Day 5 IELTS Academic Reading

Questions by KenyanNurse

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 Academic
Reading
Practice
Test 5

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 IELTS FEVER ACADEMIC READING PRACTICE TEST 5

READING PASSAGE 1 Questions 1 - 13

From the list of headings below choose the most suitable headings for
paragraphs B–E.

Write the appropriate number (i – viii) in boxes 1 – 4 on your answer sheet.

NB There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use them all.

Example Answer

Paragraph A iii

i Climate Conditions

ii Solutions from the Air

iii Fire Starters

iv Battling the Blaze

v The Lie of the Land

vi Rain – The Natural Saviour

vii Fuelling the Flames

viii Fires and Trees

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 Wildfires
A

Wildfires are usually the product of human negligence. Humans start about 90% of wild fires
and lightning causes the other 10%. Regular causes for wildfires include arson, camping fires,
throwing away cigarettes, burning rubbish, and playing with fireworks or matches. Once begun,
wildfires can spread at a rate of up to 23 kph and, as a fire spreads over a landscape, it could
undertake a life of its own – doing different things to keep itself going, even creating other blazes
by throwing cinders miles away.
Three components are necessary to start a fire: oxygen, fuel and heat. These three make
up “the fire triangle” and fire fighters frequently talk about this when they are attempting to put out
blazes. The theory is that if the fire fighters can remove one of the triangle pillars, they can take
control of and eventually put out the fire.

The speed at which wildfires spread depends on the fuel around them. Fuel is any living or
dead material that will burn. Types of fuel include anything from trees, underbrush and grassland
to houses. The quantity of inflammable material around a fire is known as “the fuel load” and is
determined by the amount of available fuel per unit area, usually tons per acre. How dry the fuel
is can also influence how fires behave. When the fuel is very dry, it burns much more quickly and
forms fires that are much harder to control.
Basic fuel characteristics affecting a fire are size and shape, arrangement and moisture,
but with wildfires, where fuel usually consists of the same type of material, the main factor
influencing ignition time is the ratio of the fuel‟s total surface area to its volume. Because the
surface area of a twig is not much bigger than its volume, it ignites rapidly. However, a tree‟s
surface area is much smaller than its volume, so it requires more time to heat up before ignition.

Three weather variables that affect wildfires are temperature, wind and moisture.
Temperature directly influences the sparking of wildfires, as heat is one of the three pillars of the
fire triangle. Sticks, trees and underbrush on the ground receive heat from the sun, which heats
and dries these potential fuels. Higher temperatures allow fuels to ignite and burn more quickly
and add to the speed of a wildfire‟s spread. Consequently, wildfires tend to rage in the
afternoon, during the hottest temperatures.
The biggest influence on a wildfire is probably wind and this is also the most
unpredictable variable. Winds provide fires with extra oxygen, more dry fuel, and wind also
makes wildfires spread more quickly. Fires also create winds of their own that can be up to ten
times faster than the ambient wind. Winds can even spread embers that can generate additional
fires, an event known as spotting. Winds also change the course of fires, and gusts can take
flames into trees, starting a “crown fire”.
Humidity and precipitation provide moisture that can slow fires down and reduce their
intensity, as it is hard for fuel to ignite if it has high moisture levels. Higher levels of humidity
mean fewer wildfires.

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D

Topography can also hugely influence wildfire behaviour. In contrast to fuel and weather,
topography hardly changes over time and can help or hamper the spread of a wildfire. The
principal topographical factor relating to wildfires is slope. As a rule, fires move uphill much faster
than downhill and the steeper the slope, the quicker fires move. This is because fires move in
the same direction of the ambient wind, which generally blows uphill. Moreover, the fire can
preheat fuel further uphill as smoke and heat rise in that direction. On the other hand, when the
fire reaches the top of a hill, it has to struggle to come back down.

Each year thousands of fire fighters risk their lives in their jobs. Elite fire fighters come in two
categories: Hotshots and Smokejumpers. Operating in 20 man units, the key task of hotshots is to
construct firebreaks around fires. A firebreak is a strip of land with all potential fuel removed. As their
name suggests, smokejumpers jump out of aircraft to reach smaller fires situated in inaccessible
regions. They attempt to contain these smaller fires before they turn into bigger ones.
As well as constructing firebreaks and putting water and fire retardant on fires, fire
fighters also use “backfires”. Backfires are created by fire fighters and burn towards the main fire
incinerating any potential fuel in its path.
Fire fighters on the ground also receive extensive support from the air with tankers dropping
thousands of gallons of water and retardant. Dropped from planes and helicopters, retardant is a
red chemical containing phosphate fertilizer, which slows and cools fires.

Questions 5 - 9
Using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 2, answer
the following questions.

Write your answers in boxes 5 - 9 on your answer sheet.

5 Complete the last pillar of the fire triangle.

(5) _______________

heat fuel
source

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6 What is measured in tons per acre?

7 When do wildfires burn at their fiercest?

8 What can travel in the wind to create fires at some distance from the initial fire?

9Name a method using an additional fire that fire fighters use to control wild fires.

Questions 10 - 13

Complete each of the following statements (Questions 10 - 13) with words taken
from Reading Passage 1.

Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 10 - 13 on your answer sheet.

10 The most important factor in how quickly a wildfire catches fire is the surface
to volume _____________________.

11 The most significant weather factor to affect wildfires‟ actions is _____________________.

12 Fires on the tops of trees are known as _____________________.

13 Wildfires usually travel much faster _____________________ because of the

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READING PASSAGE 2 Questions 14 - 27

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14 – 27 which are based

Nearly half the world‟s population will experience critical water shortages by 2025,
according to the United Nations (UN). Wars over access to water are a rising possibility in this
century and the main conflicts in Africa during the next 25 years could be over this most
precious of commodities, as countries fight for access to scarce resources. “Potential water
wars are likely in areas where rivers and lakes are shared by more than one country,” says Mark
Evans a UN worker. Evans predicts that “population growth and economic development will lead
to nearly one in two people in Africa living in countries facing water scarcity or what is known as
„water stress‟ within 25 years.” Water scarcity is defined as less than 1,000 cubic metres of
water available per person per year, while water stress means less than 1,500 cubic metres of
water is available per person per year. The report says that by 2025, 12 more African countries
will join the 13 that already suffer from water stress or water scarcity. What makes the water
issue even more urgent is that demand for water will grow increasingly fast as larger areas are
placed under crops and economic development. Evans adds that “the strong possibility that the
world is experiencing climate change also adds to this urgency.”
How to deal with water shortages is in the forefront of the battle between environmental activists
on the one hand and governments and construction firms on the other. At the recent World Summit on
Sustainable Development in Johannesburg activists continued their campaign to halt dam construction,
while many governments were outraged about a vocal minority thwarting their plans.
One of the UN‟s eight millennium development goals is to halve the proportion of people
without “sustainable” access to safe drinking water by 2015. How to ensure this happens was one of
the big issues of the summit. Much of the text on this was already agreed, but one of the unresolved
issues in the implementation plan was whether the goal on water would be extended to cover
sanitation. The risks posed by water-borne diseases in the absence of sanitation facilities means the
two goals are closely related. Only US negotiators have been resisting the extension of goals to
include sanitation due to the financial commitment this would entail. However, Evans says the US is
about to agree to this extension. This agreement could give the UN a chance to show that in one
key area the world development agenda was advanced in Johannesburg.
But the UN has said Johannesburg was not about words alone, but implementation. A
number of projects and funding initiatives were unveiled at the summit. But implementation is always
harder, as South Africa has experienced in its water programme. Graham Bennetts, a water official
in the South African government explains: “Since the 1994 elections government has provided easy
access to water to 7 million people, but extending this to a further 7 million and ensuring this
progress is sustainable is one of South Africa‟s foremost implementation challenges.” In South
Africa, access to water is defined as 25 litres a person daily, within a distance of 200m from where
they live. “Although South Africa‟s feat far exceeds the UN millennium goal on water supply, severe
constraints on local government capacity make a more rapid expansion difficult,” says Bennetts.
For some of those who have only recently been given ready access to water, their gains
are under threat as the number of cut-offs by municipalities for non-payment rise, says Liane
Greef of the Environmental Monitoring Group. Greef is programme manager for Water

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 Justice in southern Africa. Those who have their water supply cut off also automatically forfeit
their right to 6000 free litres of water for a family a month under South Africa‟s “water for all”
policy. In the face of continued increases in unemployment, payment for water and other utilities
has the potential to fast undo government‟s high profile feats in delivery since 1994.
It is also the way of ensuring sufficient water supply and its management that will
increasingly become a political battleground in South Africa. Water Affairs director-general Mike
Muller says South Africa is near the end of its dam-building programme. However, there are big
projects proposed elsewhere in southern Africa that could possibly be halted by activists who
could bring pressure on funding agencies such as the World Bank. Greef says her group will
campaign during the summit against the proposed Skuifraam Dam, which would be built near
Franschhoek to supply additional water to Cape Town.
Rather than rely on new dam construction, the city should ensure that water is used
wisely at all times rather than only in dry spells, Greef says. Another battleground for her group
is over the privatisation of water supply, she says. Water supply, she insists, is best handled in
the public interest by accountable government.
There is increasing hope from advances in technology to deal with water shortages. It is
agricultural production which takes up about 90% of water consumed for human purposes, says the
UN. To lower agricultural demand for water the Sri Lanka-based International Water Management
Institute is researching ways of obtaining “more crop per drop” through the development of drought
resistant crops, as well as through better water management techniques. One of the institute‟s
research sites is the Limpopo River basin. According to the institute‟s director-general, Frank
Rijsbereman, rice growers in China use a quarter of the water a ton of produce to those in South
Africa. The institute hopes the “green revolution” in crop productivity will soon be matched by the
“blue revolution” in improving water utilisation in agriculture.

Questions 14 – 21

Match the views (25 – 32) with the people listed below.

14 Water needs to be utilised more prudently by some people.

15 South Africa has almost completed its plans for building dams.

16 Local government has excluded some South African households from getting free
water for not meeting their bills.

17 The World Summit in Johannesburg will soon have its aims on hygiene agreed among
all participants.

18 Faster development of water supply in South Africa is limited by the facilities of

19 Water use is more efficient than in South Africa in some foreign food production.

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 20 Government should be answerable for water delivery and not private companies.

21 The water question‟s importance has been increased due to the risk of global weather
temperature rises.

MM Mike Muller

FR Frank Rijsbereman

ME Mark Evans

LG Liane Greef

GB Graham Bennetts

Questions 22 - 27

Read the passage about problems with water again and look at the statements
below.

In boxes 22 - 27 on your answer sheet write:

TRUE if the statement is true

FALSE if the statement is false

NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the

22 Some African countries are currently at war over water resources.

23 A recent report says by 2025 that 25 African countries will suffer from water scarcity alone.

24 Vocal environment activists were arrested at the World Summit.

25 Questions at the World Summit over including water sanitation have not yet been agreed.

26 The World Summit had many good ideas but had little contribution on how to put the
ideas into practice.

27 Plants are being introduced that can flourish with little water.

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READING PASSAGE 3 Questions 28 - 40

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28 – 40 which are based

The History of Papermaking in the United Kingdom

The first reference to a paper mill in the United Kingdom was in a book printed by
Wynken de Worde in about 1495. This mill belonged to a certain John Tate and was near
Hertford. Other early mills included one at Dartford, owned by Sir John Speilman, who was
granted special privileges for the collection of rags by Queen Elizabeth and one built in
Buckinghamshire before the end of the sixteenth century. During the first half of the seventeenth
century, mills were established near Edinburgh, at Cannock Chase in Staffordshire, and several
in Buckinghamshire, Oxfordshire and Surrey. The Bank of England has been issuing bank notes
since 1694, with simple watermarks in them since at least
1697. Henri de Portal was awarded the contract in December 1724 for producing the Bank
of England watermarked bank-note paper at Bere Mill in Hampshire. Portals have retained
this contract ever since but production is no longer at Bere Mill.
There were two major developments at about the middle of the eighteenth century in the
paper industry in the UK. The first was the introduction of the rag engine or hollander, invented in
Holland sometime before 1670, which replaced the stamping mills, which had previously been
used, for the disintegration of the rags and beating of the pulp. The second was in the design and
construction of the mould used for forming the sheet. Early moulds had straight wires sewn down
on to the wooden foundation, this produced an irregular surface showing the characteristic “laid”
marks, and, when printed on, the ink did not give clear, sharp lines. Baskerville, a Birmingham
printer, wanted a smoother paper. James Whatman the Elder developed a woven wire fabric, thus
leading to his production of the first woven paper in 1757.
Increasing demands for more paper during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth
centuries led to shortages of the rags needed to produce the paper. Part of the problem was
that no satisfactory method of bleaching pulp had yet been devised, and so only white rags
could be used to produce white paper. Chlorine bleaching was being used by the end of the
eighteenth century, but excessive use produced papers that were of poor quality and
deteriorated quickly. By 1800 up to 24 million pounds of rags were being used annually, to
produce 10,000 tons of paper in England and Wales, and 1000 tons in Scotland, the home
market being supplemented by imports, mainly from the continent. Experiments in using other
materials, such as sawdust, rye straw, cabbage stumps and spruce wood had been
conducted in 1765 by Jacob Christian Schäffer. Similarly, Matthias Koops carried out many
experiments on straw and other materials at the Neckinger Mill, Bermondsey around 1800,
but it was not until the middle of the nineteenth century that pulp produced using straw or
wood was utilised in the production of paper.
By 1800 there were 430 (564 in 1821) paper mills in England and Wales (mostly single
vat mills), under 50 (74 in 1823) in Scotland and 60 in Ireland, but all the production was by
hand and the output was low. The first attempt at a paper machine to mechanise the process
was patented in 1799 by Frenchman Nicholas Louis Robert, but it was not a success.
However, the drawings were brought to England by John Gamble in 1801 and passed on to
the brothers Henry and Sealy Fourdrinier, who financed the engineer Henry Donkin to build

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 the machine. The first successful machine was installed at Frogmore, Hertfordshire, in 1803.
The paper was pressed onto an endless wire cloth, transferred to a continuous felt blanket
and then pressed again. Finally it was cut off the reel into sheets and loft dried in the same
way as hand made paper. In 1809 John Dickinson patented a machine that that used a wire
cloth covered cylinder revolving in a pulp suspension, the water being removed through the
centre of the cylinder and the layer of pulp removed from the surface by a felt covered roller
(later replaced by a continuous felt passing round a roller). This machine was the forerunner of
the present day cylinder mould or vat machine, used mainly for the production of boards. Both
these machines produced paper as a wet sheet, which require drying after removal from the
machine, but in 1821 T B Crompton patented a method of drying the paper continuously,
using a woven fabric to hold the sheet against steam heated drying cylinders. After it had been
pressed, the paper was cut into sheets by a cutter fixed at the end of the last cylinder.
By the middle of the nineteenth century the pattern for the mechanised production of
paper had been set. Subsequent developments concentrated on increasing the size and
production of the machines. Similarly, developments in alternative pulps to rags, mainly wood
and esparto grass, enabled production increases. Conversely, despite the increase in paper
production, there was a decrease, by 1884, in the number of paper mills in England and
Wales to 250 and in Ireland to 14 (Scotland increased to 60), production being concentrated
into fewer, larger units. Geographical changes also took place as many of the early mills were
small and had been situated in rural areas. The change was to larger mills in, or near, urban
areas closer to suppliers of the raw materials (esparto mills were generally situated near a port
as the raw material was brought in by ship) and the paper markets.

Questions 28 - 34
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer of the
reading passage on The History of Papermaking in the U.K.?

In Boxes 28 - 34 write:

YES if the statement agrees with the writer

NO if the statement doesn’t agree with the writer

NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

28 The printing of paper money in the UK has always been done by the same company.

29 Early paper making in Europe was at its peak in Holland in the 18 th century.

30 18th Century developments in moulds led to the improvement of a flatter, more even paper.

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31 Chlorine bleaching proved the answer to the need for more white paper in the 18 th and 19th
centuries.

32 The first mechanised process that had any success still used elements of the hand made
paper-making process.

33 Modern paper making machines are still based on John Dickinson‟s 1809 patent.

34 The development of bigger mills near larger towns was so that mill owners could take
advantage of potential larger workforces.

Questions 35 - 40

Match the events (35 – 40) with the dates (A - G) listed below.

Write the appropriate letters in boxes 35 - 40 on your answer sheet.

35 Invention of the rag engine.

36 A new method for drying paper patented.

37 First successful machine for making paper put into production.

38 Manufacture of the first woven paper.

39 Watermarks first used for paper money.

40 The first machine for making paper patented.

DATES

A 1803

B 1757

C 1821

D 1697

E 1799

F 1670

G 1694

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