Operating MUD WINDOW

Wathik M. Alhashimi, P.Eng.

Rock Strength & Stress Balance

Detecting stability problems.

Rock Strength Controls to consider to achieve the balance (stable wellbore
• Tensile strength
• Shear strength Rock strength Rock stress

Rock Stress
• Vertical stress
• Pore pressure
• Mud pressure
• Active tectonic
Geomechanics Model Parameters
Parameter Sources
Vertical stress Integrate density logs along
(Sv) the well vertical depth

Least horizontal principal LOT, XLOT, minifrac

stress, Shmin
Sv
Maximum Horizontal stress Modeling
magnitude, SHmax
Pp Maximum Horizontal stress Bore hole failure gives
Shmin
direction azimuth of max hor stress
SHmax Pore Pressure, Pp RFT, DST, sonic, seismic,

UCS Rock strength, Co Lab measurements, logs

Rock strength

The geomechanical model requires a detailed knowledge of in situ stress orientations, In situ stress
magnitudes, Pore pressure, and Effective rock strength
 Controllable Factors Uncontrollable Factors
❖Drilling parameters (WOB, …) ❖Mechanical instability controlled by
❖Geometry (angle of deviation, azimuth) o Rock mechanical behavior (stress-strain
behavior, strength, creep, swelling, …)
❖Open-hole time (ROP, stuck pipe, casing, … )
o In-situ stresses
❖Mud weight (type of mud, …)
❖Chemical instability: Reactive shales(rock's
❖Mud flow rate (bit cleaning, …) strength related to water content which can be
❖Downhole temperature (Thermal stresses …) altered by filtrate).
❖Completion choices (open-hole, cased, … )
❖Treatment choices (acidizing, …)
❖Stimulation choices (hydrofrac, …)
❖Production choices (drawdown rate, …)
❖Production management (reservoir pressure, injection)
Geomechanics Model Requirements & Sources

• Offset wells data

• Offset wells Logs
• Lab Tests
 Constraints - Well bore Stability
Shear Failure Stable Tensile Failure

Total losses
Shear
envelope
Collapse Caving Partial losses
Mud
Kick pressure

Pore
Swab Surge
pressure
pressure pressure

Low Limit: Minimum mud weight required to prevent compressive (or shear) failure.
High Limit: Maximum tolerated mud weight before tensile (fracture) failure
Mud Operating Window
Mud Operating Window
Mud Operating Window
 WORKFLOW- Offset Drilling Events

▪ DRILLING PROBLEMS IN OFFSET WELLS

• DRILL REPORTS- ANALYSIS OF DRILLING EVENTS
• DATA- CONSTRUCTION OF MEM ( MECHANICAL EARTH MODEL)

1 2 MODEL 3 VERTICAL
5
MARKING & STRATIGRAP PORE
DRILLING FORCE-
DATA AUDIT Y SUPER- PRESSURE
PROBLEMSro
blemas de CHARGEE
perforación

6 7 8 9 10
ROCK FORCE MIN MAX STABILITY
MECHANICS DIRECTION STRESS, Sh STRESS, SH ANALYSIS
 Offset Data

❖ Offset Wells
❖Lab Tests
❖Operational Experience

Offset Data in this presentation exclusively for illustration purpose only

 Offset wells-Progress Chart

• Depth vs. time plot of offset

well.
• Dashed black line: Plan.
• Gray line: Well drilled using
design as per plan.
• Solid black line: new well
design geomechanically
optimized
Progress chart – Offset Well
 LOGS & PRESSURE GRADIENTS- OFFSET WELL

GR MV GRDIANTS
14 NDS Schlumberger
 LOG SECTION- OFFSET WELL

15 NDS Schlumberger
Logs-Offset well
 DRILLING EVENTS - OFFSET WELLS
Mud Weight

LOSS
Depth
GAS

CAVINGS

LOT

DRAG/OVERPULL
 CORRELATION -OFFSET WELLS’ DATA
WELL XX-22 WELL XX-33 Well XX-01
Mud Weight Mud Weight
Mud Weight
Densidad de lodo Densidad de lodo Densidad de lodo
0.90 1.10 1.30 1.50 1.70 1.90 2.10 2.30
0.90 1.10 1.30 1.50 1.70 1.90 2.10 2.30 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4
0.00
0.00 200.00 0
200.00 30” 400.00 30” 200
400
30”
400.00 600.00
600.00 800.00 600
800.00 20” 1,000.00
20”
800 20”
1,000.00 1,200.00 1000
1,200.00 1,400.00 1200 SINA N 257
1,600.00 1400
1,400.00
1,800.00 1600
1,600.00 SINAN 201 SIKIL 1
2,000.00 1800
1,800.00
2,200.00 2000 SINA N 257 RESISTENCIA S
2,000.00 2,400.00 perdidas
2,200.00 13 3/8” 2200
13 3/8” 2,600.00
2400
2,400.00 RESISTENCIAS `
2,800.00 torques

MD
2,600.00 3,000.00
2600
SINA N 257 GA SFICA CIONES
2,800.00 2800
3,200.00 resistencias
3,000.00 3000

MD
` 3,400.00 13 3/8”
MD

3,200.00 3,600.00
GASIFICACIONES 11 7/8” 3200
3,400.00 3400 fricciones
3,800.00 SINA N 257LOT
3,600.00 4,000.00 3600
3,800.00 4,200.00 3800 GASIFIACIONES
LOT
4,000.00 4,400.00 4000 9 7/8”
4,200.00 4,600.00 9 7/8” 4200 SINA N 257 FIT ATRAPAM IENTOS
4,400.00 4,800.00 4400
4,600.00 5,000.00 4600
FIT LOT
4,800.00 9 5/8” 5,200.00 4800
5,000.00 5,400.00 5000
5,200.00 5,600.00 7 5/8” recortes
5200 7 5/8”
5,400.00 7” 5,800.00
5400
PERDIDAS
5,600.00 5600
5,800.00 5800 5 1/2”
6,000.00 5” 6000
6,200.00 6200
6,400.00

Gas Show
DEPTH . (MD) CASING
DEPTH (MD)` CASING DEPTH. (MD) CASING
Lost Circ
197 30 200 30
204 30
844 20
994.17 20 900 20 LOT
2286 13 3/8
2301.7 13 3/8 3088 13 3/8 Overpull, Drag
4760 9 5/8
3329.9 11 7/8 4016 9 7/8
5458 7
Tight Hole
4736 9 7/8 5280 7 5/8
5933 5 Sticking Tendencies
5342 7 5/8 5630 5½
Caving, Sloughing
 Pore Pressure Vs. Min. Stress Calibration- Offset Well

Fault 1
Fault Crossing
Pore Pressure
Min Stress
Fault 2
Mud Weight
Overburden

Drill Events

Gas show

Losses

LOT
Comalcalco Fault
Drag, Overpull
Tight
Sloughing, Caving

Sonic Overburden
GR
Mud Weight
Trend Line
Pore Pressure
19 NDS Schlumberger Min Stress
Offset well Kick
Leak Off Test: Offset Well
LEAK OFF TEST Job Report
C e m C AT v1 .0

PLOTTED TEST DATA LOT W ell

Field
C A N T A RE L L 3 O O 7

C A N T A RELL
Client
SIR No.

LTO-ADMISSION Engineer
Country
J. MA NC ILLA

M EXIC O
Job Type
Job D ate
T E ST

1 0 - 3 1 -2 0 0 4

Time
1 0 /3 1 /2 0 0 4 1 6 :4 5 :4 1
Pressure Ra te Messages
INSTANTANEOUS SHUT-IN
PRESSURE
16:45:41

MIN HORIZ STRESS σh

16:51:00 Reset Total, Vol = 4.18 bbl

16:56:00

Reset Total, Vol = 3.89 bbl

Reset Total, Vol = 0.45 bbl
17:01:00 Reset Total, Vol = 0.15 bbl

Reset Total, Vol = 1.11 bbl

Reset Total, Vol = 0.19 bbl
Reset Total, Vol = 0.22 bbl
Reset Total, Vol = 0.06 bbl
Reset Total, Vol = 0.02 bbl
17:06:00 Reset Total, Vol = 0.02 bbl
Reset Total, Vol = 1.99 bbl

Reset Total, Vol = 1.47 bbl

17:11:00

17:16:00

17:21:00

17:26:00

17:31:00

17:36:00

17:43:01

hh:mm:ss 0.00 111 222 333 444 556 667 778 889 1000 0.00 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0

1 0 /3 1 /2 0 0 4 1 7 :4 3 :0 1 PSI B/M
10/31/2004 17:43:03
 Offset well: XLOT
FRACTURE LP: PRESSURE LIMTE
FRACTURE CLOSURE @ BACKFLOW-
PROPOGATION FRACTURE PUMP
FLUID RETURN FPI: FRACTURE INITIATION PRESSURE
INSTABLE CEASURE
PROPOGATION
LOP: “LEAK OFF” PRESSURE

BP: RUPTURE PRESSURE

FPP: FRACTURE PROPOGATION PRESSURE

BOTTOM TENSION STRENGHT
ISIP: INSTANTANUOUS CLOSER PRESSURE
HOLE
PRESSURE FOP: FRACTURE CLOSURE PRESSURE

CYCLE 1 CYCLE 2 TIME

Extended Leak-off Test (XLOT):- more comprehensive and longer leak-off tests in which pumping is not stopped immediately after the leak-off pressure is observed and
are primarily conducted to obtain a fracture closure pressure.
An Extended Leak-off Test (XLOT) will consist of one, two, or more complete cycles of leak-off, formation breakdown, fracture propagation, shut-in and fracture closure.
Figure below shows an ideal example of XLOT that shows different stages in a time-pressure test
 Software

Gathered data to be input in a software program [e.g., Predict (Knowledge

System Inc.] to develop the operating window.
Mud operating Window Development - Predict

Predict Software Developed by Knowledge System Inc.

Mud Operating Window
Limits Definition

Lower MW limit
• Pressure control
• Rock Mechanics stability, experience, correlations to predict pore pressure).
• Tolerate some sloughing
• Underbalanced
Upper MW limit
• Avoiding massive lost circulation
• Fracture gradient, earth stresses analysis
• Controlled ROP
• Optimize ECD
Limits’ Flexibility

❖Drilling underbalanced? OK (shales or low permeability sands)/ strong shales are (min. sloughing)
❖Drilling overbalanced? OK (up to ~1000 psi-designed LCM/min Loss)
❖Drilling below sloughing line? OK (hole cleaning, increased MW for trip)
❖Push envelope,( Offshore, HPHT well/mud cooling)
❖Strict operational supervision
 Wellbore Stability:- Narrow Mud Window
❖Normal pressure sequence to ~ 6000 feet.
(Some problems in shallow sequences in normal pressure)
❖Serious problems when drilling overpressured zone
❖Walking a tightrope between breakout, losses and kicks
❖Sand shale sequences
❖Geomechanical model was built for the field
Wellbore Stability:- Narrow Mud Window Casing Program
20”x135/8”x 95/8”x 7”

❖Surface formation;- mud weight >pore pressure (control Surface Casing

breakout)
❖Overpressure zone (Kicks)
❖ Casing seat selection (critical)
❖ Potential Requirements:
o Stress caging techniques
o LCM addition Intermediate Casing

o Controlled ROP
o Optimize ECD
o Mud heating/cooling
o Expandable liner 2nd Intermediate Casing
o Drilling with Liner

Production Liner
Field Cases- Mud Window
 OPERATING MUD WINDOW- WMA-22

30”@ 197 m

20” @ 844m

Drill Events

Gas Show

Lost Circulation
13 3/8”@2286m

LOT

Drag, Overpull
Tight

9 5/8”@ 4760m Operating Window

Pore pressure
7” @5458m Fracture pressure

5” @5933m losses

Pore Pressure Breakdown

Friciton Angle
Fracture Pressure
UCS
31 NDS Schlumberger Min Stress
Poison Ratio
Breakdown
 Mud Operating Window – WMA-2

30”@204m

20”@ 994m
Drill Events

Gas Show

Losses

13 3/8”@2301m LOT

Drag, Overpull
Tight

11 3/4” @3330m

Operating Window

9 7/8” @4736m
Pore Pressure

Fracture Pressure
Loss

Pore Pressure Breakdown

Friciton Angle
angle Fracture Pressure
UCS
32 NDS Schlumberger Min Stress
Poison Ratio
Breakdown
 Mud Operating Window- WMA 01

30”@ 200m

20”@ 900m

Falla 1
Drill Events

Gas Show

Falla 2 Loss

LOT

Drag, Overpull
13 3/8”@ 3088m
Tight

11 3/4” @ 4016 m

Falla Comalcalco Operating Window

9 7/8” @ 4861m Pore pressure

7 5/8” @ 5280 m Fracture Pressure

5 1/2” @ 5630 m Loss

Pore Pressure Breakdown
Friction Amgle
Fracture pressure Casing seat
UCS
33 NDS Schlumberger Min Stress
Tensile Strenght
 Mud Operating Window- WMA - 11
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 Depth (MD) TR (“)
200 30
1.06 – 1.07 g/cc 30”@ 200m
1000 20

1.16 – 1.19 g/cc 2800 13 3/8

20” @ 1000m 4100 11 3/4
5230 9 7/8
RP
Fault 1 5800 7 5/8

1.36 – 1.44 g/cc Fault 2

From To Mud Weight
Fault 3
0 200 1..06 – 1.07

13 3/8”@ 2800m 200 1000 1.16 – 1.19

1000 2800 1.36 1.44

2800 4100 1.67 – 1.76
PLIOM 4100 5230 1.96
1.67 – 1.76 g/cc
5230 5800 1.31-1.34

11 3/4”@ 4100m

PLIOI 1.96 g/cc

Fault 4
Operating window
EI 9 7/8”@ 5230 m
PAL
Pressure 610 a 630 kg/cm2
KS Pore Pressure
1.31a 1.34 g/cc
KM
7 5/8 ”@ 5800m Fracture Pressure
Pore Pressure
Tensile Strenght
Fracture presure Loss
UCS
34 NDS Schlumberger Min Stress
Friction Angle Breakdown
Breakdown
Thank You