Long Term Planning

Types of Regional Planning
1. Short-term and Long- term: From the temporal point of

view planning can be short term or long term. Short term
planning is designed to solve certain pressing problems
which do not require large-scale changes in the social and
economic order. It may be used to increase production and
employment opportunities; to adjust production to market
demand and supply, and to meet the targets set by long-term
plans.
Conceptualization of short-term and long-range planning
refers o the temporal life span of the planning process. If the
planning is done under some exigencies, it may have only
short-term objectives to achieve and hence may be termed as
such. If the planning is futuristic, it may have long range
objective to achieve and may be termed as long-term planning.
Long-term planning, sometimes erroneously called
perspective planning, on the other hand, aims at the
institutional and structural changes necessary for achieving
the long term social and economic goals of the society.
2. Economic and Developmental: from the point of view of
programme content, planning can be economic or
developmental. The former is suited to developed economies
like those of the western countries, where the social capital
and infrastructure for the necessary quantitative expansion
and structural adjustment of the economy are already in
existence. Development planning is used in developing
countries, where necessary bases for economic expansion are
either too weak or non-existent. Development planning is
more comprehensive and is designed to generate structural
changes in the society in order to facilitate the growth of the
national economy. It includes social planning.
3. Imperative and Indicative Planning: from the
organizational angle, planning can be imperative or
indicative. Under imperative planning, economic decisions
are made through a central planning authority instead of a
market system. Allocation of resources, the mix of output
and the distribution of output among the people (i.e., „What,
How and for whom‟ problems) are determined centrally in
accordance with the predetermined plans and targets.
Because of control over the available resources of the
country by the state, resources are allocated in such a way
that production becomes maximum, people get goods and
services in fixed quantities at fixed prices, and welfare of the
nation gets maximized.
Under imperative planning, there is the absence of institutions of
private property, competition and profit motive of industrialists, etc. It
is because of the absence of these institutions and the presence of the
state in directing and regulating economic activities, the planning
authority formulates and implements plans in the best interests of the
country.
In reality, such type of planning does not exist. Although some

people say that imperative planning was in operation like the erst-
while USSR and Eastern Europe and China till mid-1980s.
Indicative planning or planning by inducement is found in
capitalist countries as well as in mixed economies, like
India. The essence of indicative planning is that it recognizes not only
consumers‟ sovereignty but also producers‟ freedom so that the targets and
priorities of the plans are achieved. It then involves a middle path of planning
mechanism and market mechanism—a kind of coordination between private
and public activities.
Under indicative planning those industries and sectors are identified

where future growth is to be encouraged. Its endavour will be to
develop the core sector through allocation and optimal utilization of
funds. The plan must provide the broad blueprint for achieving the
essential social and economic objectives and indicate the direction in
which the entire economy as well as its various sectors and sub-
sectors should be moving.
4. Normative and System: Planning process can be considered to be

normative or “system”. Normative planning enjoins upon planner a
search for the best possible results in relation to established goals.
There is less emphasis on the social and institutional dimensions of
planning. This approach examines five groups of problems:
a. the procedure for defining goals and objectives,
b. the phasing of plan and defining of sequence and linkages,
c. linking and integrating sectoral and functional elements of the

plan,
d. linking and integrating territorial plans, and
e. determining the contribution that specialists can make and the

coordination of their activities.
Physical planning comes within the purview of the normative

approach. Here the planner is essentially expert, analyst,
surveyor, model maker, and operator. He is less concerned
with what happens to the plan if the environment in which it is
implemented is hostile.
The system approach treats planning as a social process

operating in varying and varied socio-technical contexts. The
planning system is considered to be a structure formed by
values, goals, roles, factors, organizations and their clients,
rules, norms, regulations, the relationship between individual
and collective participants of planning.
The elements of systems plnning are:
a. values, goals, and ideologies,
b. the concrete tasks which are to be undertaken by

planning,
c. the carrying out of the developmental tasks,
d. the organizational units by which the developmental

tasks are realized,
e. the actors and the professionals participating in planning,
f. the roles of the actors and
g. norms regulating the relations between individual

participant (actors) and between organizational unit.
The two approaches are, however, complementary rather than

contradictory. A plan is the by-product of the interaction
among different actors- a communication process among them.
5. Sectoral and Spatial: Sectoral planning, the form of

planning most commonly adopted today is essentially special
purpose planning, designed to develop the various sectors of
the economy such as agriculture, industry, transportation,
power, etc., either individually or simultaneously. Targets for
each sector are fixed, taking into account the availability of
physical and socio-economic resources (including external
assistance0, the future demand for goods resulting from
population growth, increased income, demand elasticities and
exports. Attempts are made to match the inter-sectoral targets,
but it is rarely that an integrated plan is evolved.
The term spatial planning has been used to convey that

the planning activity is concerned with reorganization of space.
Town planning, country planning, area planning and regional
planning are all various expressions of spatial planning each
restricting its sphere of action to a specific spatial expression.
6. Single Level and Multi Level Planning: In the single-level

planning, the formulation of plans and decision making are done at the
national level; the process is centralized and the lower territorial levels
come into the picture only at the implementation stage. Plans are
formulated and structured by Niti Ayog/Planning Commission.
Multi-level planning process, the national territory is divided into
small territorial units, their number depending upon the size of the
country, the administrative, and the geographical and cultural settings.
In such plans, there is direct participation of the people in the planning
process. In multi-level planning, every region/unit constitutes a system
and hence, the planning process becomes more effective.

Long Term Planning

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Types of Regional Planning

1. Short-term and Long- term: From the temporal point of

In reality, such type of planning does not exist. Although some

Under indicative planning those industries and sectors are identified

4. Normative and System: Planning process can be considered to be

a. the procedure for defining goals and objectives,

b. the phasing of plan and defining of sequence and linkages,

c. linking and integrating sectoral and functional elements of the

d. linking and integrating territorial plans, and

e. determining the contribution that specialists can make and the

Physical planning comes within the purview of the normative

The system approach treats planning as a social process

The elements of systems plnning are:

a. values, goals, and ideologies,

b. the concrete tasks which are to be undertaken by

c. the carrying out of the developmental tasks,

d. the organizational units by which the developmental

e. the actors and the professionals participating in planning,

f. the roles of the actors and

g. norms regulating the relations between individual

The two approaches are, however, complementary rather than

5. Sectoral and Spatial: Sectoral planning, the form of

The term spatial planning has been used to convey that

6. Single Level and Multi Level Planning: In the single-level

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