires
each time the longitudinal wires advance through the
machine a distance equal to one transverse wire spacing.
WWR is manufactured with the following variables:
1. Longitudinal wire spacing
2. Longitudinal wire size
3. Width
4. Side and end overhangs
5. Transverse wire size
6. Transverse wire spacing
7. Length
These variables may be changed in the manufacturing

process with different amounts of time required depending
on the type and extent of the change (or combination of
changes). The above listing is in the general order of time
involved, with the most time-consuming operation listed
first. For example, a change in longitudinal wire spacings
from one item to another requires the repositioning of all
welding heads, wire straighteners and feed tubes while a
change in length requires only an adjustment in the
timing sequence of the shear which cuts the sheet to proper
length.
For economy the more difficult machine changes require minimum quantities per item in order to offset the additional
production time required. Consult manufacturers for stocked quantities or minimum quantities of special styles.
WWR used in highway
median barriers

3.2 Minimum Quantity Requirements
The use of welded wire reinforcement becomes more efficient and economical as the amount of repetition in
reinforcement increases. Economy is governed by the manufacturing process as described in Section 3.1 and by
the industry practice of carrying certain common welded wire reinforcement items in stock or inventory.
The following two sections outline the minimum quantity requirements for stock (inventoried) items and non-
standard items.
3.3 Common Sizes

Certain items of welded plain or deformed WWR are carried in stock by many WRI members either at the
producing mills or warehousing points. While practice varies somewhat between manufacturers and localities,
many of the items listed in Table 2 are usually available.
3.4 Individual Project Needs

Individual projects will require non-standard WWR sizes and styles in order to meet specific reinforcing
needs. Minimum quantity requirements for non-standard orders vary by producer but the following guidelines for
maximizing economy of orders can be used.
1. t h e most important factor affecting economy is to minimize the number of longitudinal wire spacings. An
example of using wide spaced wires, is placing 1/2 size, closely spaced wires at edges, in the splice zones to
obtain the required steel area per foot or meter.
2. The second most important factor is controlling the number of different wire sizes. Many welding
machines have variable spacing capabilities. This feature becomes important in manufacturing of sheets
with steel required in the varying amounts across the length or width of the manufactured sheets.
This capability allows the use of one longitudinal and one transverse wire when the area varies
across the section.
Table 3.1: Common US sheet sizes are:
Customary Metric Table 3.2: Common Canadian sheet sizes are:

in. ft. mm M

96 x 20 2438 x 6.1
96 x 15 2438 x 4.6 Customary Metric
U.S. (except
west coast) in. ft. mm M
96 x 12.5 2438 x 3.8
96 x 20 2438 x 6.1
60 x 10 1524 x 3.1
96 x 16 2438 x 4.6
90 x 20 2286 x 6.1
Canada 96 x 14 2438 x 3.8
U.S. (except 96 x 20 2438 x 6.1
60 x 10 1524 x 3.1
west coast) 84 x 25 2134 x 7.6 48 x8 1219 x 2.4
84 x 20 2134 x 6.1
Examples Using Various Minimum Yield Strengths for Ecomony - Consider

Grade 60 wire by style 12 x 12 - W31 x W31 (Standard)
Grade 75 wire by style 12 x 12 - W25 x W25 (20% savings)
Grade 80 wire by style 12 x 12 - W23 x W23 (25% savings)
Common stock wire size styles: W1.4 (10 ga.), W2.1 (8

ga.), W2.9 (6 ga.), W/D4 (4 ga.)

Specifications and Properties 4

4.1 Specifications
The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
has established specifications for plain and deformed wires as well as welded plain and deformed wire
reinforcement. The Canadian Standards are withdrawn (CSA) and replaced with applicable ASTM
standards for use in Canada. See Table 4 . 1 . Some governmental agencies have special specifications,
which will control.
TABLE 4.1
Specifications Covering Welded Wire Reinforcement
U.S. and
Canadian
Specification Title
ASTM A1064* Standard Specification for Steel Wire and
Welded Wire Reinforcement, Plain and
Deformed, for Concrete
* - Formerly known as:
ASTM A82, ASTM A185, ASTM A496, ASTM A497
ASTM A1022 Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain
Stainless Steel Wire and Welded Wire for
Concrete Reinforcement
4.2 Yield Strength

The yield strength values shown in Table 4.2(a) are ASTM requirements for minimum yield strength measured
at a strain of 0.005 in/in or 0.2% offset method. The 0.2% offset method is consistent with the ACI 318
Building Code, Chapter 20, and states that yield strength values greater than 60,000 psi (420 MPa) may be
used, provided the yield strength is measured accordingly. Higher yield strength welded wire WWR is
available and can be specified in accordance with ACI code requirements or AASHTO LRFD bridge
specifications requirements. Higher strength welded wire can be used in many other concrete element
applications, such as slabs, bridge girders and other elements with the relevant agencies approval.
The ASTM A1064 standard provides tables for both plain (smooth) and deformed WWR. The tables in ASTM
A1064 and summarized below, Table 4.2(a), give required grade for yield strength and corresponding tensile
strengths as well as minimum reduction of area % for a given wire size range for both the plain (smooth) and
deformed wire and welded wire reinforcement.
Elongation test criteria on maximum strength (or maximum stretch) is shown in tables 4.2(b) and 4.2(c).
Maximum stretch can be defined as total elongation which is a test in A370, A4.4.2, measuring both the elastic
& plastic extension.
The testing done here and recorded in the Tables 4.2(b) & 4.2(c) correlate with other testing/research done by
some major universities. They have found that high strength WWR is capable of developing significant strains
and exhibits sufficient ductility to redistribute the strains to avoid brittle shear failure.
4.3 Weld Shear Strength

The values shown in Tables 4.2 (a), (b) and (c) are the ASTM requirements for weld shear strength which
contribute to the bond and anchorage of the wire reinforcement in concrete.

A maximum size differential of wires being welded together is maintained to assure adequate weld shear
strength. For both plain and deformed wires, the smaller wire must have an area of 40 percent or more of the
steel area of the larger wire.
Larger Wire Size Smaller Wire Size

W20 (MW 129) W8 (MW 52)
W15 (MW 97) W6 (MW 39)
D20 (MD 129) D8 (MD 52)
TABLE 4.2(a) Minimum Requirements of Steel Wires in Welded Wire Reinforcement
WELDED PLAIN WIRE REINFORCEMENT ASTM A1064
Tensile
Wire Strength
Size psi Yield Strength psi Weld Shear Strength
W1.2 & over 75,000 (520 MPa) 65,000 (450 MPa) 35,000 (240 MPa)
Under W1.2 70,000 (480 MPa) 56,000 (390 MPa) -
WELDED DEFORMED WIRE REINFORCEMENT ASTM A1064

Tensile
Wire
Strength Yield Strength psi Weld Shear Strength
Size
psi
D 45 thru D4 80,000 (550 MPa) 70,000 (480 MPa) 35,000 (240 MPa)
Under D 4 80,000 (550 MPa) 70,000 (480 MPa) -
4.4 WWR Coatings

There are two types of coatings used on welded wire reinforcement. One is galvanized, applied to the cold-
drawn wire before or after it is welded. The hot-dipped galvanizing process is specified in ASTM A1060 for
both wires and welded wire reinforcement. The other type of coating is epoxy. The application of the epoxy
coating occurs after the sheets have been welded. The requirements for epoxy-coated welded wire
reinforcement are provided in ASTM A884.
TABLE 4 . 2 (b) Test of Elongation (total - Elastic TABLE 4 . 2 (c) Summary of test Criteria in table 3(b)
& Plastic) for various Wire Sizes (27 Samples Tested)
Elongation %Elongation
ft fy Range
Ultimate f Range total* Permanent
Mean Std. @ 0.35% of Strain t
Tensile (ult)
Gauge Wire (%) Dev. fy @ 0.35% @ Fracture A370, A4.4.2 A370, A4.4.1
Length Size Strain (ksi) (ksi)
4” W3 7.2 1.1 87 100 73-88ksi 91-102 ksi 6-14% 4-6%
W4 10.5 1.59 80 91 Mean - 8.9% 5%
6” W3.5 7.9 0.05 * Maximum strength or maximum stretch is the full measure of extension before fracture. It is
W6.5 8.6 0.90 84 100 the true measure of elongation (total). Research background for this testing can be found in
W10 7.4 0.74 80 92 the ACI discussion paper, Disc.88-S60 in ACI Structural Journal, July - August 1992.
7” W5.5 7.3 0.67 78 96 Note 1

W6 8.7 0.67 83 98 3 samples of each size were tested from the same heat of steel rod
W8 8.9 0.05 73 87 7” was the max. gauge length for the testing machine used.
Rod (ft) is 55 - 60 ksi
D12 13.4 0.49 88 98
Rod type is 1006 - 1008 carbon steel.
Rate of speed for loading samples was a min. of 10,000 psi / minute in
accordance with A370, 7.4.3
Note 2
Recent testing of strain at ultimate strength provided the following data. 7
samples tested - wire sizes tested - W2.9, D8, D15. Range of ultimate or
tensile strength results at 0.0050 in/in - 82.5 - 103ksi. Range of ultimate
or tensile strength results at 0.0035 in/in - 77.5
- 93ksi. Range of strain results at ultimate
strength were 0.0075 - 0.0090 in/in, which
shows that strain of both wire and welded wire
at ultimate strengths are 2 - 2.5 times the ACI
318 requirement of strain to be 0.0035 in/in at
minimum yield strengths. This research shows
there is a substantial safety factor for wire and
welded wire reinforcement. (Charts and graphs
are available on request)
External Measuring of Elongation
Weld Shear Testing
Wrap Testing

Building Code Requirements 5

BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE (ACI 318)
The tabulated information shown below is intended to serve as a supplemental technical cross-reference for design and construction
professionals. Information is compiled in such a manner so as to highlight content that is pertinent to welded wire reinforcement as
currently presented in the Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete, ACI 318-14, and Commentary on Building Code
Requirements for Structural Concrete, ACI 318R-14.
Note that in most cases, only excerpts from the ACI 318 reference standard are shown. This format is intended to encourage the reader’s
direct use of the reference standard itself. Decisions impacting design and construction must be based on the full text of the ACI 318-14
and ACI 318R-14 standards.

ACI 318-14 USAGE OF ASTM A1064 AND A1022 DEFORMED

REINFORCEMENT
MAXIMUM VALUE OF ACCEPTANCE
fy PERMITTED FOR
USAGE APPLICATION DEFORMED DEFORMED
DESIGN
WWR WIRE
CALCULATIONS
FLEXURE; AXIAL SPECIAL SEISMIC
60 KSI NO NO
FORCE; SHRINKAGE SYSTEMS
AND TEMPERATURE OTHER 80 KSI YES YES
LATERAL SUPPORT SPECIAL SEISMIC
100 KSI YES YES
OF LONGITUDINAL SYSTEMS
BARS; OR SPIRALS 100 KSI NO YES
CONCRETE
CONFINEMENT OTHER 80 KSI YES YES
SPECIAL SEISMIC
60 KSI YES [1] YES
SYSTEMS
SPIRALS 60 KSI NO YES
SHEAR SHEAR FRICTION 60 KSI YES YES
STIRRUPS, TIES, 60 KSI [2] YES YES
HOOPS 80 KSI [2] YES NO
LONGITUDINAL AND
TORSION TRANSVERSE
60 KSI YES YES
NOTES
[1] NOT PERMITTED WHERE THE WELD IS REQUIRED TO RESIST STRESSES IN RESPONSE TO
CONFINEMENT, LATERAL SUPPORT OF LONGITUDINAL BARS, SHEAR, AND OTHER ACTIONS.
[2] 60 KSI IS MAXIMUM FOR WELDED PLAIN WIRE. 80 KSI IS MAXIMUM FOR WELDED DEFORMED
WIRE.
ACI 318-14 USAGE OF ASTM A1064 AND A1022 PLAIN WIRES

MAXIMUM VALUE OF fy
PERMITTED FOR
USAGE APPLICATION ACCEPTANCE
DESIGN
CALCULATIONS
LATERAL SUPPORT OF SPIRALS IN SPECIAL
100 KSI YES
LONGITUDINAL BARS; SEISMIC SYSTEMS
OR CONCRETE SPIRALS 100 KSI YES
CONFINEMENT
SHEAR SPIRALS 60 KSI YES
TORSION IN
NONPRESTRESSED SPIRALS 60 KSI YES
BEAMS
[ABOVE INFORMATION TAKEN FROM ACI 318-14 TABLE 20.2.2.4 (a) and (b)]

A. MATERIAL SPECIFICATION AND USAGE
PROVISION ACI 318-14
DEFINITIONS OF DEFORMED REINFORCEMENT AND PLAIN REINFORCEMENT 2.3
YIELD STRENGTH IS MEASURED USING THE OFFSET METHOD WITH OFFSET OF 0.2% IN ACCORDANCE 20.2.1.2
WITH ASTM A370, OR BY HALT-OF-FORCE METHOD PROVIDED THE NONPRESTRESSED BAR OR WIRE
HAS A SHARP-KNEED OR WELL-DEFINED YIELD POINT.
WIRE AND WELDED WIRE SHALL CONFORM TO (a) ASTM A1064 (CARBON STEEL) OR (b) ASTM A1022 20.2.1.7
(STAINLESS STEEL).
PLAIN WIRE IS PERMITTED ONLY FOR SPIRAL REINFORCEMENT AND IN WELDED PLAIN WIRE R20.2.1.7
REINFORCEMENT, THE LATTER OF WHICH IS CONSIDERED DEFORMED.
DEFORMED WIRE SIZES D4 THROUGH D31 SHALL BE PERMITTED 20.2.1.7.1
DEFORMED WIRE SIZES LARGER THAN D31 SHALL BE PERMITTED IN WELDED WIRE REINFORCEMENT 20.2.1.7.2
IF TREATED AS PLAIN WIRE FOR CALCULATION OF DEVELOPMENT AND SPLICE LENGTHS.
EXCEPT IN STIRRUP APPLICATIONS, SPACING OF WELDED INTERSECTIONS IN WELDED WIRE 20.2.1.7.3

REINFORCEMENT IN THE DIRECTION OF CALCULATED STRESS SHALL NOT EXCEED 16” FOR WELDED
DEFORMED AND 12” FOR WELDED PLAIN WIRE REINFORCEMENT.
NOTE TO READER
THERE ARE NUMEROUS INSTANCES WHERE PROJECT-SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONS WARRANT WIDER
SPACING INTERVALS THAN THOSE DEFINED IN THIS SECTION. AN EXAMPLE OF THIS IS THE USE OF
TWO SEPARATE “ONE-WAY” WWR MATS THAT, ONCE INSTALLED PERPENDICULAR TO ONE ANOTHER,
ACCOMPLISH THE ORIGINALLY-SPECIFIED “WHOLE SYSTEM” REINFORCEMENT REQUIREMENTS IN
EACH OF THE TWO ORTHOGONAL DIRECTIONS.
IT IS THE POSITION OF THE WIRE REINFORCEMENT INSTITUTE THAT, PROVIDED PRESCRIPTIVE

MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM SPACING REQUIREMENTS DEFINED ELSEWHERE IN ACI 318-14 ARE
SATISFIED FOR THE “PRIMARY” DIRECTION UNDER CONSIDERATION (I.E., FLEXURAL, SHRINKAGE &
TEMPERATURE, ETC.) FOR A GIVEN MAT, THE REINFORCEMENT IN THE SECONDARY DIRECTION CAN
BE CONFIGURED AT SPACING INTERVALS EXCEEDING THOSE DEFINED IN 20.2.1.7.3.
IN ALL CASES, THE WELDED WIRE REINFORCEMENT MAT MUST COMPLY WITH DIMENSIONAL
TOLERANCES DEFINED IN ASTM A1064.
YIELD STRENGTH LIMITATIONS SEE

TABLES
PERMITTED STRUCTURAL USAGE AND APPLICATIONS SEE
TABLES
WIRE AND WELDED WIRE REINFORCEMENT TO BE EPOXY-COATED SHALL CONFORM TO 20.2.1.7(a) 20.6.2.3
IN SLABS WITH SPANS NOT EXCEEDING 10 FEET, WELDED WIRE REINFORCEMENT WITH WIRE SIZE 7.7.3.7
NOT EXCEEDING W5 OR D5 SHALL BE PERMITTED TO BE CURVED FROM A POINT NEAR THE TOP OF
SLAB OVER THE SUPPORT TO A POINT NEAR THE BOTTOM OF SLAB AT MIDSPAN, PROVIDED SUCH
REINFORCEMENT IS CONTINUOUS OVER, OR DEVELOPED AT, THE SUPPORT.
INSIDE DIAMETER OF BEND IN WELDED WIRE REINFORCEMENT FOR STIRRUPS AND TIES SHALL NOT 25.3.3
BE LESS THAN 4db FOR DEFORMED WIRE LARGER THAN D6 AND 2db FOR ALL OTHER WIRES.
BENDS WITH INSIDE DIAMETER OF LESS THAN 8db SHALL NOT BE LESS THAN 4db FROM NEAREST
WELDED INTERSECTION

B. DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS – FLEXURE AND AXIAL LOADS

PROVISION ACI 318-14
ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES SHALL SATISFY COMPATIBILITY OF DEFORMATIONS AND EQUILIBRIUM OF 4.5.1
FORCES 22.2.1.1
13.2.6.2
SECTIONAL STRENGTH REQUIREMENTS SHALL BE SATISFIED. STRAIN IN CONCRETE AND 22.1.2
REINFORCEMENT SHALL BE ASSUMED PROPORTIONAL TO THE DISTANCE FROM THE NEUTRAL AXIS. 22.2.1.2
MAXIMUM USABLE STRAIN AT THE EXTREME COMPRESSION FIBER OF CONCRETE IS 0.003. 22.2.2.1
STRESS IN REINFORCEMENT BELOW SHALL BE TAKEN AS MULTIPLIED BY STEEL STRAIN. FOR 20.2.2.1
STRAINS GREATER THAN THAT CORRESPONDING TO , STRESS IN REINFORCEMENT SHALL BE
CONSIDERED INDEPENDENT OF STRAIN AND EQUAL TO .
TENSILE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE SHALL BE NEGLECTED IN FLEXURAL AND AXIAL STRENGTH 22.2.2.2
CALCULATIONS
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONCRETE COMPRESSIVE STRESS AND STRAIN SHALL BE 22.2.2.3
REPRESENTED BY A RECTANGULAR, TRAPEZOIDAL, PARABOLIC, OR OTHER SHAPE THAT RESULTS IN
PREDICTION OF STRENGTH IN SUBSTANTIAL AGREEMENT WITH RESULTS OF COMPREHENSIVE 22.2.2.4
TESTS.
THE EQUIVALENT RECTANGULAR CONCRETE STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN ACCORDANCE WITH 22.2.2.4.1

THROUGH 22.2.2.4.3 SATISFIES 22.2.2.3.
SECTIONS ARE TENSION-CONTROLLED IF THE NET TENSILE STRAIN IN THE EXTREME TENSION R21.2.2
STEEL, , IS EQUAL TO OR GREATER THAN 0.005 WHEN THE CONCRETE IN COMPRESSION REACHES
ITS ASSUMED STRAIN LIMIT OF 0.003. SECTIONS WITH BETWEEN THE COMPRESSION-CONTROLLED
STRAIN LIMIT AND 0.005 CONSTITUTE A TRANSITION REGION.

C. DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS – SHEAR LOADS
PROVISION ACI 318‐14
WELDED WIRE REINFORCEMENT WITH WIRES LOCATED PERPENDICULAR TO LONGITUDINAL AXIS OF MEMBER 22.5.10.5.1
SHALL BE PERMITTED FOR SHEAR REINFORCEMENT PROVIDING ONE‐WAY SHEAR STRENGTH.
NOMINAL ONE‐WAY SHEAR STRENGTH AT A SECTION, , SHALL BE CALCULATED BY , WHERE: 22.5.1.1
R22.5.10.5
22.5.10.1

22.5.10.5.3

NOMINAL STRENGTH FOR TWO‐WAY MEMBERS WITH SHEAR REINFORCEMENT OTHER THAN SHEARHEADS 22.6.1.3
SHAL BE CALCULATED BY . 8.4.4

FACTORED SHEAR STRESS IN TWO‐WAY MEMBERS DUE TO SHEAR AND MOMENT TRANSFER IS CALCULATED IN
ACCORDANCE WITH THE REQUIREMENTS OF 8.4.4.

SINGLE‐ OR MULTIPLE‐LEG STIRRUPS FABRICATED FROM BARS OR WIRES SHALL BE PERMITTED TO BE USED AS 22.6.7.1
SHEAR REINFORCEMENT IN SLABS AND FOOTINGS.

FOR TWO‐WAY MEMBERS WITH STIRRUPS, SHALL BE CALCULATED BY: 22.6.7.2

D. MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT REQUIREMENTS
MINIMUM SHEAR REINFORCEMENT, , , FOR ONE‐WAY SLABS (CHAPTER 7), BEAMS (CHAPTER 9), COLUMNS 7.6.3
(CHAPTER 10), WALLS (CHAPTER 11), AND SPECIAL STRUCTURAL WALLS (CHAPTER 18). 9.6.3
10.6.2
11.6
18.10.2
MINIMUM FLEXURAL REINFORCEMENT, , , FOR NONPRESTRESSED ONE‐WAY SLABS AND PRESTRESSED 7.6.1
ONE‐WAY SLABS WITH UNBONDED TENDONS (CHAPTER 7), NON‐PRESTRESSED TWO‐WAY SLABS (CHAPTER 8), 7.6.2.3
AND NONPRESTRESSED BEAMS (CHAPTER 9). 8.6.1
9.6.1
MINIMUM NONPRESTRESSED SHRINKAGE AND TEMPERATURE REINFORCEMENT 7.6.4
24.4.3

E. BOND AND DEVELOPMENT – DEFORMED WIRE REINFORCEMENT, WELDED DEFORMED WIRE
REINFORCEMENT, AND WELDED PLAIN WIRE REINFORCEMENT IN TENSION
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH FOR DEFORMED WIRE IN TENSION SHALL BE CALCULATED PER EQUATION E1 25.4.2.1
BELOW, BUT NOT LESS THAN 12”. 25.4.2.3
25.4.2.4
3 25.4.6.1
25.4.6.2
40 ′ 25.4.6.3
25.4.6.4

DEVELOPMENT LENGTH FOR WELDED DEFORMED WIRE REINFORCEMENT IN TENSION SHALL BE CALCULATED
PER EQUATION E2 BELOW.
3

40 ′

FOR WELDED DEFORMED WIRE REINFORCEMENT IN TENSION WITH AT LEAST ONE WIRE WITHIN THAT IS AT
LEAST TWO INCHES FROM THE CRITICAL SECTION (ILLUSTRATED BELOW), SHALL BE THE GREATER OF
35,000 ⁄ OR 5 ⁄ BUT NEED NOT BE GREATER THAN 1.0.

FOR WELDED DEFORMED WIRE REINFORCEMENT WHERE NO WIRES OCCUR WITHIN OR WITH A SINGLE WIRE
LESS THAN 2” FROM THE CRITICAL SECTION, SHALL BE TAKEN AS 1.0.

FOR WELDED DEFORMED WIRE REINFORCEMENT, WHEN 1.0, DEVELOPMENT LENGTH SHALL NOT BE
LESS THAN 12”. WHEN 1.0, SHALL NOT BE LESS THAN 8”.

DEVELOPMENT LENGTH OF WELDED PLAIN WIRE REINFORCEMENT IN TENSION (AS WELL AS DEFORMED 25.4.7
WIRES LARGER THAN D31) MEASURED FROM THE CRITICAL SECTION TO THE OUTERMOST CROSS WIRE SHALL 25.4.6.5
REQUIRE TWO CROSS WIRES WITHIN AND SHALL BE THE GREATEST OF THE FOLLOWING: 25.4.6.6

a. 6”
b. SPACING OF CROSS WIRES + 2”
c. 0.27 ′ ⁄

(ZINC‐COATED (GALVANIZED) WELDED DEFORMED WIRE REINFORCEMENT SHALL BE DEVELOPED PER 25.4.7)

F. SPLICES ‐ DEFORMED WIRE AND WELDED DEFORMED WIRE REINFORCEMENT IN TENSION
TENSION LAP SPLICE LENGTH OF DEFORMED WIRES IN TENSION SHALL BE IN ACCORDANCE WITH TABLE 25.5.2
SHOWN BELOW, WHERE IS IN ACCORDANCE WITH 25.4.2.1(a). NOTE THAT PROVISION FOR “MINIMUM ”
EQUAL TO 12” REFERENCED IN 25.4.2.1(b) IS OMITTED WHEN ENTERING TABLE WITH .
, ⁄ , Maximum percent of
spliced within required lap Splice type Lap splice length,
Provided over splice length length
1.0 and
50 CLASS A Greater of:
12”
≥ 2.0
100 CLASS B
1.3 and
Greater of:
12”
< 2.0 ALL CASES CLASS B

TENSION LAP SPLICE OF WELDED DEFORMED WIRE REINFORCEMENT IN TENSION WITH CROSS WIRES 25.5.3.1

WITHIN THE LAP SPLICE LENGTH SHALL BE THE GREATER OF 1.3 AND 8”, WHERE IS CALCULATED IN 25.5.3.1.1
ACCORDANCE WITH EQUATION E2 (SEE WWR‐500 SECTION E “BOND AND DEVELOPMENT”) AND THE 25.5.3.1.2
FOLLOWING CONDITIONS ARE SATISFIED: 25.5.3.1.3
a. OVERLAP BETWEEN OUTERMOST CROSS WIRES OF EACH REINFORCEMENT SHEET SHALL
BE AT LEAST 2”
b. WIRES IN THE DIRECTION OF DEVELOPMENT LENGTH SHALL ALL BE DEFORMED D31 OR SMALLER

IF CONDITION (a) ABOVE IS NOT SATISFIED, SHALL BE CALCULATED IN ACCORDANCE WITH 25.5.2.
IF CONDITION (b) ABOVE IS NOT SATISFIED, SHALL BE CALCULATED IN ACCORDANCE WITH 25.5.4.
IF THE WELDED DEFORMED WIRE REINFORCEMENT IS ZINC‐COATED (GALVANIZED), SHALL BE CALCULATED
IN ACCORDANCE WITH 25.5.4.

G. SPLICES – WELDED PLAIN WIRE REINFORCEMENT IN TENSION
TENSION LAP SPLICE LENGTH OF WELDED PLAIN WIRE REINFORCEMENT IN TENSION BETWEEN OUTERMOST 25.5.4
CROSS WIRES OF EACH REINFORCEMENT SHEET SHALL BE THE GREATEST OF (a) THROUGH (c):

a. CROSS WIRE SPACING + 2”
b. 1.5 X , WHERE = 0. 27 ′ ⁄
c. 6 INCHES

WHERE , ⁄ , ≥ 2.0 OVER THE LENGTH OF THE SPLICE, MEASURED BETWEEN
OUTERMOST CROSS WIRES OF EACH REINFORCEMENT SHEET SHALL BE PERMITTED TO BE THE GREATER OF
1.5 X {0. 27 ′ ⁄ } AND 2”.

H. WIRE REINFORCEMENT SPACING
MAXIMUM SPACING OF DEFORMED REINFORCEMENT IN ONE‐WAY SLABS SHALL BE THE LESSER OF 3h AND 18”, 7.7.2.3
WHERE h = SLAB THICKNESS. 7.7.6.2.1
24.3
MAXIMUM SPACING OF DEFORMED SHRINKAGE AND TEMPERATURE REINFORCEMENT SHALL BE THE LESSER OF
5h AND 18”, WHERE h = SLAB THICKNESS.

SPACING OF BONDED REINFORCEMENT IN NONPRESTRESSED AND CLASS‐C PRESTRESSED ONE‐WAY SLABS AND
BEAMS SHALL NOT EXCEED THE LESSER OF:

40,000
15 2.5

40,000
12

MAXIMUM SPACING OF DEFORMED LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT IN NONPRESTRESSED TWO‐WAY SOLID 8.7.2.2
SLABS SHALL BE THE LESSER OF 2h AND 18” AT CRITICAL SECTIONS, AND THE LESSER OF 3h AND 18” AT OTHER
SECTIONS, WHERE h = SLAB THICKNESS.

WALL LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT: 11.7.2.1
11.7.2.2
MAXIMUM SPACING OF LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT IN CAST‐IN‐PLACE WALLS SHALL BE THE LESSER OF 3h
AND 18”, WHERE h = WALL THICKNESS. IF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT IS REQUIRED FOR IN‐PLANE STRENGTH,
SPACING SHALL NOT EXCEED 1/3 X WALL LENGTH.

MAXIMUM SPACING OF LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT IN PRECAST WALLS SHALL BE THE LESSER OF 5h AND
18” (EXTERIOR WALLS) OR 30” (INTERIOR WALLS), WHERE h = WALL THICKNESS. IF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT IS
REQUIRED FOR IN‐PLANE STRENGTH, SPACING SHALL NOT EXCEED THE SMALLEST OF 1/3 X WALL LENGTH, 18”,
AND 3h.

WALL TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT: 11.7.3.1
11.7.3.2
MAXIMUM SPACING OF TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT IN CAST‐IN‐PLACE WALLS SHALL BE THE LESSER OF 3h
AND 18”, WHERE h = WALL THICKNESS. IF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT IS REQUIRED FOR IN‐PLANE STRENGTH,
SPACING SHALL NOT EXCEED 1/5 X WALL LENGTH.

MAXIMUM SPACING OF TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT IN PRECAST WALLS SHALL BE THE LESSER OF 5h AND
18” (EXTERIOR WALLS) OR 30” (INTERIOR WALLS), WHERE h = WALL THICKNESS. IF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT IS
REQUIRED FOR IN‐PLANE STRENGTH, SPACING SHALL NOT EXCEED THE SMALLEST OF 1/5 X WALL LENGTH, 18”,
AND 3h.

I. LATERAL REINFORCEMENT
LATERAL SUPPORT OF COMPRESSION REINFORCEMENT IN BEAMS 9.7.6.4

TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT SHALL BE PROVIDED THROUGHOUT THE DISTANCE WHERE LONGITUDINAL
COMPRESSION REINFORCEMENT IS REQUIRED. LATERAL SUPPORT OF LONGITUDINAL COMPRESSION
REINFORCEMENT IS PERMITTED TO BE PROVIDED BY DEFORMED WIRE OR WELDED WIRE REINFORCEMENT IN
CLOSED STIRRUPS OR HOOP CONFIGURATIONS.

TRANSVERSE STIRRUP REINFORCEMENT IN BEAMS AND JOISTS SHALL EXTEND AS CLOSE TO THE COMPRESSION 25.7.1.1
AND TENSION SURFACES OF THE MEMBER AS COVER AND PROXIMITY TO OTHER REINFORCEMENT PERMITS.
STIRRUPS SHALL BE ANCHORED AT BOTH ENDS. WHERE USED AS SHEAR REINFORCEMENT, STIRRUPS SHALL
EXTEND A DISTANCE d FROM EXTREME COMPRESSION FIBER.

BETWEEN ANCHORED ENDS, EACH BEND IN THE CONTINUOUS PORTION OF A SINGLE‐U OR MULTIPLE‐U 25.7.1.2
STIRRUP AND EACH BEND IN A CLOSED STIRRUP SHALL ENCLOSE A LONGITUDINAL BAR OR STRAND.

ANCHORAGE OF DEFORMED WIRE USED AS TRANSVERSE STIRRUP REINFORCEMENT, 25.7.1.3
SINGLE‐U AND MULTIPLE‐U CONFIGURATIONS:
 FOR D31 AND SMALLER, STANDARD HOOK AROUND LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT
 IN JOIST CONSTRUCTION, FOR D20 AND SMALLER, A STANDARD HOOK TERMINATION

OPTIONS FOR ANCHORAGE OF EACH LEG OF WELDED WIRE REINFORCEMENT FORMING A SINGLE U‐STIRRUP 25.7.1.4
ARE ILLUSTRATED BELOW:
ANCHORAGE OF EACH END OF A SINGLE LEG STIRRUP OF WELDED WIRE REINFORCEMENT SHALL BE AS 25.7.1.5
ILLUSTRATED BELOW. SEE 25.7.1.1 FOR “*”.

FOR NON‐TORSIONAL APPLICATIONS, CLOSED STIRRUPS ARE PERMITTED TO BE MADE USING PAIRS OF U‐ 25.7.1.7
STIRRUPS SPLICED TO FORM A CLOSED UNIT WHERE LAP LENGTHS ARE AT LEAST 1.3 X DEVELOPMENT LENGTH.

Building Code Requirements 5

RELEVANT TERMS USED IN BUILDING CODE
REQUIREMENTS FOR REINFORCED
CONCRETE (ACI 318)
Ab = area of individual wire to be developed or spliced, sq. in. (mm2)
As = area of nonprestressed tension reinforcement, sq. in. / 1ft. (mm2 / m)
d = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension

reinforcement, in (mm)
db = nominal diameter of bar, wire, or prestressing strand, in. (mm)
f’c = specified compressive strength of concrete, psi. (MPa)
√f’c = square root of specified compressive strength of concrete, psi. (MPa)
fs = calculated stress in reinforcement at service loads, psi. (MPa)
fy = specified yield strength of nonprestressed reinforcement, psi. (MPa)
h = overall thickness of member, in. (mm)
Ktr = transverse reinforcement index, see 12.2.3, Chapter 12
ld = development length, in. (mm)
Sw = center to center spacing of longitudinal reinforcement
St = center to center spacing of transverse reinforcement
l = lightweight factor
t = location factor
 e = coating factor
 s = reinforcement size factor
* However, t (e) ≤ 1.7

Building Code (ACI 318) Design Aids 6

U.S. CUSTOMARY (INCH-POUND) WIRE SIZES AND AREAS
TABLE 6.1 - SECTIONAL AREAS OF WELDED WIRE REINFORCEMENT
Wire Size Number* Nominal Nominal Area in Sq. In. Per Ft. Of Width For Various Spacing
(area of steel x 100) Diameter Weight Center-To-Center Spacing
Plain Inches Lbs./Lin. Ft. 3” 4” 6” 12” 18”
W45 .757 1.530 1.80 1.35 .90 .45 .30
W34 .658 1.160 1.36 1.02 .68 .34 .23
W31 .628 1.054 1.24 .93 .62 .31 .21
W25 .564 .850 1.00 .75 .50 .25 .17
W23 .541 .782 .92 .69 .46 .23 .15
W20 .505 .680 .80 .60 .40 .20 .13
W18 .479 .612 .72 .54 .36 .18 .12
W16 .451 .544 .64 .48 .32 .16 .11
W15 .437 .510 .60 .45 .30 .15 .10
W14 .422 .476 .56 .420 .28 .14 .090
W12 .391 .408 .48 .360 .24 .12 .080
W11 .374 .374 .44 .330 .22 .11 .073
W10.5 .366 .357 .42 .315 .21 .105 .070
W10 .357 .340 .40 .300 .20 .10 .068
W9.5 .348 .323 .38 .285 .19 .095 .063
W9 .338 .306 .36 .270 .18 .090 .060
W8.5 .329 .329 .34 .255 .17 .085 .057
W8 .319 .272 .32 .240 .16 .080 .053
W7.5 .309 .309 .30 .225 .15 .075 .050
W7 .299 .238 .28 .210 .14 .070 .047
W6.5 .288 .221 .26 .195 .13 .065 .043
W6 .276 .204 .24 .180 .12 .060 .040
W5.5 .265 .187 .22 .185 .11 .055 .037
W5 .252 .170 .20 .150 .10 .050 .033
W4.5 .239 .153 .18 .135 .09 .045
W4 .226 .136 .16 .12 .08 .040
W3.5 .211 .119 .14 .105 .07 .035
W3 .195 .102 .12 .09 .06 .030
W2.9 .192 .098 .116 .087 .058 .029
W2.5 .178 .085 .100 .075 .050 .025
W2.1 .162 .070 .084 .063 .042 .021
W2 .160 .068 .080 .060 .040 .020
W1.5 .138 .051 .060 .045 .030 .015
W1.4 .134 .049 .056 .042 .028 .014
Examples Using Various Minimum Yield Strengths for Economy - Consider:
• Grade 60 wire by style 12X12 - W31/W31 (Standard)
• Grade 75 wire by style 12X12 - W25/W25 (20% savings by weight & steel area)
• Grade 80 wire by style 12X12 - W23/W23 (25% savings by weight & steel area)
Note: The above listing of plain wire sizes represents wires normally selected to manufacture welded wire reinforcement styles to specific areas of reinforcement. Wires may be
deformed using prefix D, except where only W is required on building codes (usually less than W4). Wire sizes other than those listed above may be available if the quantity required is
sufficient to justify manufacture.
*The number following the prefix W identifies the cross-sectional area of the wire in hundredths of a square inch.
The nominal diameter of a deformed wire is equivalent to the diameter of a plain wire having the same weight per foot as the deformed-wire.
Refer to ACI 318 for The ACI Building Code requirements for tension development lengths and tension lap splices of welded wire reinforcement. For additional
information see the Structural Welded Wire Reinforcement Detailing Manual, published by the Wire Reinforcement Institute.

TABLE 6.2M METRIC WIRE AREA, DIAMETERS & MASS WITH
EQUIVALENT INCH-POUND UNITS
Metric Units Inch-pound Units (conversions)
Size F Gage
Size F Guide
(MW=Plain) Area Diameter Mass (W=Plain) Area Diameter Weight
(mm2) (mm2) (mm) (kg/m) (in2x100) (in2) (in) (lb./ft.)
MW290 290 19.22 2.27 W45 .450 .757 1.53
MW200 200 15.95 1.57 W31 .310 .628 1.054
MW130 130 12.9 1.02 W20.2 .202 .507 .687
7/0
MW120 120 12.4 .941 W18.6 .186 .487 .632
6/0
MW100 100 11.3 .784 W15.5 .155 .444 .527
5/0
MW90 90 10.7 .706 W14.0 .140 .422 .476
MW80 80 10.1 .627 W12.4 .124 .397 .422
4/0
MW70 70 9.4 .549 W10.9 .109 .373 .371
3/0
MW65 65 9.1 .510 W10.1 .101 .359 .343
MW60 60 8.7 .470 W9.3 .093 .344 .316
2/0
MW55 55 8.4 .431 W8.5 .085 .329 .289
MW50 50 8.0 .392 W7.8 .078 .314 .263
1/0
MW45 45 7.6 .353 W7.0 .070 .298 .238
1
MW40 40 7.1 .314 W6.2 .062 .283 .214
MW35 35 6.7 .274 W5.4 .054 .262 .184 2
MW30 30 6.2 .235 W4.7 .047 .245 .160 3
MW26 26 5.7 .204 W4.0 .040 .226 .136 4
MW25 25 5.6 .196 W3.9 .039 .223 .133

MW20 20 5.0 .157 W3.1 .031 .199 .105
MW19 19 4.9 .149 W2.9 .029 .192 .098 6
MW15 15 4.4 .118 W2.3 .023 .171 .078

8
MW13 13 4.1 .102 W2.0 .020 .160 .068
MW10 10 3.6 .078 W1.6 0.16 .143 .054

MW9 9 3.4 .071 W1.4 .014 .135 .048 10
*Metric wire sizes can be specified in 1 mm 2 increments. **Inch-Pound sizes can be specified in .001 in 2 increments. Note G -
For other available wire sizes, consult other WRI publications or discuss with WWR manufactures.
Note F - Wires may be deformed, use prefix MD or D, expect where only MW or W is required by building codes (usually less than
MW26 or W4).

TABLE 6.3♦ Customary Units (in.-lb.) Welded Deformed Wire Reinforcement
Typical Development and Splice Length, inches
Welded Deformed Wire Reinforcement fy = 60,000 psi f’c = 4,000 psi
Wires to be Developed
or Spliced

Splice length when sum of overhang is *:
Sw,
Wire Size
spacing in. d 0” 6” 8” 12”
4 8 8 8 10 14
D4 6 8 8 8 10 14
12 8 8 8 10 14
4 8 8 8 10 14
D5 6 8 8 8 10 14
12 8 8 8 10 14
4 8 8 8 10 14
D6 6 8 8 8 10 14
12 8 8 8 10 14
4 8 8 8 10 14
D7 6 8 8 8 10 14
12 8 8 8 10 14
4 8 8 8 10 14
D8 6 8 8 8 10 14
12 8 8 8 10 14
4 8 8 8 10 14
D9 6 8 8 8 10 14
12 8 8 8 10 14
4 8 8 8 10 14
D10 6 8 8 8 10 14
12 8 8 8 10 14
4 8 8 8 10 14
D12 6 8 8 8 10 14
12 8 8 8 10 14
4 8 8 8 10 14
D14 6 8 8 8 10 14
12 8 8 8 10 14
4 8 8 8 10 14
D16 6 8 8 8 10 14
12 8 8 8 10 14
4 8 9 9 10 14
D18 6 8 8 8 10 14
12 8 8 8 10 14
4 8 10 10 10 14
D20 6 8 8 8 10 14
12 8 8 8 10 14
4 12 15 15 15 15
D31 6 8 10 10 10 14
12 8 8 8 10 14
4 17 44 50 52 56
D45** 6 11 29 35 37 41
12 8 15 21 23 27
* Splice length determined using calculated ld.
** D45 Splices considered as Plain(Smooth Wire) ♦ Assumed 3/4” concrete cover.

TABLE 6.4M♦ Metric Units (mm) Welded Deformed Wire Reinforcement
Typical Development and Splice Length, millimeters f y = 414 MPa f ’c = 28 MPa
WIRES TO BE
DEVELOPED OR
SPLICED
Splice length when sum of overhang is *:
Wire Size S w, spacing in. d 0 mm 152 mm 203 mm 305 mm
102 203 203 203 254 356
MD 26 152 203 203 203 254 356
305 203 203 203 254 356
102 203 203 203 254 356
MD 32 152 203 203 203 254 356
305 203 203 203 254 356
102 203 203 203 254 356
MD 39 152 203 203 203 254 356
305 203 203 203 254 356
102 203 203 203 254 356
MD 45 152 203 203 203 254 356
305 203 203 203 254 356
102 203 203 203 254 356
MD 52 152 203 203 203 254 356
305 203 203 203 254 356
102 203 203 203 254 356
MD 58 152 203 203 203 254 356
305 203 203 203 254 356
102 203 203 203 254 356
MD 65 152 203 203 203 254 356
305 203 203 203 254 356
102 203 203 203 254 356
MD 77 152 203 203 203 254 356
305 203 203 203 254 356
102 203 203 203 254 356
MD 90 152 203 203 203 254 356
305 203 203 203 254 356
102 203 203 203 254 356
MD 103 152 203 203 203 254 356
305 203 203 203 254 356
102 203 229 229 254 356
MD 116 152 203 203 203 254 356
305 203 203 203 254 356
102 203 254 254 254 356
MD 130 152 203 203 203 254 356
305 203 203 203 254 356
102 305 381 381 381 381
MD 200 152 203 254 254 254 356
305 203 203 203 254 356
102 432 1118 1270 1321 1422
MD 290 152 279 737 889 940 1041
305 203 381 533 584 686
* Splice length determined using calculated ld.
** MD290 Splices considered as Plain (Smooth Wire) ♦ Assumed 20 mm concrete cover.

TABLE 6.5 Customary Units (in.) Welded Plain Wire Reinforcement
Typical Development and Splice Lengths, inches fy = 60,000 psi f’c = 4,000 psi
WIRES TO BE
DEVELOPED OR
SPLICED
Development length when Splice length when
cross-wire spacing is: cross-wire spacing is:
Wire Sw, spacing
Size in. 4” 6” 8” 12” 4” 6” 8” 12”
W1.4 4 6 8 10 14 6 8 10 14
to 6 6 8 10 14 6 8 10 14
W5 12 6 8 10 14 6 8 10 14
4 6 8 10 14 6 8 10 14
W6 6 6 8 10 14 6 8 10 14
12 6 8 10 14 6 8 10 14
4 6 8 10 14 7 8 10 14
W7 6 6 8 10 14 6 8 10 14
12 6 8 10 14 6 8 10 14
4 6 8 10 14 8 8 10 14
W8 6 6 8 10 14 6 8 10 14
12 6 8 10 14 6 8 10 14
4 6 8 10 14 9 10 10 14
W9 6 6 8 10 14 6 8 10 14
12 6 8 10 14 6 8 10 14
4 7 8 10 14 10 10 10 14
W10 6 6 8 10 14 7 8 10 14
12 6 8 10 14 6 8 10 14
4 8 8 10 14 12 12 12 14
W12 6 6 8 10 14 8 8 10 14
12 6 8 10 14 6 8 10 14
4 9 9 10 14 14 14 14 14
W14 6 6 8 10 14 9 9 10 14
12 6 8 10 14 6 8 10 14
4 11 11 11 14 16 16 16 16
W16 6 7 8 10 14 11 11 11 14
12 6 8 10 14 6 8 10 14
4 12 12 12 14 18 18 18 18
W18 6 8 8 10 14 12 12 12 14
12 6 8 10 14 6 8 10 14
4 13 13 13 14 20 20 20 20
W20 6 9 9 10 14 13 13 13 14
12 6 8 10 14 8 8 10 14
4 20 20 20 20 30 30 30 30
W31 6 14 14 14 14 20 20 20 20
12 7 8 10 14 10 10 10 14
4 29 29 29 29 44 44 44 44
W45 6 19 19 19 19 29 29 29 29
12 10 10 10 10 15 15 15 15

TABLE 6.6M Metric Units (mm) Welded Plain Wire Reinforcement
Typical Development and Splice Lengths (millimeters) fy = 414 MPa f1c = 28 MPa
WIRES TO BE
DEVELOPED OR
SPLICED Development length when Splice length when
cross-wire spacing is: cross-wire spacing is:
Wire Size mm 102mm 152mm 203mm 305mm 102mm 152mm 203mm 305mm
MW9 102 152 203 254 356 152 203 254 356
to 152 152 203 254 356 152 203 254 356
MW32 305 152 203 254 356 152 203 254 356
102 152 203 254 356 152 203 254 356
MW39 152 152 203 254 356 152 203 254 356
305 152 203 254 356 152 203 254 356
102 152 203 254 356 178 203 254 356
MW45 152 152 203 254 356 152 203 254 356
305 152 203 254 356 152 203 254 356
102 152 203 254 356 203 203 254 356
MW52 152 152 203 254 356 152 203 254 356
305 152 203 254 356 152 203 254 356
102 152 203 254 356 229 254 254 356
MW58 152 152 203 254 356 152 203 254 356
305 152 203 254 356 152 203 254 356
102 178 203 254 356 254 254 254 356
MW65 152 152 203 254 356 178 203 254 356
305 152 203 254 356 152 203 254 356
102 203 203 254 356 305 305 305 356
MW77 152 152 203 254 356 203 203 254 356
305 152 203 254 356 152 203 254 356
102 229 229 254 356 356 356 356 356
MW90 152 152 203 254 356 229 229 254 356
305 152 203 254 356 152 203 254 356
102 279 279 279 356 406 406 406 406
MW103 152 178 203 254 356 279 279 279 356
305 152 203 254 356 152 203 254 356
102 305 305 305 356 457 457 457 457
MW116 152 203 203 254 356 305 305 305 356
305 152 203 254 356 152 203 254 356
102 330 330 330 356 508 508 508 508
MW130 152 229 229 254 356 330 330 330 356
305 152 203 254 356 203 203 254 356
102 584 584 584 584 864 864 864 864

MW200 152 381 381 381 381 584 584 584 584
305 203 203 254 356 305 305 305 305
102 838 838 838 838 1270 1270 1270 1270
MW290 152 559 559 559 559 838 838 838 838
305 279 279 279 356 432 432 432 432

TABLE 6.7 Wire Size Comparison (When customary units are specified)
CUSTOMARY UNITS METRIC UNITS

(conversions)
W & D Metric Wire Size Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal

W & D Wire Size* (Conversion) Area Diameter Weight Area Diameter Mass
Plain* Plain** (sq. in.) (in.) (lb./ft.) (mm2) (mm) (kg/m)
W45 MW 290 .45 .757 1.530 290 19.23 2.28
W31 MW 200 .31 .628 1.054 200 15.96 1.57
W20 MW 130 .200 .505 .680 129 12.8 1.01
MW 122 .189 .490 .643 122 12.4 0.96
W18 MW 116 .180 .479 .612 116 12.2 0.91
MW 108 .168 .462 .571 108 11.7 0.85
W16 MW 103 .160 .451 .544 103 11.5 0.81
MW 94 .146 .431 .495 94 10.9 0.74
W14 MW 90 .140 .422 .476 90 10.7 0.71
MW 79 .122 .394 .414 79 10.0 0.62
W12 MW 77 .120 .391 .408 77 9.9 0.61
W11 MW 71 .110 .374 .374 71 9.5 0.56
W10.5 MW 68 .105 .366 .357 68 9.3 0.53
MW 67 .103 .363 .351 67 9.2 0.52
W10 MW 65 .100 .357 .340 65 9.1 0.51
W9.5 MW 61 .095 .348 .323 61 8.8 0.48
W9 MW 58 .090 .338 .306 58 8.6 0.45
MW 56 .086 .331 .292 55.5 8.4 0.43
W8.5 MW 55 .085 .329 .289 54.9 8.4 0.43
W8 MW 52 .080 .319 .272 52 8.1 0.40
W7.5 MW 48 .075 .309 .255 48.4 7.8 0.38
W7 MW 45 .070 .299 .238 45 7.6 0.35
W6.5 MW 42 .065 .288 .221 42 7.3 0.33
MW 41 .063 .283 .214 41 7.2 0.32
W6 MW 39 .060 .276 .204 39 7.0 0.30
W5.5 MW 36 .055 .265 .187 35.5 6.7 0.28
MW 35 .054 .263 .184 34.8 6.7 0.27
W5 MW 32 .050 .252 .170 32 6.4 0.25
MW 30 .047 .244 .158 30 6.2 0.24
MW 29 .045 .239 .153 29 6.1 0.23
W4 MW 26 .040 .226 .136 26 5.7 0.20
W3.5 MW 23 .035 .211 .119 23 5.4 0.18
W2.9 MW 19 .029 .192 .098 19 4.9 0.15
W2.0 MW 13 .020 .160 .068 13 4.1 0.10
W1.4 MW 9 .014 .135 .048 9 3.4 0.07
* For deformed wire, change W to D.

** For deformed wire (metric) change MW to MD.

TABLE 6.8M Wire Size Comparison (When Metric Units are specified)
Metric Units Inch-pound Units (conversions)

Nominal Gage
Size * Size * Guide
(MW=Plain) Area Diameter Mass (W=Plain) Area Diameter Weight
(mm2) (mm2) (mm) (kg/m) (in2x100) (in2) (in) (lb./ft.)
MW290 290 19.23 2.28 W45 .450 .757 1.53
MW200 200 15.96 1.57 W31 .310 .628 1.054
MW130 130 12.9 1.02 W20.2 .202 .507 .687

7/0
MW120 120 12.4 .941 W18.6 .186 .487 .632
6/0
MW100 100 11.3 .784 W15.5 .155 .444 .527
5/0
MW90 90 10.7 .706 W14.0 .140 .422 .476
MW80 80 10.1 .627 W12.4 .124 .397 .422

4/0
MW70 70 9.4 .549 W10.9 .109 .373 .371
3/0
MW65 65 9.1 .510 W10.1 .101 .359 .343
MW60 60 8.7 .470 W9.3 .093 .344 .316

2/0
MW55 55 8.4 .431 W8.5 .085 .329 .289
MW50 50 8.0 .392 W7.8 .078 .314 .263

1/0
MW45 45 7.6 .353 W7.0 .070 .298 .238
1
MW40 40 7.1 .314 W6.2 .062 .283 .214
MW35 35 6.7 .274 W5.4 .054 .262 .184 2
MW30 30 6.2 .235 W4.7 .047 .245 .160 3
MW26 26 5.7 .204 W4.0 .040 .226 .136 4
MW25 25 5.6 .196 W3.9 .039 .223 .133
MW20 20 5.0 .157 W3.1 .031 .199 .105
MW19 19 4.9 .149 W2.9 .029 .192 .098 6
MW15 15 4.4 .118 W2.3 .023 .171 .078

8
MW13 13 4.1 .102 W2.0 .020 .160 .068
MW10 10 3.6 .078 W1.6 0.16 .143 .054
MW9 9 3.4 .071 W1.4 .014 .135 .048 10
Note * Wires may be deformed, use prefix MD or D, except where only MW or W is required by building
codes (usually less than MW26 or W4). For other available wire sizes, consult other WRI publications or
discuss with WWR manufacturers.

Bridge Specifications Requirements 7
LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN SPECIFICATION REQUIREMENTS (AASHTO)
The tabulated information shown below is intended to serve as a supplemental technical cross-reference
for design and construction professionals. Information is compiled in such a manner so as to highlight
content that is pertinent to welded wire reinforcement as currently presented in the 2012 AASHTO LRFD
Bridge Design Specification, Sixth Edition.
Note that in most cases, only excerpts from the AASHTO reference standard are shown. This format is
intended to encourage the reader’s direct use of the reference standard itself. Decisions impacting
design and construction must be based on the full text of the 2012 AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design
Specification, Sixth Edition.
The AASHTO Specification uses the term “fabric” interchangeably with “reinforcement” when describing
welded mats, deformed or plain.

A. MATERIAL SPECIFICATION AND USAGE
PROVISION AASHTO
FOR CONCRETE BRIDGE AND RETAINING WALL STRUCTURES IN ACCORDANCE WITH SECTION 5, WELDED WIRE 5.1
REINFORCEMENT IS PERMITTED FOR USE.

SPECIFIC REFERENCE TO YIELD STRENGTH MEASUREMENT IS NOT FOUND IN THE BODY OF AASHTO LRFD **
BRIDGE DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS. INSTEAD, VIA REFERENCE IN THE AASHTO LRFD BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION
SPECIFICATIONS, THE AASHTO M 225 STANDARD SPECIFICATION DICTATES YIELD STRENGTH MEASUREMENT AT
AN EXTENSION OF 0.5 PERCENT OF GAUGE LENGTH. YIELD STRENGTH FOR “HIGH‐STRENGTH WIRE” IS
DETERMINED AT AN EXTENSION UNDER LOAD OF 0.35 PERCENT.

DEFORMED WIRE AND WELDED WIRE SHALL CONFORM TO AASHTO M 225 AND M 221 STANDARD **
SPECIFICATIONS, RESPECTIVELY. PLAIN WIRE AND WELDED WIRE SHALL CONFORM TO AASHTO M 32 AND M55
STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS, RESPECTIVELY. [NOTE THAT, AT THE TIME OF PUBLICATION OF THIS DOCUMENT,
THE AFOREMENTIONED AASHTO STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS STILL CITE WITHDRAWN ASTM STANDARDS A496,
A497, A82, AND A185 AS PARALLEL REFERENCES, AND MAKE NO REFERENCE TO THE ASTM A1064
SPECIFICATION THAT REPLACES THEM.]

DEFORMED WIRE, COLD‐DRAWN WIRE, WELDED PLAIN WIRE FABRIC, AND WELDED DEFORMED WIRE FABRIC 5.4.3.1
ARE PERMITTED FOR USE AS REINFORCING STEEL. YIELD STRENGTHS IN EXCESS OF 75 KSI SHALL NOT BE USED
FOR DESIGN PURPOSES.
THE DESIGN YIELD STRENGTH OF NONPRESTRESSED TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT SHALL BE TAKEN EQUAL TO 5.8.2.8
THE SPECIFIED YIELD STRENGTH WHEN THE LATTER DOES NOT EXCEED 60.0 KSI. FOR NONPRESTRESSED
REINFORCEMENT WITH YIELD STRENGTH IN EXCESS OF 60 KSI, THE DESIGN YIELD STRENGTH SHALL BE TAKEN AS
THE STRESS CORRESPONDING TO A STRAIN OF 0.0035, BUT NOT TO EXCEED 75.0 KSI.
INSIDE DIAMETER OF BEND IN WELDED WIRE REINFORCEMENT FOR STIRRUPS AND TIES SHALL NOT BE LESS 5.10.2.3
THAN 4db FOR DEFORMED WIRE LARGER THAN D6 AND 2db FOR ALL OTHER WIRES.

BENDS WITH INSIDE DIAMETER OF LESS THAN 8db SHALL NOT BE LESS THAN 4db FROM NEAREST WELDED
INTERSECTION
FOR BURIED STRUCTURES, REINFORCEMENT SHALL COMPLY WITH 5.4.3. FOR PLAIN WIRE AND PLAIN WELDED 12.4.2.7
WIRE FABRIC, YIELD STRENGTH MAY BE TAKEN AS 65 KSI. FOR DEFORMED WELDED WIRE FABRIC, THE YIELD
STRENGTH MAY BE TAKEN AS 70.0 KSI.

B. DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS – FLEXURE AND AXIAL LOADS
PROVISION AASHTO
FACTORED RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE COMPONENTS SHALL BE BASED ON THE CONDITIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM 5.7.2.1
AND STRAIN COMPATIBILITY, RESISTANCE FACTORS, AND THE PROVISIONS IN THIS SECTION.

IN COMPONENTS WITH FULLY BONDED REINFORCEMENT, STRAIN IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO THE
DISTANCE FROM THE NEUTRAL AXIS. MAXIMUM USABLE STRAIN AT THE EXTREME COMPRESSION FIBER OF
SUFFICIENTLY‐CONFINED CONCRETE IS 0.003. TENSILE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE IS NEGLECTED.

YIELD STRENGTH MAY REPLACE WHEN, USING IN THE CALCULATION, THE RESULTING RATIO ⁄ DOES
NOT EXCEED 0.6. IF ⁄ EXCEEDS 0.6, STRAIN COMPATIBILITY SHALL BE USED TO DETERMINE THE STRESS IN
THE MILD STEEL TENSION REINFORCEMENT.

⁄ 0.6 → :

⁄ 0.6 → :

ds = DISTANCE FROM EXTREME COMPRESSION FIBER TO CENTROID OF NONPRESTRESSED TENSILE
REINFORCEMENT IN QUESTION (NOT NECESSARILY EQUAL TO dt )

THE CONCRETE COMPRESSIVE STRESS‐STRAIN DISTRIBUTION IS ASSUMED TO BE RECTANGULAR, PARABOLIC, OR
ANY OTHER SHAPE THAT RESULTS IN A PREDICTION OF STRENGTH IN SUBSTANTIAL AGREEMENT WITH TEST
RESULTS.

SECTIONS ARE TENSION‐CONTROLLED IF THE NET TENSILE STRAIN IN THE EXTREME TENSION STEEL IS EQUAL TO
OR GREATER THAN 0.005 JUST AS THE CONCRETE IN COMPRESSION REACHES ITS ASSUMED STRAIN LIMIT OF
0.003. SECTIONS WITH NET TENSILE STRAIN IN THE EXTREME TENSION STEEL BETWEEN THE COMPRESSION‐
CONTROLLED STRAIN LIMIT AND 0.005 CONSTITUTE A TRANSITION REGION.

SECTIONS ARE COMPRESSION‐CONTROLLED WHEN THE NET TENSILE STRAIN IN THE EXTREME TENSION STEEL IS
EQUAL TO OR LESS THAN THE COMPRESSION‐CONTROLLED STRAIN LIMIT AT THE TIME THE CONCRETE IN
COMPRESSION REACHES ITS ASSUMED STRAIN LIMIT OF 0.003.

C. DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS – SHEAR LOADS
PROVISION AASHTO
TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT TO RESIST SHEAR MAY CONSIST OF WELDED WIRE REINFORCEMENT WITH 5.8.2.6
WIRES PERPENDICULAR TO THE LONGITUDINAL AXIS OF THE MEMBER, PROVIDED THAT THE TRANSVERSE
WIRES ARE CERTIFIED TO UNDERGO A MINIMUM ELONGATION OF FOUR PERCENT, MEASURED OVER A GAGE
LENGTH OF AT LEAST 4.0 INCHES INCLUDING AT LEAST ONE CROSSWIRE.
EXCEPT FOR SLABS, FOOTINGS, AND CULVERTS, TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT SHALL BE PROVIDED WHERE: 5.8.2.4

0.5

NOMINAL SHEAR RESISTANCE, , SHALL BE CALCULATED BY LESSER OF AND 5.8.3.3
0.25 ′ IN WHICH:
0.0316 ′

cot cot sin

APPLICABLE IF 5.8.3.4.1 SIMPLIFIED PROCEDURE OR 5.8.3.4.2 GENERAL PROCEDURE ARE USED.

THE SHEAR STRESS ON THE CONCRETE SHALL BE DETERMINED AS: 5.8.2.9

D. MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT AND REINFORCEMENT SPACING REQUIREMENTS
PROVISION AASHTO
WHERE TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT IS REQUIRED, MAXIMUM SPACING OF TRANSVERSE SHEAR 5.8.2.5
AREA OF STEEL SHALL SATISFY: REINFORCEMENT SHALL NOT EXCEED THE MAXIMUM 5.8.2.7
PERMITTED SPACING, , DETERMINED AS:

0.0316 ′ IF 0.125 : 0.8 24.0

IF 0.125 : 0.4 12.0

UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED, AT ANY SECTION OF A NONCOMPRESSION‐CONTROLLED FLEXURAL 5.7.3.3.2
COMPONENT, THE AMOUNT OF TENSILE REINFORCEMENT SHALL BE ADEQUATE TO DEVELOP A FACTORED 5.10.3.2
FLEXURAL RESISTANCE, , AT LEAST EQUAL TO THE LESSER OF:

1.33

⁄ 1

PRIMARY REINFORCEMENT OF WALLS AND SLABS: UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED, THE SPACING OF THE
REINFORCEMENT SHALL NOT EXCEED 1.5X THE MEMBER THICKNESS AND 18 INCHES.

CONTROL OF CRACKING BY DISTRIBUTION OF REINFORCEMENT FOR ALL CONCRETE COMPONENTS EXCEPT 5.7.3.4
SELECTED DECK SLABS DESIGNED IN ACCORDANCE WITH ARTICLE 9.7.2.

THE SPACING OF MILD STEEL REINFORCEMENT IN THE LAYER CLOSEST TO THE TENSION FACE SHALL SATISFY
THE FOLLOWING:

700
2

REINFORCEMENT FOR SHRINKAGE AND TEMPERATURE STRESSES SHALL BE PROVIDED NEAR SURFACES OF 5.10.8
CONCRETE EXPOSED TO DAILY TEMPERATURE CHANGES IN STRUCTURAL MASS CONCRETE

THE AREA OF WELDED WIRE FABRIC PER FOOT, ON EACH FACE AND IN EACH DIRECTION, SHALL SATISFY:

1.30

2

0.11 0.60

 SPACING SHALL NOT EXCEED 3X THE COMPONENT THICKNESS OR 18”.
 SPACING SHALL NOT EXCEED 12 INCHES FOR WALLS AND FOOTINGS GREATER THAN 18 INCHES THICK.
 SPACING SHALL NOT EXCEED 12 INCHES FOR OTHER COMPONENTS GREATER THAN 36 INCHES THICK.
 SPACINGS LISTED APPLY FOR REINFORCEMENT PLACED IN EACH FACE OF COMPONENT THICKER THAN
6 INCHES, AND FOR SINGLE LAYER OF REINFORCEMENT PLACED IN COMPONENT NOT GREATER THAN 6
INCHES THICK.

SPIRALS AND TIES FOR COMPRESSION MEMBERS AND FLEXURAL MEMBER COMPRESSION REINFORCEMENT: 5.10.6.2
CENTER‐TO‐CENTER SPACING BETWEEN THE WIRES OF THE SPIRAL SHALL NOT EXCEED 6X LONGITUDINAL BAR 5.10.6.3
DIAMETER OR 6 INCHES. SPACING OF TIES ALONG THE LONGITUDINAL AXIS OF THE MEMBER SHALL NOT 5.10.7
EXCEED THE LEAST DIMENSION OF THE MEMBER OR 12 INCHES. WHERE TWO OR MORE LONGITUDINAL BARS
LARGER THAN #10 ARE BUNDLED TOGETHER, THE SPACING SHALL NOT EXCEED HALF THE LEAST DIMENSION OF
THE MEMBER OR 6 INCHES.

E. BOND AND DEVELOPMENT – DEFORMED WIRE REINFORCEMENT AND WELDED
DEFORMED WIRE FABRIC
PROVISION AASHTO
THE TENSION DEVELOPMENT LENGTH, , SHALL NOT BE LESS THAN THE PRODUCT OF THE BASIC TENSION 5.11.2.1.1
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH, , AND THE MODIFICATION FACTORS SPECIFIED IN ARTICLES 5.11.2.1.2 AND 5.11.2.1.2
5.11.2.1.3. 5.11.2.1.3

FOR DEFORMED WIRE, THE BASIC TENSION DEVELOPMENT LENGTH, , IN INCHES SHALL BE TAKEN AS:

0.95

′

ARTICLE 5.11.2.1.2 OUTLINES MODIFICATION FACTORS WHICH INCREASE .
ARTICLE 5.11.2.1.3 OUTLINES MODIFICATION FACTORS WHICH DECREASE .

THE TENSION DEVELOPMENT LENGTH, , SHALL NOT BE LESS THAN 12.0 INCHES, EXCEPT FOR LAP SPLICES
SPECIFIED IN ARTICLE 5.11.5.3.1 AND DEVELOPMENT OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT SPECIFIED IN ARTICLE
5.11.2.6.

FOR WELDED DEFORMED WIRE FABRIC APPLICATIONS OTHER THAN SHEAR REINFORCEMENT, THE 5.11.2.5.1
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH, , IN INCHES, MEASURED FROM THE POINT OF CRITICAL SECTION TO THE END OF
WIRE, SHALL NOT BE LESS THAN EITHER (A) OR (B):

A. THE PRODUCT OF BASIC TENSION DEVELOPMENT LENGTH AND
APPLICABLE ARTICLE 5.11.2.2.2 MODIFICATION FACTORS. BASIC TENSION DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS
CALCULATED AS FOLLOWS:

 = BASIC TENSION DEVELOPMENT LENGTH FOR WELDED DEFORMED WIRE
FABRIC WITH NOT LESS THAN ONE CROSS WIRE WITHIN THE DEVELOPMENT LENGTH AT
LEAST 2.0 INCHES FROM THE POINT OF CRITICAL SECTION, SHALL SATISFY:

20.0
0.95

or

6.30
′

 = BASIC TENSION DEVELOPMENT LENGTH FOR WELDED DEFORMED WIRE
FABRIC WITH NO CROSS WIRES WITHIN THE DEVELOPMENT LENGTH; SHALL BE DETERMINED
IN ACCORDANCE WITH ARTICLE 5.11.2.1.1

B. 8.0 INCHES, EXCEPT FOR LAP SPLICES, AS SPECIFIED IN 5.11.6.1.

F. BOND AND DEVELOPMENT – WELDED PLAIN WIRE FABRIC
PROVISION AASHTO
THE YIELD STRENGTH OF WELDED PLAIN WIRE FABRIC SHALL BE CONSIDERED DEVELOPED BY EMBEDMENT OF 5.11.2.5.2
TWO CROSS WIRES WITH THE CLOSER WIRE NOT LESS THAN 2.0 INCHES FROM THE POINT OF CRITICAL SECTION.
OTHERWISE, THE DEVELOPMENT LENGTH, , MEASURED FROM THE POINT OF CRITICAL SECTION TO
OUTERMOST CROSS WIRE SHALL BE TAKEN AS:

8.50
′

THE DEVELOPMENT LENGTH SHALL BE MODIFIED FOR REINFORCEMENT IN EXCESS OF THAT REQUIRED BY
ANALYSIS AS SPECIFIED IN ARTICLE 5.11.2.4.2, AND BY THE FACTOR FOR LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE SPECIFIED IN
ARTICLE 5.11.2.1.2, WHERE APPLICABLE.

DEVELOPMENT LENGTH, , SHALL NOT BE TAKEN LESS THAN 6.0 INCHES, EXCEPT FOR LAP SPLICES AS SPECIFIED
IN ARTICLE 5.11.6.2.

G. SPLICES ‐ DEFORMED WIRE AND WELDED DEFORMED WIRE FABRIC IN TENSION
PROVISION AASHTO
FOR DEFORMED WIRE, THE LENGTH OF LAP FOR TENSION LAP SPLICES SHALL NOT BE LESS THAN EITHER 12.0 5.11.5.3.1
INCHES OR THE FOLLOWING FOR CLASS A, B, OR C SPLICES:

CLASS A SPLICE = 1.0 X

CLASS B SPLICE = 1.3 X

CLASS C SPLICE = 1.7 X

THE TENSION DEVELOPMENT LENGTH, , FOR THE SPECIFIED YIELD STRENGTH SHALL BE TAKEN IN
ACCORDANCE WITH ARTICLE 5.11.2.

THE CLASS OF LAP SPLICE REQUIRED FOR DEFORMED WIRES IN TENSION SHALL BE AS SHOWN IN TABLE BELOW.

Ratio of Percent of spliced within required lap length
, ⁄ ,
Provided over splice length 50 75 100
≥ 2.0 A A B
< 2.0 B C C

WHEN MEASURED BETWEEN THE ENDS OF EACH FABRIC SHEET, THE LENGTH OF LAP FOR LAP SPLICES OF 5.11.6.1
WELDED DEFORMED WIRE FABRIC WITH CROSS WIRES WITHIN THE LAP LENGTH SHALL NO BE LESS THAN 1.3
OR 8.0 INCHES. THE OVERLAP MEASURED BETWEEN THE OUTERMOST CROSS WIRES OF EACH FABRIC SHEET
SHALL NOT BE LESS THAN 2.0 INCHES.

LAP SPLICES OF WELDED DEFORMED WIRE FABRIC WITH NO CROSS WIRES WITHIN THE LAP SPLICE LENGTH
SHALL BE DETERMINED AS FOR DEFORMED WIRE IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE PROVISIONS OF ARTICLE
5.11.5.3.1.

H. SPLICES – WELDED SMOOTH (PLAIN) WIRE FABRIC IN TENSION
PROVISION AASHTO
FOR WELDED PLAIN WIRE FABRIC, WHERE THE AREA OF REINFORCEMENT PROVIDED IS LESS THAN TWICE THAT 5.11.6.2
REQUIRED AT THE SPLICE LOCATION, THE LENGTH OF OVERLAP MEASURED BETWEEN THE OUTERMOST CROSS
WIRES OF EACH FABRIC SHEET SHALL NOT BE LESS THAN:

d. CROSS WIRE SPACING + 2”

e. 1.5 X , WHERE IS DEVELOPMENT LENGTH PER ARTICLE 5.11.2.5.2

f. 6.0 INCHES

WHERE THE AREA OF REINFORCEMENT PROVIDED IS AT LEAST TWICE THAT REQUIRED AT THE SPLICE
LOCATION, THE LENGTH OF OVERLAP MEASURED BETWEEN THE OUTERMOST CROSS WIRES OF EACH FABRIC
SHEET SHALL NOT BE LESS THAN:

a. 1.5 X , WHERE IS DEVELOPMENT LENGTH PER ARTICLE 5.11.2.5.2

b. 2.0 INCHES

I. SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
PROVISION AASHTO
SHEAR REINFORCEMENT SHALL BE LOCATED AS CLOSE TO THE SURFACES OF MEMBERS AS COVER 5.11.2.6.1
REQUIREMENTS AND PROXIMITY OF OTHER REINFORCEMENT PERMIT. STIRRUPS SHALL BE ANCHORED AT
BOTH ENDS. WHERE USED AS SHEAR REINFORCEMENT, STIRRUPS SHALL EXTEND A DISTANCE d FROM EXTREME
COMPRESSION FIBER.

BETWEEN ANCHORED ENDS, EACH BEND IN THE CONTINUOUS PORTION OF A SIMPLE U‐STIRRUP OR MULTIPLE
U‐STIRRUP SHALL ENCLOSE A LONGITUDINAL BAR OR STRAND.

FOR DEFORMED WIRE OF SIZE D31 AND SMALLER, USED AS SHEAR REINFORCEMENT, THE ENDS OF SINGLE‐LEG, 5.11.2.6.2
SIMPLE U‐, OR MULTIPLE U‐STIRRUPS SHALL BE ANCHORED BY A STANDARD HOOK AROUND LONGITUDINAL
REINFORCEMENT.

OPTIONS FOR ANCHORAGE OF EACH LEG OF WELDED WIRE FABRIC FORMING A SINGLE U‐STIRRUP ARE 5.11.2.6.3
ILLUSTRATED BELOW:

ANCHORAGE OF EACH END OF A SINGLE LEG STIRRUP OF WELDED WIRE FABRIC SHALL BE AS ILLUSTRATED 5.11.2.6.3

BELOW. ASTERISK INDICATES OVERHANG DIMENSION TO BE CONFIGURED SO AS TO MAINTAIN SPECIFIED
CONCRETE COVER DIMENSION.

FOR NON‐TORSION APPLICATIONS, PAIRS OF U‐STIRRUPS OR TIES THAT ARE PLACED TO FORM A CLOSED UNIT 5.11.2.6.4
SHALL BE CONSIDERED PROPERLY ANCHORED AND SPLICED WHEN LENGTHS OF LAPS ARE NOT LESS THAN 1.7 X
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH, WHERE DEVELOPMENT LENGTH IS CALCULATED PER APPROPRIATE 5.11.2 SUB‐
ARTICLE. IN MEMBERS NOT LESS THAN 18.0 INCHES DEEP, CLOSED STIRRUP SPLICES WITH THE TENSION FORCE
RESULTING FROM FACTORED LOADS, , NOT EXCEEDING 9.0 KIPS PER LEG, MAY BE CONSIDERED ADEQUATE
IF THE STIRRUP LEGS EXTEND THE FULL AVAILABLE DEPTH OF THE MEMBER.

J. SPECIFIC PROVISIONS FOR STRUCTURE OR COMPONENT
PROVISION AASHTO
STIRRUP REINFORCEMENT IN CONCRETE PIPE SHALL SATISFY THE PROVISIONS OF ARTICLE 12.10.4.2.7 AND 5.11.2.6.1
SHALL NOT BE REQUIRED TO SATISFY THE PROVISIONS OF ARTICLE 5.11.2.6.1.

FOR EMPIRICALLY DESIGNED CONCRETE DECK SLABS, FOUR LAYERS OF ISOTROPIC REINFORCEMENT SHALL BE 9.7.2.5
LOCATED AS CLOSE TO THE OUTSIDE SURFACES AS PERMITTED BY COVER REQUIREMENTS. THE MINIMUM
AMOUNT OF REINFORCEMENT SHALL BE 0.27 IN2/FOOT FOR EACH BOTTOM LAYER AND 0.18 IN2/FOOT FOR
EACH TOP LAYER. SPACING OF STEEL SHALL NOT EXCEED 18.0 INCHES. REINFORCING STEEL SHALL BE GRADE 60
OR BETTER.

THE DIRECT DESIGN METHOD FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPE IS CARRIED OUT AT THE STRENGTH LIMIT 12.10.4.2
STATE. STRUCTURE SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS ARE OUTLINED IS AASHTO AS FOLLOWS:

a. FLEXURAL RESISTANCE AT THE STRENGTH LIMIT STATE (12.10.4.2.4)
b. MINIMUM FLEXURAL (CIRCUMFERENTIAL) REINFORCEMENT WITH STIRRUPS (12.10.4.2.4b)
c. MINIMUM FLEXURAL (CIRCUMFERENTIAL) REINFORCEMENT WITHOUT STIRRUPS (12.10.4.2.4c)
d. REINFORCEMENT FOR CRACK WIDTH CONTROL (12.10.4.2.4d)
e. MINIMUM CONCRETE COVER (12.10.4.2.4e)
f. SHEAR RESISTANCE WITHOUT STIRRUPS (12.10.4.2.5)
g. SHEAR RESISTANCE WITH RADIAL STIRRUPS (12.10.4.2.6)

THE INDIRECT DESIGN METHOD FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPE IS CARRIED OUT AT THE SERVICE LIMIT 12.10.4.3
STATE. STRUCTURE SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS ARE OUTLINED IN AASHTO AS FOLLOWS:

a. D‐LOADS DETERMINED FOR A PARTICULAR CLASS AND SIZE OF PIPE PER AASHTO M242 (12.10.4.3.1)
b. BEDDING FACTORS (12.10.4.3.2)

DEVELOPMENT OF QUADRANT MAT REINFORCEMENT FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPE 12.10.4.4
FOR CAST‐IN‐PLACE BOX AND ARCH STRUCTURES, REINFORCEMENT SHALL NOT BE LESS THAN THAT SPECIFIED 12.11.4.3.1
IN ARTICLE 5.7.3.3.2 AT ALL CROSS‐SECTIONS SUBJECT TO FLEXURAL TENSION, INCLUDING THE INSIDE FACE OF
WALLS.

TEMPERATURE AND SHRINKAGE REINFORCEMENT SHALL BE PROVIDED NEAR THE INSIDE SURFACES OF WALLS
AND SLABS IN ACCORDANCE WITH ARTICLE 5.10.8.
FOR PRECAST BOX STRUCTURES, AT ALL CROSS‐SECTIONS SUBJECTED TO FLEXURAL TENSION, THE RATIO OF 12.11.4.3.2
PRIMARY FLEXURAL REINFORCEMENT IN THE DIRECTION OF THE SPAN TO GROSS CONCRETE AREA SHALL BE
NOT LESS THAN 0.002. SUCH MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT SHALL BE PROVIDED AT THE INSIDE FACES OF WALLS
AND IN EACH DIRECTION AT THE TOP OF SLABS OF BOX SECTIONS HAVING LESS THAN 2.0 FEET OF COVER.

THE PROVISIONS OF ARTICLE 5.10.8 SHALL NOT APPLY TO PRECAST CONCRETE BOX SECTIONS FABRICATED IN
LENGTHS NOT EXCEEDING 16.0 FEET. WHERE THE FABRICATED LENGTH EXCEEDS 16.0 FEET, THE MINIMUM
LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT FOR SHRINKAGE AND TEMPERATURE SHOULD BE IN CONFORMANCE WITH
ARTICLE 5.10.8.

Handling, Shipping and Unloading 8

Welded wire reinforcement sheets are bundled in
quantities depending on size of sheets and corresponding
weights in accordance with customers’ requirements and
capacities then shipped. Most bundles will weigh between
2,000 and 5,000 pounds.
The bundles are bound together using steel strapping or

wire rod ties. It is very important to note that the strapping
or wire ties are selected and installed for the sole purpose
of holding the sheets together during shipping and
unloading and should NEVER be used to lift the bundles.
Bundles are commonly assembled by flipping alternate
sheets allowing the sheets to “nest”. This allows for a
greater number of sheets to be stacked and provides
additional stability
Figure 8.2.Stacking of Welded Wire Reinforcement for shipping.
Once sheets are bundled, they are transported, refer to
Figure 8.1, to storage or loading areas by forklift trucks or
by overhead cranes. Bundles of relatively short sheets can be handled by either forklift trucks with sheet dollies, roller
conveyors or overhead cranes to the storage and loading areas. Many times a combination of material handling equipment
is used to move material through the plant and to the storage and loading areas.
Generally, shorter sheets are loaded onto flatbed trailers using forklifts. Longer sheets are usually loaded with an overhead
crane or forklift truck using a spreader bar or sheet pick-up frame with a 6-point pick-up so that longer sheets will not
deflect or bend excessively when lifted. Cables or chains are passed through the bundles and fastened to the bottom
wires.
After the sheet bundles are loaded onto the flatbed trailers, refer to Figure 8.2, they are secured to the flatbed using chains
and binders, nylon straps, steel strapping, or a combination of these devices, in accordance with applicable federal, state
and local safety regulations.
At the shipping destination (either job site or storage facility), the

bundles are removed in much the same manner in which
loaded. Where forklifts are not available, front end loaders
equipped with lifting chains may be used. Similar to the
overhead cranes used for lifting bundles at the manufacturer’s
plant, truck cranes, tower cranes or hydraulic cranes may be
used for off-loading at the job site or storage facility.
At all times during off-loading of materials requiring lifting

equipment, extreme caution should be exercised and all safety
regulations and practices must be observed.
Figure 8.1. Welded Wire Reinforcement load on truck for

shipping.

Placing 9
The engineer specifies the amount of reinforcement required and
the correct position for the reinforcement within a wall or slab. To
ensure proper performance of the reinforcement, it is essential
that the welded wire reinforcement sheets be placed on supports
to maintain their required position during concrete placement.
The supports (either concrete blocks, steel or plastic “chair”

devices, or a combination of these) must be appropriately spaced
in order to work effectively, refer to Table 9.1.
The various codes and standards do not give advice on spacing

Figure 9.1. Cut every other wire at contraction joints. While
of supports for WWR. The WRI Tech Fact, TF 702 R2 does have maintaining continuity, restraint is relieved, when some
guidelines for support spacing based on many years of area of reinforcing is reduced for slabs on ground.
experience. The TF can be downloaded from the publications
listing on the WRI website. Simply stated recommended support
of WWR spacing are:
Table 9.1 Welded Wire Recommended Support Spacing
Recommended Support
Wire Size
For Wire Spacing Spacing *
Larger than W/D9* 12” and greater 4 - 6 ft.
W/D5 to W/D9 12” and greater 3 - 4 ft.
Larger than W/D9* Less than 12” 3 - 4 ft.
W/D4 to W/D9 Less than 12” 2 - 3 ft.
Figure 9.2. Welded wire is supported on steel wire chairs.
Less than W/D4** Less than 12” 2 - 3 ft. or less Note stiffness of WWR.
The above guidelines for WWR support spacings can be used

for supported concrete slabs whether formed or placed on
composite metal decks.
* Spacing of supports for WWR with wire sizes larger than W or

D9 could be increased over the spacings shown depending on
the construction loads applied.
**Consider additional rows of supports when permanent
deformations occur - on the other hand - spacing of supports
may be increased provided supports are properly positioned
just as concrete is being placed.
Figure 9.3. Welded wire used in repairing the Ohio Turnpike.

Types of Supports - There are a variety of supports made
specifically for WWR. The TF 702 R2 has photos of some of
them. The same companies that sell rebar supports will usually
handle those shown in the TF as well. Call the WRI if you need
the references to any specific support and manufacturer.
Figure 9.4. Laser screeds can ride over supported

WWR. Maintain proper positioning when WWR is
displaced.

Weight Calculation 10
Welded Wire Weight (Mass) Calculations Guidelines for Calculating Wire Area
Calculated actual weight of a reinforcement item is Weight (Mass) and Diameter
determined by computing the weights of longitudinal and Cross-sectional area of wire is taken as nominal area.
transverse wires separately, then adding the two results: Weight and nominal diameter are based on area figure.
Calculated actual weight = Longitudinal weight + Symbol Description Units Metric
transverse weight A = Cross-sectional sq. in. mm2
Longitudinal weight = Wtl x Nl x L (round to area of one wire
1 decimal place) Wt = Unit weight lbs./ft. kg/m
Transverse weight = Wtt x Nt x OW (round
of one wire
to 1 decimal place)
d = Nominal diameter in. mm
where: Wtl = Unit weight of one
of one wire
longitudinal wire (lbs./ft.
or kg/m)
Wtt = Unit weight of one trans- A = “W/D” designation ÷ 100
verse wire (lbs./ft. or kg/m) Am = “MW/MD” designation x 0.00785
Nl = Number of longitudinal Wt = A x 3.4 Am
wires
Nt = Number of transverse d =
wires
L = Length of sheet (ft. or m) Mass (kg/m) Mass = Area in mm2 x 0.00785
OW = Overall width = length of
transverse wires (ft. or mm)
Example of Weight (Mass) Calculations
Item 1. 6 x 8-W10 x D12–96” (+0”, +6”) x 20’-8” sheets
Nl = Width (inches or mm) +1 for uniformly Item 2. 6 x 6-W2.9 x W2.9–72” (+0, +0”) x 20’-0” sheets
Longitudinal spacing spaced reinforcement Item 1M.
152 x 203–MW65 x MD77–2438 (+0 +152) x 6.3m
Length (inches or mm) Item 2M.
Nt = for uniformly
Transverse spacing spaced reinforcement 152 x 152–MW19 x MW19–1830 (+0 +0) x 6.1m
Calculated Actual Weights (Customary Units) Calculated Actual Mass (Metric Units)
Wire Wt L or OW Calc. Wire Mass L or OW Calc.

N Size (kg/m) N (m) Mass
Size (lb/ft) (ft.) Weight
Item 1 Item 1M
Longitudinal Wires W10 .340 17 20.67 119.5 lbs Longitudinal Wires MW65 .506 17 6.3 54.2 kg.
Transverse Wires D12 .408 31 8.50 107.5 lbs Transverse Wires MD77 .607 31 2.59 48.7 kg.
Calc. Weight 227.0 Calc. Mass 102.9
Lbs./Sheet Kgs./Sheet
Item 2M
Item 2 Longitudinal Wires MW19 .147 13 6.1 11.7
Longitudinal Wires W2.9 .099 13 20.00 25.7
W2.9 .099 40 6.00 23.8 Transverse Wires MW19 .147 40 1.83 10.8
Transverse Wires Calc. Mass 22.5
Calc. Weight 49.5 Kgs./Sheet
Lbs./Sheet
Calculated Unit Weights Calculated Unit Mass
Calc. weight ÷ Area * x 100 = #/csft Calc. mass ÷ Area* = kg./m2

Item 1 227.0 20.67 x 8.50 = 175.70 129 Item 1 102.9 6.3 x 2.59 = 16.32 6.31
Item 2 49.5 20.00 x 6.00 = 120.0 41 Item 2 22.5 6.1 x 1.83 = 11.2 2.0
* Item 1. Area = length x overall width * Item 1. Area = length x overall width
Item 2. Area = length x width Item 2. Area = length x width
Round #/100 Sq. Ft. to full number

Weight (Mass) Estimating Tables
TABLE 10.1 Weight of Longitudinal Wires - Weight in Pounds per 100 Sq. Ft. for all Styles
NOTE: Based on 60” width center to center of outside longitudinal wires and uniform spacing of wire.
WIRE NOMINAL
SPACING AND WEIGHT OF LONGITUDINAL WIRES
SIZE DIAMETER
(W or D) INCHES 2” 3” 4” 5” 6” 8” 9” 10” 12” 16” 18”
45 0.757 948.60 642.60 489.60 397.80 336.60 260.10 234.40 214.20 183.60 145.35 132.98
31 0.628 653.48 442.68 337.28 274.04 231.88 179.18 161.68 147.56 126.48 100.13 91.28
30 0.618 632.40 428.40 326.40 265.20 224.40 173.40 156.46 142.80 122.40 96.90 88.33
28 0.597 590.24 399.84 304.64 247.52 209.44 161.84 146.03 133.28 114.24 90.44 82.44
26 0.576 548.08 371.28 282.88 229.84 194.48 150.28 135.60 123.76 106.08 83.98 76.55
24 0.553 505.92 342.72 261.12 212.16 179.52 138.72 125.17 114.24 97.92 77.52 70.67
22 0.529 463.76 314.16 239.36 194.48 164.56 127.16 114.74 104.72 89.76 71.06 64.78
20 0.504 421.60 285.60 217.60 176.80 149.60 115.60 104.31 95.20 81.60 64.60 58.89
18 0.478 379.44 257.04 195.84 159.12 134.64 104.04 93.88 85.68 73.44 58.14 53.00
16 0.451 337.28 228.48 174.48 141.44 119.68 92.48 83.45 76.16 65.28 51.68 47.11
14 0.422 295.12 199.92 152.32 123.76 104.72 80.92 73.01 66.64 57.12 45.22 41.22
12 0.391 252.96 171.36 130.56 106.08 89.76 69.36 62.58 57.12 48.96 38.76 35.33
11 0.374 231.88 157.08 119.68 97.24 82.28 63.58 57.37 52.36 44.88 35.53 32.39
10.5 0.366 221.34 149.94 114.24 92.82 78.54 60.69 54.76 49.98 42.84 33.91 30.92
10 0.356 210.80 142.80 108.80 88.40 74.80 57.80 52.15 47.60 40.80 32.30 29.44
9.5 0.348 200.26 135.66 103.36 83.98 71.06 54.91 49.55 45.22 38.76 30.69 27.97
9 0.338 189.72 128.52 97.92 79.56 67.32 52.02 46.94 42.84 36.72 29.07 26.50
8.5 0.329 179.18 121.38 92.48 75.14 63.58 49.13 44.33 40.46 34.68 27.46 25.03
8 0.319 168.64 114.24 87.04 70.72 59.84 46.24 41.73 38.08 32.64 25.84 23.56
7.5 0.309 158.10 107.10 81.60 66.30 56.10 43.35 39.11 35.70 30.60 24.23 22.08
7 0.298 147.56 99.96 76.16 61.88 52.36 40.46 36.51 33.32 28.56 22.61 20.61
6.5 0.288 137.02 92.82 70.72 57.46 48.62 37.57 33.90 30.94 26.52 21.00 19.14
6 0.276 126.48 85.68 65.28 53.04 44.88 34.68 31.29 28.56 24.48 19.38 17.67
5.5 0.264 115.94 78.54 69.84 48.62 41.14 31.79 28.69 26.18 22.44 17.77 16.19
5 0.252 105.40 71.40 54.40 44.20 37.40 28.90 36.08 23.80 20.40 16.15 14.72
4.5 0.240 94.86 64.26 48.96 39.78 33.66 26.01 23.47 21.42 18.36 14.54 13.25
4 0.225 84.32 57.12 43.52 35.36 29.92 23.12 20.87 19.04 16.32 12.92 11.78
3.5 0.211 73.78 49.98 38.08 30.94 26.18 20.23 18.26 16.66 14.28 11.31 10.31
3 0.195 63.24 42.84 32.64 26.52 22.44 17.34 15.65 14.28 12.24 9.69 8.83
2.9 0.192 61.13 41.14 31.55 25.64 21.69 16.76 15.13 13.80 11.83 9.37 8.54
2.5 0.178 52.70 35.70 27.20 22.10 18.70 14.45 13.04 11.90 10.20 8.08 7.36
2.1 0.162 44.27 29.99 22.85 18.56 15.71 12.14 10.95 10.00 8.56 6.78 6.18
2 0.159 42.16 28.56 21.76 17.68 14.96 11.56 10.44 9.52 8.16 6.46 5.89
1.5 0.138 31.62 21.42 16.32 13.26 11.22 8.67 7.83 7.14 6.12 4.85 4.42
1.4 0.134 29.51 19.99 15.23 12.38 10.47 8.09 7.30 6.66 5.71 4.52 4.12
NOTES: (1) This table is to be used for estimating purposes only. Exact weights of welded wire reinforcement will vary from
those shown above, depending upon width of sheets and length of overhangs.
(See example, Section 10, Weight Calculation.)
(2) Deformed wires (D prefix) usually are not produced in sizes smaller than D4.

TABLE 10.2M Mass of Longitudinal Wires (Mass in kg/m2 for all styles) meters = m
Based on 1524mm width center to center of outside longitudinal wires millimeters = mm
Wire SPACING AND WEIGHT OF LONGITUDINAL WIRES

W
Size Nominal
or
Diameter 51 76 102 127 152 203 229 254 305 406 457
D MW or
MD mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm
45 290.0 19.23 46.31 31.37 23.90 19.42 16.43 12.71 11.44 10.46 8.96 7.10 6.47
31 200.0 15.96 31.94 21.59 16.45 13.37 11.31 8.74 7.89 7.20 6.17 4.89 4.46
30 194 15.70 30.84 20.89 15.92 12.93 10.94 8.36 7.63 6.96 5.97 4.75 4.33
28 181 15.16 28.79 19.50 14.86 12.07 10.22 7.89 7.12 6.50 5.57 4.43 4.04
26 168 14.61 26.73 18.11 13.80 11.21 9.49 7.33 6.61 6.04 5.17 4.11 3.75
24 155 14.05 24.68 16.72 12.74 10.35 8.76 6.77 6.15 5.57 4.78 3.79 3.46
22 142 13.44 23.60 15.32 11.67 9.49 8.03 6.20 5.60 5.11 4.38 3.47 3.17
20 129 12.80 20.56 13.94 10.61 8.62 7.30 5.84 5.09 4.64 3.98 3.16 2.88
18 116 12.14 18.51 12.54 9.55 7.76 6.57 5.07 4.58 4.23 3.58 2.84 2.59
16 103 11.46 16.45 11.14 8.49 6.90 5.84 4.51 4.07 3.71 3.18 2.52 2.30
14 90 10.72 14.39 9.75 7.43 6.04 5.11 3.95 3.55 3.25 2.79 2.20 2.01
12 77 9.91 12.34 8.38 6.37 6.17 4.38 3.38 3.05 2.79 2.39 1.88 1.72
11 71 9.50 11.31 7.66 5.81 4.74 4.01 3.10 2.80 2.55 2.19 1.74 1.58
10.5 68 9.30 10.80 7.31 5.57 4.53 3.83 2.96 2.67 2.44 2.09 1.66 1.52
10 65 9.04 10.27 6.96 5.31 4.31 3.65 2.82 2.54 2.32 1.99 1.59 1.45
9.5 61 8.84 9.77 6.62 5.04 4.10 3.47 2.68 2.42 2.21 1.89 1.49 1.36
9 58 8.59 9.25 6.27 4.78 3.88 3.28 2.54 2.29 2.09 1.79 1.42 1.29
8.5 55 8.38 8.74 5.82 4.56 3.66 3.10 2.40 2.16 1.97 1.69 1.35 1.27
8 52 8.10 8.23 5.57 4.25 3.45 2.92 2.26 2.04 1.86 1.59 1.27 1.16
7.5 48 7.85 7.71 5.22 3.98 3.23 2.74 2.11 1.91 1.74 1.49 1.17 1.07
7 45 7.57 7.20 4.88 3.71 3.02 2.55 1.97 1.78 1.63 1.39 1.10 1.00
6.5 42 7.32 6.68 4.53 3.45 2.80 2.37 1.83 1.65 1.51 1.29 1.03 0.94
6 39 7.01 6.17 4.18 3.18 2.59 2.19 1.69 1.53 1.39 1.19 0.95 0.87
5.5 36 6.78 5.65 3.83 2.92 2.37 2.01 1.55 1.40 1.28 1.09 0.88 0.80
5 33 6.40 5.14 3.48 2.65 2.18 1.82 1.41 1.27 1.18 0.99 0.81 0.74
4.5 29 6.07 4.63 3.13 2.39 1.94 1.64 1.27 1.14 1.04 0.90 0.71 0.65
4 26 5.72 4.11 2.79 2.12 1.72 1.46 1.13 1.02 0.93 0.80 0.64 0.58
3.5 23 5.35 3.60 2.44 1.86 1.51 1.28 0.99 0.89 0.81 0.70 0.56 0.51
3 19 4.95 4.06 2.09 1.59 1.29 1.09 0.85 0.76 0.70 0.60 0.47 0.42
2.9 19 4.88 2.98 2.09 1.59 1.29 1.09 0.85 0.76 0.70 0.60 0.47 0.42
2.5 16 4.53 2.57 1.74 1.33 1.08 0.91 0.70 0.64 0.58 0.50 0.39 0.36
2.1 13.5 4.15 2.15 1.46 1.11 0.90 0.76 0.59 0.53 0.49 0.42 0.33 0.30
2 13 4.04 2.06 1.39 1.03 0.87 0.73 0.56 0.51 0.46 0.40 0.32 0.29
1.5 10 3.51 1.54 1.04 0.82 0.65 0.55 0.42 0.38 0.35 0.30 0.24 0.22
1.4 9 3.39 1.44 0.97 0.74 0.60 0.51 0.39 0.35 0.32 0.28 0.22 0.20
NOTES: (1) This table is to be used for estimating purposes only. Exact weights of welded wire reinforcement will
vary from those shown above, depending upon width of sheets and length of overhangs. (See example,
Section 10, Weight Calculation.)
(2) Deformed wires (D prefix) usually are not produced in sizes smaller than D4.

TABLE 10.3 Weight of Transverse Wires - Weights in pounds per 100 sq. ft.
NOTE: Based on 62’’ lengths of transverse wire (60’’ width plus 1’’overhang each side) and uniform spacing of wires.
WIRE NOMINAL SPACING AND WEIGHT OF TRANSVERSE WIRES

SIZE DIAMETER
(W or D) INCHES 2” 3” 4” 5” 6” 8” 9” 10” 12” 16” 18”
45 0.757 948.6 632.40 474.30 379.44 316.20 237.15 210.75 189.72 158.10 118.57 105.41
31 0.628 653.48 435.65 326.74 261.39 217.83 163.37 145.22 130.70 108.91 81.68 72.61
30 0.618 632.40 421.40 316.20 252.96 210.80 158.10 140.53 126.48 105.40 79.05 70.27
28 0.587 590.24 393.49 295.12 236.10 196.75 147.56 131.17 118.05 98.37 73.78 65.59
26 0.575 548.08 365.38 274.04 219.23 182.70 137.02 121.80 109.62 91.34 68.51 60.90
24 0.553 505.92 337.28 252.96 202.37 168.64 126.48 112.43 101.18 84.32 63.24 56.22
22 0.529 463.76 309.17 231.88 185.50 154.59 115.94 103.06 92.75 77.29 57.97 51.53
20 0.504 421.60 281.06 210.80 168.64 140.53 105.40 93.69 84.32 70.26 52.70 46.84
18 0.478 379.44 252.96 189.72 151.78 126.48 94.86 84.32 75.89 63.24 47.43 42.16
16 0.451 337.28 224.85 168.64 134.91 112.43 84.32 74.95 67.46 56.21 42.16 37.48
14 0.422 295.12 196.76 147.56 118.05 98.37 73.78 65.58 59.02 49.19 36.89 32.79
12 0.391 252.96 168.64 126.48 101.18 84.32 63.24 56.21 50.59 42.16 31.62 28.11
11 0.374 231.88 154.59 115.94 92.75 77.29 57.97 51.53 46.38 38.65 28.98 25.77
10.5 0.366 221.34 147.56 110.67 88.54 73.78 55.34 49.19 44.27 36.89 27.87 24.59
10 0.356 210.80 140.53 105.40 84.32 70.27 52.70 46.84 42.16 35.13 26.35 23.42
9.5 0.348 200.28 133.51 100.13 80.11 66.76 50.07 44.50 40.05 33.38 25.03 22.25
9 0.338 189.72 126.48 94.86 75.89 63.24 47.43 42.16 37.94 31.62 23.71 21.08
8.5 0.329 179.18 119.45 89.59 71.67 59.73 44.80 39.82 35.84 29.86 22.40 19.91
8 0.319 168.64 112.43 84.32 67.46 56.21 42.16 37.48 33.73 28.11 21.08 18.74
7.5 0.309 158.10 105.40 79.05 63.24 52.70 39.53 35.14 31.62 26.35 19.76 17.57
7 0.298 147.56 98.37 73.78 59.02 49.19 36.89 32.79 29.51 24.59 18.44 16.40
6.5 0.288 137.02 91.35 68.51 54.81 45.68 34.26 30.45 27.41 22.84 17.13 15.23
6 0.276 126.48 84.32 63.24 50.59 42.16 31.62 28.11 25.30 21.08 15.81 14.05
5.5 0.264 115.94 77.30 57.97 46.38 38.65 28.99 25.77 23.19 19.33 14.49 12.88
5 0.252 105.40 70.27 52.70 42.16 35.13 26.35 23.42 21.08 17.57 13.17 11.71
4.5 0.240 94.86 63.24 47.43 37.95 31.62 23.72 21.08 18.97 15.81 11.86 10.54
4 0.225 84.32 56.21 42.16 33.73 28.11 21.08 18.74 16.86 14.05 10.54 9.37
3.5 0.211 73.78 49.19 36.89 29.51 24.60 18.45 16.40 14.76 12.30 9.22 8.20
3 0.195 63.24 42.16 31.62 25.30 21.08 15.81 14.05 12.65 10.54 7.90 7.03
2.9 0.192 61.13 40.75 30.57 24.45 20.38 15.28 13.55 12.23 10.18 7.64 6.79
2.5 0.178 52.70 35.13 26.35 21.08 17.57 13.18 11.71 10.54 8.78 6.59 5.86
2.1 0.162 44.26 29.51 22.13 17.71 14.76 11.07 9.81 8.85 7.38 5.53 4.92
2 0.159 42.16 28.11 21.08 16.86 14.05 10.54 9.37 8.43 7.03 5.27 4.68
1.5 0.138 31.62 21.08 15.81 12.65 10.54 7.91 7.03 6.32 5.27 3.95 3.51
1.4 0.134 29.51 19.67 14.76 11.80 9.84 7.38 6.54 5.90 4.92 3.69 3.28
EXAMPLE: Approximate weight of 6 x 6 – W4 x W4

Longitudinal = 29.92
Transverse = 28.11
58.03 lbs. per 100 sq. ft.

TABLE 10.4M Mass of Transverse Wires (Mass in kg/m2 for all styles)
Based on 1575mm lengths of transverse wire (1524mm plus 25.4mm overhang on ea. side)
Wire Nominal SPACING AND WEIGHT OF TRANSVERSE WIRES

W
Size Diameter
or
D MW or 51 76 102 127 152 203 229 254 305 406 457
MD mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm
45 290.0 19.23 46.31 30.87 23.15 18.52 15.43 11.58 10.28 9.26 7.72 5.76 5.15
31 200.0 15.95 32.36 21.25 15.94 12.75 10.62 7.97 7.08 6.37 5.31 3.99 3.46
30 194 15.70 30.84 20.56 15.52 12.34 10.28 7.71 6.85 6.17 5.14 3.86 3.43
28 181 15.16 28.79 19.19 14.44 11.52 9.60 7.20 6.40 5.76 4.80 3.60 3.20
26 168 14.61 26.73 17.82 13.37 10.69 8.91 6.68 5.94 5.35 4.46 3.35 2.97
24 155 14.05 24.88 16.45 12.34 9.87 8.23 6.17 5.48 4.93 4.11 3.09 2.75
22 142 13.44 22.62 15.08 11.31 9.06 7.54 5.65 5.03 4.52 3.77 2.83 2.52
20 129 12.80 20.66 13.71 10.28 8.23 6.85 5.14 4.57 4.11 3.43 2.57 2.29
18 116 12.14 18.51 12.34 9.25 7.40 6.17 4.63 4.11 3.70 3.08 2.32 2.06
16 103 11.46 16.45 10.97 8.23 6.58 5.48 4.11 3.66 3.29 2.74 2.06 1.83
14 90 10.72 14.39 9.60 7.20 5.76 4.80 3.60 3.20 2.88 2.40 1.80 1.60
12 77 9.91 12.34 8.23 6.17 4.93 4.11 3.08 2.74 2.47 2.08 1.54 1.37
11 71 9.60 11.31 7.54 5.65 4.52 3.77 2.83 2.52 2.26 1.89 1.42 1.26
10.5 68 9.30 10.80 7.20 5.40 4.32 3.60 2.70 2.40 2.16 1.80 1.35 1.20
10 65 9.04 10.28 6.85 5.14 4.11 3.43 2.57 2.28 2.06 1.71 1.28 1.14
9.5 61 8.84 9.77 6.51 4.88 3.91 3.26 2.44 2.17 1.95 1.63 1.22 1.09
9 58 8.59 9.25 6.17 4.63 3.70 3.08 2.31 2.06 1.85 1.54 1.16 1.03
8.5 55 8.36 8.74 5.83 4.37 3.50 2.91 2.19 1.94 1.75 1.46 1.09 0.97
8 52 8.10 8.24 5.48 4.11 3.29 2.74 2.06 1.83 1.65 1.37 1.03 0.92
7.5 48 7.85 7.71 5.14 3.86 3.08 2.57 1.93 1.71 1.55 1.29 0.96 0.86
7 45 7.57 7.20 4.80 3.60 2.88 2.40 1.80 1.60 1.44 1.20 0.90 0.80
6.5 42 7.32 6.68 4.45 3.34 2.67 2.23 1.67 1.49 1.34 1.11 0.84 0.74
6 39 7.01 6.17 4.11 3.08 2.47 2.00 1.54 1.37 1.23 1.03 0.77 0.68
5.5 36 6.73 5.65 3.77 2.83 2.26 1.89 1.41 1.26 1.13 0.94 0.71 0.63
5 33 6.40 5.14 3.43 2.57 2.06 1.71 1.29 1.14 1.03 0.86 0.64 0.57
4.5 29 6.07 4.63 3.08 2.31 1.85 1.54 1.16 1.03 0.93 0.77 0.58 0.51
4 26 5.72 4.11 2.74 2.06 1.65 1.27 1.03 0.91 0.82 0.69 0.51 0.46
3.5 23 5.36 3.60 2.40 1.80 1.44 1.20 0.90 0.80 0.72 0.60 0.45 0.40
3 19 4.95 3.08 2.08 1.54 1.23 1.03 0.77 0.69 0.62 0.51 0.39 0.34
2.9 19 4.88 2.98 1.99 1.49 1.19 1.00 0.75 0.66 0.60 0.50 0.37 0.33
2.5 16 4.52 2.57 1.76 1.29 1.03 0.86 0.64 0.57 0.51 0.43 0.32 0.29
2.1 13.5 4.15 2.16 1.44 1.08 0.86 0.72 0.54 0.48 0.43 0.36 0.27 0.24
2 13 4.04 2.06 1.37 1.03 0.81 0.69 0.51 0.46 0.41 0.34 0.26 0.23
1.5 10 3.51 1.54 1.03 0.77 0.62 0.51 0.39 0.34 0.31 0.26 0.19 0.17
1.4 9 3.39 1.44 0.96 0.72 0.58 0.48 0.36 0.32 0.29 0.24 0.18 0.16
EXAMPLE: Approximate mass of 152 x 152 – MW26 x MW26

Longitudinal = 1.46
Transverse = 1.27
2.73 kg/m2 (based on 6m length)

NOTES

Welded wire, sometimes called fabric or mesh is what we refer to today as “STRUCTURAL WELDED WIRE
REINFORCEMENT (WWR)” for concrete construction. The U.S. Patents covering its production were issued in 1901.
The Wire Reinforcement Institute, Inc. (WRI) was founded in 1930 and has in its Library a hard covered book on
triangular wire reinforcement which was published in 1908 by the American Steel & Wire Company (AS&W). In 1911
welded wire machinery arrived and the industry began a new product line for welded wire reinforcement. Considering
the time and state of the art of reinforced concrete, the publications printed in those early years were very sophisticated
and used by many engineers and contractors on some well-known building and paving projects. We are continuing
that trend today by keeping you current on the latest materials, technologies and practices.
Activities - The Institute develops marketing strategies and promotional materials for the
purpose of expanding applications and increasing usage of welded wire reinforcing.
In addition;
- Prepares reports, presentations, literature, and brochures on the applications and

proper use of WWR.
- The Institute provides technical service to users and specifiers of WWR
reinforcement such as consulting engineers, architects, developers, contractors,
governmental department engineers and others.
- The Institute is involved in cooperative programs with other technical associations
with similar interests to advance the use of reinforced concrete.
- WRI provides technical and research service to code bodies and actively
participate on various codes and standards committees.
- The Institute library is a source of information on welded wire reinforcement, its
proper use and placement.
- The Institute develops programs for the general advancement of the industry
involving market studies, research, technical, engineering and promotional work.
Photo captions (back cover)

1. Structural WWR used in box culverts.
2. Large cages of WWR confinement reinforcement for high rise buildings.
3. Bridge "I" girders have WWR shear reinforcement the full length.
4. A skip pan joist and slab floor system with high strength WWR.
This comment appears at the beginning and here at the end only. It applies to all pages of this draft.

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WIRE REINFORCEMENT INSTITUTE, INC.

942 Main Street

3. Manufacturing and Availability ......................................................................................... 7

4. Specifications and Properties ........................................................................................... 9

6. Design Aids 25-32

7. Bridge LRFD Design Specifications Requirements (AASHTO LRFD) ................... 33-44

8. Handling, Shipping and Unloading ................................................................................ 45

10. Weight (Mass) Calculation ............................................................................................. 47

Welded Wire Reinforcement 1

Welded plain wire reinforcement bonds to concrete by the

2.2 Wire Size Designation

2.3 Style Industry Method of Designating Style:

Figure 2.2 WWR Style Dimensioning Nomenclature wires.

Width = Center to center distance between

Overall Width = Width including side overhangs, in. (or

Length = Tip-to-tip dimension of longitudinal wires.

End Overhangs = Extension of longitudinal wires beyond

Table 2.1. Welded Wire Reinforcement Sample Order

Manufacturing & Availability 3

These variables may be changed in the manufacturing

3.3 Common Sizes

3.4 Individual Project Needs

Customary Metric Table 3.2: Common Canadian sheet sizes are:

Examples Using Various Minimum Yield Strengths for Ecomony - Consider

Common stock wire size styles: W1.4 (10 ga.), W2.1 (8

Specifications and Properties 4

4.2 Yield Strength

4.3 Weld Shear Strength

Larger Wire Size Smaller Wire Size

TABLE 4.2(a) Minimum Requirements of Steel Wires in Welded Wire Reinforcement

WELDED PLAIN WIRE REINFORCEMENT ASTM A1064

Under W1.2 70,000 (480 MPa) 56,000 (390 MPa) -

WELDED DEFORMED WIRE REINFORCEMENT ASTM A1064

Under D 4 80,000 (550 MPa) 70,000 (480 MPa) -

4.4 WWR Coatings

7” W5.5 7.3 0.67 78 96 Note 1

External Measuring of Elongation

Weld Shear Testing

Building Code Requirements 5

ACI 318-14 USAGE OF ASTM A1064 AND A1022 DEFORMED

ACI 318-14 USAGE OF ASTM A1064 AND A1022 PLAIN WIRES

DEFORMED WIRE SIZES D4 THROUGH D31 SHALL BE PERMITTED 20.2.1.7.1

EXCEPT IN STIRRUP APPLICATIONS, SPACING OF WELDED INTERSECTIONS IN WELDED WIRE 20.2.1.7.3

IT IS THE POSITION OF THE WIRE REINFORCEMENT INSTITUTE THAT, PROVIDED PRESCRIPTIVE

YIELD STRENGTH LIMITATIONS SEE

B. DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS – FLEXURE AND AXIAL LOADS

THE EQUIVALENT RECTANGULAR CONCRETE STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN ACCORDANCE WITH 22.2.2.4.1

TENSION LAP SPLICE OF WELDED DEFORMED WIRE REINFORCEMENT IN TENSION WITH CROSS WIRES 25.5.3.1

Building Code Requirements 5

Ab = area of individual wire to be developed or spliced, sq. in. (mm2)

As = area of nonprestressed tension reinforcement, sq. in. / 1ft. (mm2 / m)

d = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension

db = nominal diameter of bar, wire, or prestressing strand, in. (mm)

f’c = specified compressive strength of concrete, psi. (MPa)

√f’c = square root of specified compressive strength of concrete, psi. (MPa)

fs = calculated stress in reinforcement at service loads, psi. (MPa)

fy = specified yield strength of nonprestressed reinforcement, psi. (MPa)

h = overall thickness of member, in. (mm)

Ktr = transverse reinforcement index, see 12.2.3, Chapter 12