Jaei 1151 Goldwasser

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= Journal ofAncient Egyptian Interconnections

MARINE UNITS ON THE "WAYS OF HORUS" IN THE DAYS OF SETI I

JEAN YOYOTTE IN MEMORIAM

Orly Goldwasser
Hebrew University, Jerusalem

Eliezer D. Oren
Ben-Gurion University, Beer Sheva

ABSTRACT

Archaeological explorations along the North Sinai corridor unearthed two locally manufactured (fragmentary) vessels of early 19'" Dynasty
"beerjars" stamped with the cartouches ofSeti I alongside a hieroglyph ofa ship. A second example ofa royal ship with the throne names ofSeti
I and Haremhab was recorded on an Egyptian amphora handle from a New Kingdom fortress elsewhere in this region. This evidence provides
a new addition to the known list ofroyal ships or navel units as well as attesting to the deployment ofmarine contingents in land-based military
activities on the "Ways ofHorus" in North Sinai. These sealings contribute to a better understanding ofimperial organization ofthe "Ways of
Horus" system during the reign ofSeti I and seemingly shed new light on the role played by Haremhab in reshaping Egypt's foreign policy.

The battle reliefs of Seti I (Year 1) on the north wall of the architectural remains of various functional categories - forts, way
great Hypostyle Hall in the temple of Amun at Karnak coupled stations, granaries, industrial installations as well as numerous
with a list of toponyms in the Satirical Letter of Papyrus Anastasi campsites and seasonal encampments, which are represented by
I, provide the basis for reconstructing the "Ways of Horus" - diagnostic New Kingdom/ Late Bronze Age ceramics and other
Egypt's imperial network in northern Sinai and the major artery of artifacts (Figure 1). This rich and diverse data enable us now to
communication with the Levant. 1 These complimentary records delineate the settlement map, determine its organizational
list and display graphically some 20 toponyms of forts and wells pattern, and accurately reconstruct its history. The distribution
that extended successively from the Tjaru fortress on the eastern map of our sites is characterized by site clusters at various points
frontier of Egypt to the city of Pa-Canaan (Gaza?) on the along the Sinai corridor with a clear hierarchical pattern in which
Canaanite terminus. Archaeological explorations since 1972 in forts or central way stations are grouped with ancillary buildings
northern Sinai have attested that these fortified installations and smaller campsites or seasonal encampments. 5 Accordingly,
represent Egypt's military and administrative organization that various commodities transported for storage in central depots
was established in the early 19th Dynasty and maintained with were redistributed to satellite sites within their sphere. In short,
little interruption until its withdrawal from the Asiatic province the "Ways of Horus" should be viewed as a highly organized and
sometime during the late Ramesside period (Ramesses VI). 2 The neatly integrated administrative zone within the Sinai land bridge,
Ways of Horus military establishment of the Ramesside dynasties rather than a "military road," i.e. a desolate desert track strung at
"from the fortress of Tjaru to the [city of] Canaan" was various points with military installations. 6
demonstrably patterned after an earlier model that was organized The present article is concerned with three distinctive
along the Sinai corridor by Thutmose III, apparently already stamped Egyptian type vessels from Sites A-343 in the Haruba
during his joint reign with Hatshepsut. 3 The results of a systematic cluster, and site BEA-10 in the Bir el-Abd cluster, respectively
survey and excavations by the Ben-Gurion University expedition, (Figure 1). The Haruba cluster, ca. 10 km east of Wadi El Arish
under the direction of Eliezer Oren from 1972-1982, add a new and on the Mediterranean coast, is characterized by a gently
dimension to our understanding of the organization of the Ways undulating topography with active coastal sand dunes rising up to
of Horus. 4 The North Sinai expedition explored and recorded ca. 15 m above their surroundings. Favorable environmental
between the Suez Canal and Raphia more than 230 sites with conditions, a high water table,7 and rich silt deposits explain the

I I I
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Goldwasser and Oren I Marine Units on the "Ways of Horus" in the Days of Seti I

,..

~
' HI

\.a::~~~9 l,19e •T·80 NORTH SINAI SURVEY


l -122k. 'l. T· 1!8
~ 5!~T· ;
1 • M,,,., S11t
T-2 2H! T-7B 0 ,o
~ KM Wl» Clutt, ol 111u
CAN .t.AA

Figure I: Map of North Sinai survey with NK / LBA sites and dusters {map by P. Loupen)

eA295

I
, ~ e A310 •AlJI

·.;;~-~:. . ;_.. ··,.


, ......
.. ,._
~

... • -.A.313

. .:.·--- ~ lill¼
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..
.. MM!. . "",
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0 500m
.. A253
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.....
\.,~ .. ... •A3 14

·:
......,,.
..__ 'ilf; . . ~ NORTH SINAI SURVEY
Figure 2: Aerial view of Haruba cluster. NK sites marked in red. Central sites with architectural remains arc underlined
(North Sinai Expedition Archive 1981/A-999)

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Goldwasser and Oren I Marine Units on the "\X'ays of Horus'' in the Days of Seti I

.... .. _-
...._..... ... .......
. ·- ..

Figure.,, Haruba cluster, Site A-.34:t general view looking nocch (Photo E. D. Oren)

Hgurc /4; l laruba duster, Site A--.3/43. general view looking northeast (Photo E.D. Oren)

/ou,·,s,,/ o(Ar,<im, Eopii.m J,11,nor.nrdfom I hcq,:; !jaei.liGrary.arirnm,.eJu I VoL 7: I, 2015 I ~5-.l!\


Goldwasser and Oren I Marine Units on the "Ways of Horus" in the Days of Seti I

Figure 5: Haruha cluster, Site A-343. Detail of robber pit and Hgure 6: Site A-343. Restored Cypriot Base ring I jug
scattered stone tools and pottery. Exposed section of #12772 (Photu A. Fogd)
decayed mudhrick material at bottom of photograph
(Photo E.D. Oren)

density of ancient (and modern) settlements since the installations, and scattered pottery and stone implements, often
Ch:tkolithk period. The Haruba duster is one of the larger Ne~· mixed with dd:lared objects ofdiffrrent periods.
Kingdom (NK) site complexes along the "\'v'ays of Horus/ Site A-343 (Grid 592260/3450420) ·was identified in a ca.
comprising ;tt lease 23 surveyd sites (Figure 2).8 Sevt:n of the sites 4.000 sq. 111 gently sloping, silty surface in between active sand
(underlined in red), although largely huricd under shifting coastal dune ridges (Figures 3-4). The shallow depression on the
sand dunes, show various architectural remains. Two nf chesc sires southwestern section of the site included an accurnulacion of
(A-345 and A-289) have liecn explored intensively by the North deflated artifacts predominantly from the N K/LfiA as well as
Sinai expedition and were designated "t~pe sites" for the mid-18'h frorn the Chalcolithic, 1\111 I and Persian periods. Much of the
and l 9'h- 20'h Dynasties, respectively. Site A-345 is a major northern sector of che site is covtred by a thick dtposic of decayed
( L\11 fortified?) adm inistrativc centc r including a rnagaLinc complcx mu<l brick material. A small robber pit expostd some lined bricks
for storing grain and a large potter's workshop nearby, evidencing archiceccural remains and nearby a tev,· disturbed
manufacturing a distinctively diversified repertoire ofHaruba day hearths, ,ish pits. and stone installation, (Figure 5). The surface
ceramics dated from the reign of Thurmose III - Amenhotep II,9 survey of this section encountered a large .sc1ttcr of artifacts,
\vhile A-289 is a m,tssive fortress, ca. 2,500 sq. m, with a p)'lon-like induding mendable vessels, stone imple1rn:nts, animal bones, and
gace. w The remaining 16 sites, probably campsices or seasonal ostrich egg shdl fragments. Chving to the almost coral cover of i\.-
encampmems, were identified on deflated silt surfaces of compact 343 by shifting coastal sand dunes its actual size and structure is
sandy sediment and in inter-dune depressions. Areas of activity not possible to determine. N cvcrthclcss, judging from the 1ururc
were marked by remains of hearths, ash pits, certain stone of the surveyed rcm,tins it must have been a m,tjor site during the
Goldwasser and Oren I Marine Units on the "Ways of Horus" in the Days of Seti I

''''

0
1
5
: f
_____ _j

10 cm 0 2
2
I
______
.)

3 4

6
5

7 8
I
' '
9

11

12

F 13
14

16
0 5 10 cm

Figure 7: Site A-343. Assortment oflocally manufactured Egyptian type ceramics ( 1-12) and imported Canaanite vessels
(1-16) (Drawing P. Kaminski and A. Dodin}

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Goldwasser and Oren I Marine Units on the "Ways of Horus" in the Days of Seti I

--
,
I
I
2
'
I
''
\I

\\ ~
' ·-,________

1
\ ) ITT ff/ 4
.
5
,,

6
0 5 10 cm

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7
~
8
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9
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0 2 4 cm

Figure 8: Site A-343. Imported Egyptian ( 1-6) and Cypriote (7-10) ceramics (Drawing P. Kaminski and A. Dodin)

NK/LBA The large assemblage ofNK/LBA pottery included the tempered with coastal sand grains.12 In addition to the stamped
mixed remains of two periods of occupation during the 18th -19th beer jars (Figure 7:1-2) this group included deep bowls with a
Dynasties, The initial phase attributed to the mid-18'h Dynasty ledge rim (Figure 7:7), call stands (Figure 7:8), perforated lids
(Thutmose III - Amenhotep II) is represented by Egyptian type (Figure 7: 11), and pilgrim tlasks (Figure 7: 10). The abundance of
pottery manufactured most likely in the official potter's workshop Haruba day vessels in the lacer phase alongside jars stamped with
ofsite A-345 nearby. These included characteristic vessels made of royal cartouches attest to the continuous activity of official
alluvial silt as well as the Haruba clay, such as flower pots, carinated potter's workshops in the Ha1uba cluster through the 19t h
j,trs, tall tubular stands, splash-painted bowls and jars, imported Dynasty as well. u Imported Egyptian marl clay vessels included
E6,yptian ceramics of Nik and marl fabrics, as well as Canaanite Marl D cream-slipped, burnished amphorae (Figure 8:5-6),
and Cypriotc imports (Fi6'llrc 6). Following a short hiatus during pilgrim flasks (Figure.: 8:1), and a cup (Figure 8:4), as well as Marl
the Amarna period site A-343 was reoccupied in late 18th and 19th A2 and A4 pilgrim flasks (Figure 8:2-3). It should be noted that
Dyn,tsty. at least 25% of the ,tssemhlage is imported Can,t,mite pottery, e.g.,
The pottery corpus of the later phase of site A-343 consisted a cooking pot (Figure 7:13), a pilgrim flask (Figure 7:14), and
of shallow bowls with a flat base (Figure 7:3-5) and globular jars typical LB rm, heavy stump-based amphorae (Fit,'llfC 7:15-16),
(Figure 7:6) that relate typologically to Egyptian Nile E and D The group ofCypriote imports comprised a BR 11 bowl, juglet, and
fabrics, bur were made locally of alluvial clay. 11 Like in the early bottle, as well as normal style WS II bowls decorated with a ladder
phase, the most common petrographic group is characterized by pattern (Figure 8:7-10). 14 The assemblage above is closely
the Haruba day - very calcareous silty marl, rich in iron oxide, and parallclcd at sites lil(c the Tomb of Maya at Saqqara and stratum

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Goldwasser and Oren I Marine Units on the "Ways of Horus" in the Days of Seti I

A at Ezbet Helmi, dating from tbe late 18th Dynasty, during the throughout NK Egypt, Nubi,t, and northern Sinai. Moreover,
reign of Haremhab, to che early 19"' Dynasty. The scamped beer except for wine ,tmphorae, utilitarian pottery in general and such
jars provide a terminus post quem for the lacer phase ofA-343. 15 crudely manufactured vessels in particular, do not occur with
The "Beer Jars" from Site A-343 (Inv. 11896, 10553, Fib>urc stamped sealings, lee alone with royal carrouches. It is also worth
7: 1-2) are tall and slender in shape with a short upright neck and noting that both vessels were impressed with the sa m e stamp seal.
flat base (missing). 16 It should be noted that unlike the average This is evident from identical dimensions and details including th e
contemporary beer jar with a typical wide, rounded upper body, 17 imprint ofa dent on the upper left corner ofthe cartouche (Figures
our vessel is taller and like typical late NK (20 th Dynasty) proflles: 9-10). The occurrence at the same site of locally manufactured
its shape is noticeably more slender, slightly widening toward the vessels bearing an identical scaling with royal cartouchcs most
rounded shoulder.18 Aston has pointed out that the late likely indicates that site A-343 served during the early 19'h
Ramesside, call and slender version of beer jars may have occurred Dynasty as an ,tdministrative center with an offici,J potter's
earlier. However, most known" classic" beer jars attributed co the workshop th,tt was authorized co use royal scamp seals.
late l 8'h- l 9'h Dynascies 19 arc diagnostically of chc shorter version Site BEA-10 probably provides a third exampk of a scamped
(see below). vessel referring to a navel unit on the "Ways of Horus." The Bir el-
The vessel designated as a "beer jar" is one of the ubiquitous Abd site cluster (Figure 1), south of the Bardawil lagoon and ca.
Egyptian jar types, both in shape and manufacmring techniques, 60 km east of the Suez C anal, is represented by 11 built settlement
and is found in large numbers in almost every NK site - domestic, sites with various ,trchitectural remains and at le,tst 30 rnmpsites.
cultic or funerary context, throughout Egypt, Nubia, and North The cenmJ site - BEA-10 (Grid 495480/ 3430300), occupies an
Sinai.211 The medium-size beer jar, usually fabricated of Nik silts area of about 8 acres, including the remains of a fortified building
(Nile B or E), is carelessly manufactured and evidently associated complex, a spacious long magazine building, an excellently
with mass production. This classic utilitarian vessel is often preserved grain magazine with four cylindrical silos (Figure 13), as
markedly asymmetrical, its wall surface is usmJly rough, ,md well as the remains of what seem co have been a water reservoir. 25
pronounced ribbing is common. Much like the so-called "flower Petrographic analyses indicated char, like at Haruba, the Bir cl-
pot," the most noticeable feature of beer jars is chc crudely made, Abd cluster manufactured its respective Eh'yptian type ceramics
thick and heavy string-cut base with deep finger impressions, made of specific marl day. 26 Stratigraphic and ceramic evidence
which is frequently incentiomJly perforated before firing. This suggests ch,tc centnJ site BEA-10 was continuously inhabited from
chss ofpottery (Holchoer Type BB4), first appears in the early 18'1, the mid- I 8'h through 19"' Dynasty and, like A-343, the last phase
Dynasty, becoming common during the lace l 8th and 19r1, Dynasty, is dared from the late l 8'h to che early or late 19th Dynasty. The
and continues with some modification well into the late stamped amphora handle (Figure 14) made of the typically eastern
Ramesside period and beyond. Noticeably, by the late 19'h-20'h Delta fabric, Marl F, belongs to the slender wine amphora with a
Dymtsty the body is distinctly more slender and capers steeply body narrowing co ,t pointed base. 27
coward narrow base; the shore cylindrical neck is higher with a
plainrim.21 S.EALNO. 1 (FIGUR.ES 9-12) HARUBACLUSTER
The content of beer jars remains unknown and their function A-343 #10S53, #11896
is disputed. Holthoer proposed that such distinct vessels, along
with "flower pots," may be associated with beer-brewing processes Impressions of chis seal appear twice on the site (sec above):
for the bread and beer offerings, according co Htp di nsw funeral Once on a sherd of a beer jar, and a second on the lower body of
formula. 22 This hypothesis is doubtful because in NK Eh'YPt and another beer jar that could be reconstructed. The stamp shows a
Nubia beer jars arc by far more numerous in domestic than in narrow upper part that includes a carcouche, while the lower
funerary or ricu,J contexts, and thus advocating a utilitarian enlarged part opens into a rectangular-shaped space.2~
household function, probably related to Egyptian practices in The upper part contains the royal name Mn-MAat-Ra, the
food, bread and/or beer production.2:l Noticeably, like in domestic throne name of Seti I, enclosed within the cartouche. The lower
assemblages, both pottery types .tee seldom recorded side by side in part contains a small, two-line inscription. The 6rst line of th e
chc same comb deposit and, what is more, by the time when beer inscription may be read ir pt tA - "creator of heaven and earth."
jar Type BB4 reached the pcalc of popularity, during the late 18 This reading was first suggested to co-author Goldwasser by the
and 19'h Dynasty flower pots became conspicuously scarce and lace Jean Yoyottc. The lase sign on chis line would then be a
disappeared alcogether.24 FimJly, the ch,tracceristically rough classifier, that of the seated king, thus malcing the sentence into a
appearance of che beer jars and the fact chat these, like flower pots, royal title.
arc often intentionally perforated at their base before firing, The second line constitutes a single, elaborately carved
implies that such vessels were apparently not manufactured for hieroglyph - a ship - situated in the middle of the line. There is
drinking purposes. a relatively large space above the ship, where chc stamp is very faint.
The two beer jars scamped with royal rnrcouches of Seti I The carcouche and the small inscription following it, together
from A-343 (Figures 7:1-2, 9-12) arc so far the only examples comprise a single unit. The ship on the second line acts as a uniting
known our of many thousands of such vessel types encountered classifier for che entire inscription. Yoyotte suggested char we have

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Goldwasser and Oren I Marine Units on the "Ways of Horus" in the Days of Seti I

here a name of a royal vessel: Mn-MAat-Ra - "the creator of heaven


and earth."

As it seems that the space above the body of the boat


accommodated a large sign, it appears that a large sail, ~ may be
the best fit, also according to the
remains. 29 Such a ship hieroglyph appears,
for example, as classifier for the word
sqdwt ("sailing") in the sentence "Sailing
on the Great Green" which opens the
report of Hatshepsut on the Punt
~ i:::===:J , ~ expedition. 30 However, the depiction of a
~ .i~ ship with a military standard, like the one

from the tomb ofNebamun *, would


also be a good fit in the space.31 Another

possibility could also be the combined sign for wiA nsw ~


( "royal ship") in this case a combined logogram, and not a
classifier. 32
In the listing of royal ships compiled by Jones, 33 no royal ship
carrying such a name is known. Yet, there is no reason to believe
that we possess information of all royal vessels and their specific
names during the 19th dynasty. Thus, our seal may carry a new
Figure 9: Site A-343. Stamped fragment of beer jar #10553 name for a royal ship or naval unit from the reign of Seti I, which
(Photo A. Fogel) is otherwise unknown.

SEALN0.2-(FIGURE 14) BIREL-ABDCLUSTER,BEA-10 #330

Site BEA-10 (see discussion above) seems to provide another


example of a seal impression recording the name of a ship's
contingent of the time of Seti I on the "Ways of Horus."
The long oval imprint on the Egyptian-made amphora handle
reads Mn-MAat Ra Dsr-xprw-Ra. Below an additional low flat sign
may be discerned, perhaps a basic boat hieroglyph - ~ .
Mn-MAat-Ra is the throne name of Seti I and
Dsr- xprw -Ra is the throne name ofHaremhab, the
0 last king of the I 8 th Dynasty, and the "godfather" of
ij Ramesses I and Seti I. A combination of two
~ different royal names cannot make a single royal

& cartouche, and the possible reconstruction of a basic


ship hieroglyph below suggests that we should again
~
I I I
be looking for a name of a ship.
In the list of royal ships by Jones, a ship named
~ Dsr-xprw-Ra is indeed known from the days of Seti
I. The vessel is mentioned only once, in Papyrus
Rollin, in a timber account for ships. The timber is collected on
behalf of the state from different petty officials. 34
In this administrative papyrus, the ship is called pA-wiA nsw
Dsr-xprw-Ra - "The royal ship Dsr-xprw-Ra ". 35 This may be an
abridged form of the full name Mn-MAat-Ra Dsr-xprw-Ra, with a
logographic writing for wiA nsw, or alternatively a ship classifier.
Figure 10: Site A-343. Restored beer jar (#11896) with An example for a similar abbreviation of a military unit name
upper part of stamped cartouche (Photo A. can be found on the stela of the naval standard-bearer, Khetef, who
Fogel) lived during the reign ofRamesses II. In his stela, the name of the

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Goldwasser and Oren I Marine Units on the "Ways of Horus" in the Days of Seti I

1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111

Figure 11: Site A-343. Reconstructed beer Jar (#11896) Figure 12: Site A-343. Detail of reconstructed sealing on
and sealing (Photo A. Fogel) beer jar #11896 (Photo A. Fogel)

ship's contingent under his command appears twice. In the upper impressed on an Egyptian amphora handle was read by Van Dijk
part it appe,trs in full (Ra)-mss mri Imn sHtp Itn - "Ramesses as Nb-xprw-Ra - the throne n,tme of Tucankhamun. Yet, the
beloved of Amun who pacifies the Aten." The base contains the hieroglyph below the royal name, on the bottom of the seal, is
abbreviated form of the name sHtp Itn 36 clearly a boat (l) and not a house. 38
Nebamun from the 18'h dynasty is known to have served on a Of interest, another rare seal impression also <lated to Seti I,
ship that carried the full name wiA nsw mry Imn - "(The) Royal recently surfaced in Israel. Vcntura and Siegclman published a seal
ship beloved of Amun." However, when the same ship is impression on a handle of an Egyptian amphora from Tell el
mentioned on one of his funerary cones, the name is shortened and 'Idham, situated in Haifa Bay.>9 The seal reads Mn-MAat-Ra pr
is given as mry Imn, "Beloved of Amun," written Imn mry with a Mn-xprw-Ra. Here we find a combination of the throne name of
ship classifier. 37 Seti I with a name of a temple or estate (pr) 11amed after the throne
Thus, we may assume that the full official name of the vessel n,tme ofThmmosis IV. Ventura suggests the institution should be
mentioned in the Rollin administrative papyrus as Dsr-xprw-Ra in Canaan, but it may well be situated in Egypt, as the amphora
might have actually been Mn-MAat-Ra Dsr-xprw-Ra as it appears seems to be an Egyptian import. An institution by this name is
on our handle. The first part ofthe name, as in the case ofRamesses indeed known from the Delta region. 40
II, refers to the ruling king, while the second part goes back to the
Haremhab, the general and then king who enthroned the father of DISCUSSION
Seti I, thus creating the l 9'h dynasty.
The only other example known to us from North Sinai of a To date, impressions on beer jars are virtually unknown in
stamped seal carrying a naval unit's name comes from Tell el-Borg neither Egypt, nor elsewhere in Nubia, Canaan or Sinai (see
on Egypt's eastern frontier and nearby the site ofTjaru. The seal above). The method of the sealing of amphora handles is well

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Goldwasser and Oren I Marine Units on the "Ways of Horus" in the Days of Seti I

known during the New Kingdom, yet they mostly depict royal Jaffa, situated 4 km inshore near the southern bank of the Yarkon
cartouches. Significantly, amphora sealings bearing names of river. It is probable that during the time of Smenkhkare this site
marine units are thus far recorded only at sites along the "Ways of was still accessible by ship. 45
The rare finds of objects related to this
ephemeral king may be connected to preparations
by Haremhab for various activities in the Levant,
diplomatic or military. It may well be chat Seti I saw
Haremhab as the "godfather" of the new policies in
the Ease. Perhaps the "combined name" of the unit
Mn-MAat-Ra Dsr-xprw-Ra can be seen in the light
of tribute payments to the general and king who
opened a new era in the military administration
and foreign relations with the Levant by the end of
the I 8 th dynasty.
If indeed the above seal impressions belong to
Egyptian royal ships, chis raises the question of
what were sailors doing on the "Ways of Horus"?
It seems chat the answer lies in the double
nature of the Egyptian naval units. For example,
the regiment Ra n HqAw - "Sun of rulers" of the
days ofRamesses II - is known to be the name of
Figure 13: Site BEA-10. Granary with cylindrical silos (Photo E.D. Oren) a war ship as well as an infantry unit. Faulkner
writes that "the regiment 'Sun of Rulers' was a
Horus" (see above). It is very plausible chat chis singular company of what we call 'marines', inasmuch as they were
phenomenon is connected to some specific administrative undoubtedly attached to a ship of that name, but I imagine chat,
reorganization on the Sinai road during the days of Seti I as may like the marines who serve in our modern navies, most of their
be inferred from his famous relief at Karnak Temple. 41 active service in time of war would be as infantry in the field ... "46
Special attention may be given to the name on the seal In chis case, groups of the sailor-soldiers would make their way by
impression on the amphora's handle that combines the two royal foot through the "Ways of Horus" to the northern Levant, or were
names - chat of Seti I, followed by Haremhab. The raison d'etre stationed in the fortresses.
of such a combination could be, as suggested above, a homage to Examples of "marines" are known already from the 18 th
Haremhab, who enthroned the father of Seti I, namely Ramesses dynascy. 47 Schulman suggests chat the personnel of a ship's
I, but it may also have had a more specific reason. Recent research contingent were regular land-based soldiers who underwent a
and new readings of Hittite texts have shed new light on the quite special training after which they were assigned to a ship belonging
belligerent activity of an Egyptian high official named 'Arma'a by to the army. 48 The conspicuous example is that of wiA nsw Itn THn
the end of the 18 th dynasty in the Levant. Jared Miller has revived - "The royal ship the shining Aten." An infantry unit of the same
his identification with Haremhab, the Egyptian general that name is documented during the reign of Amenophis 111. 49
finally became King ofEgypc. 42 Another "double character" of Egyptian ship's contingent
The new readings by Miller shed new light on Haremhab's was underlined by Chevereau, namely that of "warriors-
different activities, which most probably included military merchants." He suggested chat at least during the Lace Period, the
campaigns as well. In his Memphice tomb Haremhab claims chat majority of the ships were used in times of peace for commercial
"his name was famous in the land of the Hittites when he was missions. 50
traveling to the norch." 43 He was the general and the strong man The impressions of these two new seals from the excavated
behind the scenes probably during the reigns of Smenkhkare, and sites in Sinai, shed new light on the administration of the army
later Tutankhamun. And indeed, seal impressions of Akhenacen, during Seti I's days, providing us with new information about the
Semenekhkare, and Tutankhamun, stamped on amphora handles types of units chat marched or were deployed on the "Ways of
and bullae, and on a ring of Haremhab, were discovered in Tell el- Horus." It also contributes to a more accurate understanding of
Borg in North Sinai, maybe signaling military activity during chis the important role played by the "godfather" of the 19 th dynasty,
period. 44 Haremhab, in rebuilding Egyptian foreign policy and in opening a
Goldwasser has published a seal impression of Smenkhkare new page in the relations of Egypt and the Levant at the end of the
on an amphora handle from Tell Jerishe, S kilometers north of Amarna period.

I I I
fournal ofAncient Egyptian I nterconnections http:/ / jaei.library.arizona.edu Vol. 7: I, 20 15 25-38 34
Goldwasser and Oren I Marine Units on the "\X'ays of Horus'' in the Days of Seti I

0 5 10 cm

Figure 14; Site HEA-10. Egyptian amphora handle, above


(#330) wiLh sLamped canouche, l'igltL (Phmo V.
Fcffcr)

0 2cm
Abcl d .•\fak,ouJ, Mohmned, 'Jell H,/,""" (19111-1991). !:mtmfr
́
́
,lrcbtolo1,~qt11: ́ l'c,'iotle
!a De.u.v:imJc
.<tt>' ́ ́
Jr;termediuire. et le. Aswn, D,wid A .. "'Amphorae in New Kingdom EgypL." F.gypt ,ind
i\'mst•t.f hmfn'n· ́
a' l~xtrnflilt'' (Jrie'l,ta/t· du J)~·Lt11,
tbt: lt:i;,ml XIV (2004): 175-213.
(Pari<: F.diLions Recherdies sur b Ci,ili.<aLions, 1998). Aswn, D,wid A., "C}priot P,mery ,u1d iLs LniLations from Hebwa
;\b<I d-·Maksoud, \.foham,<I, ·'T_jarou. porre de l'Oricnr.," in
IV." in Mayer ( ;rnher et. ,ii.. (e,k), Ali the iv;.<rl,,m ,f,h, l:'.c.<I,
Domi 11 iqnc Y~ lbd k and Charles Bonn ct (c(k). le Stn,,ï
Smdi<,s in .Ni,11,- E,,m,m Arch,.eo!ogr mid Hisro1y in Hono,· of
,lu,,1,u l'amiq11;1,·́ et /,,J.f,~yen•A,~i•: 4000 ,m; d'h;s1,>in• /Wit' rm
/fLit:ur /)_ Ora, (Fi-ihourg: Acmlemic Press, .?.O 12), 13-56.
́
de.w;·t: ̈ qui s'e.!i lents ;r ̀ [Ui\'/..',\'(:() du
;u:tes r.lu, cfliioqtt,t' ·:\i;-s,1,i"
A.,ton, fhvid A. at1d h:i-!,',,lr Pusch, 'The Pottery from ,he Royal
1911u 21 Se.prcmbri, 1997(I'aris: EdicionsErrance 1998). 61-
Horse Srud and its Strari~'Taphy. The l'eliz.1,~1s Museum
65. .Excavation at Qancir i l'cr-R1mcsscs. Sector QIV, • Eg;pt ,mtl
Aston, D,tvid A., "Tell Hebwa IV - l' rcliminaL-y Rq,ort on the
,he /,ev,tnl IX (1999): 39-75.
Pottery," l'x>P' m1d1hd.,•!),1.nt VI (1996), 179-197.
Ber~nih:n, Cdia J., "Overh111J 'i'raJe in Northern Sinai: 'l'he
Aston. David A., Die Kmm,tk tie.< Cr,murig.pl.rtzc.< .Ql. 1,,il 1: f.,idcnce of Lhc Late CyprioL~ PmLc·ry," Bulletin of the
Co,p,u ,if F.thr;cs, Wan·s ,,_,ul Shap,•s (,\.fainl: Philipp von ,.1imrit·,m Scb1,oh qf'O,·tc·>,1t1l Rm·,m:h 284 ( J 99 J ): 59-76,
Zah,·m, l 9Y8). Hiccak, Manfr,<I -r. al,. '· Ausgrabungcn in d~m l'alasrb~1.irk von
Aston, David A .• P{ltr.e;y_from rhe l:ue New Kir.gd,Jm m the early A"ll'is. V,wheridn Tell d•Dabaa/aF.zhet Hdmi 1993-2000
Pt1,l1•m4i.,: Pni/Jd, U111l11;mi.n1' Kl), (~lain,.: Philipp von 111 i c: d ncm B..;i crag ,:on A ngda ,,on den Drk~d1 u nd Joris
7.abcrn, I~)9~)), Peters," Cg;ypr rmd rbe le1;,mt XI (2.00 I): 2.7 120,
;\ mm, David :\ ... "Th~ l'otr.cry from I I/VI Sii<I Strar.a a and b, Bourriau.Janine. Umm.t'l-G1i-'ab: Potre;yfi-tm1 the Nile V,;//ey bcj:Jre
Prdiminary Report," l"y_}j,f. ilntl the /,e,•,m! XI (2001 ): 167- i[,,. .,/,-,,/; <:rmque.<1, rir.zwi IIhim .\fo,enm Publication.,
196, ~Ci1mbrid!,'-' Cambrid.g~ Univ~rsity l'r-,s, 1981 ).
A,tcm, I),ivid A., "New Kin!;'lrnn Pottery pr,,._,cs "-' Revabl Bur.kc. Aaron A and Alice Mand di ..Egyptian "F lowcrpocs' from
'!'!trough \Vdl.JateJ. 'romb Ccmtexc," in \bufr.:J Biecak K,lJihm\ Ar~:., A rxc;:.,vm:ion.\: Cu1tnr:..l ,uHl Hi ...r:ori<.::.11
(eJ.), 'J'l,,, Sr11chr"ni·;.,1li"n t1/ Uviliziltiflus iu the l:mit·m Implications: in 21.fartin l'd.lsroekcr ,md Aaron A. Burke
,'vlf:diterram,m in tbc Sf:cor;d lt,[i!le.rmittm JJ.C.E.: l'>w:e.et/tr;gs (eds.). Tbe Hi.<to~~ ,md ArdJ,wolog:; oj}:if{t, 1 (Los Angeles,
,/tf,, SCI!:,H 2000 - !:'umCim/en·1,n·, H"iml"rf M"y 2- 7, Corscn I.nscitme of Archaeology l're~s.2011 ). 261 -270.
Chcvere,m. l'krre-.11,faric, Pi·o.<opo,~·:tpbii, di,; c;,dre..< mi/ie,.in,s
2001 (Wi~n: Ost~r.-~i<:his,h~n Ak.id~mk (kr
Wi~~~ns,hafrcn, 2.003), 135-162..
́
"f.>•ptit'IU ̀
t.l" lt Ba~·sc flp,upu: t ..tn·it•1·e,· ̀
nu'Litdfrt,· t't f..t;•rit'1't~·

/ou,·,s,,/ o(Ar"imt Eopi;,.,, lrfl,nor.nrdiom I hcq,:; !jaei.liGrary.arirnna.e<lu I VoL 7: I. 2015 I ~5-J!\


Goldwasser and Oren I Marine Units on the "Ways of Horus" in the Days of Seti I

̀ avant J.C. Antony


sacerdotales en h;'<)'pte du Xie au lle siede, Marcin, Geoffrey T., 'Jhe 1.Hemphite 'Jomb rd' ̣ ̣
H oremheh,
̀ 1985).
(Paris: Cybele, Comm,mder-in-chief of Tutʻankhamun
̄ (London: Egypr
Clerc, Jacques J., "Nouveaux documents rclatifs au culre des Exploration Society, 1989).
colosscs de Ramses II dans le Delta," KI'Jv[J 11 (1950): 24- Marcin, Mario A. S., 4'<JPfian-'J'ype Pottery in the Late Bronze Age
46. Southern L evant (\Vien: Oscerreichischen Akademie der
Davies, Norman de c;aris, Two Tombs ofO/jlcials ofTuthmosis the Wissenschaften, 2011 ).
Forth (.Nos. 75 and 90) (London: Egypt Exploration Society, Miller, Jared L, "The Rebellion of Hatti's Syrian Vassals and
1923). Egypt's Meddling in Amurru,'' in Alfonso Archi and Rita
Diirring, Norbert, lvlaterialien zum Schif/hau im Alten A,zypten Franchia ( eds.), Studi ,'1-ficend ed Egeo-Anatolid XLlX 2008
(Berlin: Achee-Verlag, 1995). Congres.co lnterr11zzior11ile di l11itologia, Roma 5-9 Settembre
Faulkner, Raymond 0., "Egyptian Military Standards," The 2005 (Roma, CNR- Iscicuto di Stu di Sulle Civilta Ddl'cgeo e
fourn,il q/EL~yptian Archaeology 27 ( 1941): 12-18. de! Vkino Orient, 2007), 533-554.
roerster, frank and Heiko Riemer (eds.), D esert Road Archaeology ́
Minaulr-Gout,Anne et. al., Une residence ́
royale eg.yptienne: T ell
in Ancient I;eypt m,d Beyond (Kain: Heinrich - Barth ́
Abyad ,d'epoque R.unesside (Paris: Pups, 2012).
InstitLtt, 2013). ́
Nagel, Georges, L a ierarnique du NouvelEmpire a ̀ D eir ellvletlineh
́
Gardiner, Alan H., ''The Ancient Military Road between Egypt ̧ d'arehcologie
(Caire: l'Inscirut francais ́ oricnralc, 1938).
and Palestine," The Journal of' E,_'<]ptian Anhaeolo,'<Y 612 Naville, Edouard, 'J'he Temple ef'.Deir el B ahari, Vol. Ill (London:
(1920): 99-116. Egypt Exploration Fund, 1898).
Gardiner, Ahtn H., ,{ndent Egypti,m Onom,istic.i (London: Oxford Oren, Elio.er D., "The 'Ways of Horus' in Norrh Sinai," in Anson
University Press, 1947). F. Rainey (ed.), Egypt, I<i-,iel, Sinai: Anhaeologicat and
Goldwasscr, Orly, "A Cartouche of Scmenkhkarc from Canaan," Historical Relationships in the Biblic'al period (Tel Aviv: T d
Gottinger Miszellen 115 ( 1990): 29-32. Aviv University P ress, 1987), 69-119.
Goren, Yuval, ct. al., "The Archaeological and Echnoarchacological Oren, Eliezer D., "Northern Sinai,'' in Ephraim Stern (ed.), Tbe
Interpretation of a Ceramological Enigma: Pottery New .Emyc!opedia of An-haeologic,d Exc,w.1tiom in the Holy
Production in Sinai (Egypt) during the New Kingdom Land, Vol. 4 (Jerusalem: T h e Israel Exploration Society,
Period," KVHAA Konferenser 34 (1995): 101- 120. 1993), 1386-1396.
Hoflincicr,James K. (ed.), Excavations in North Sinai: Tell el-Borg Oren, Eliezer D., "The Establishment of Egyptian Imperial
!(Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 2014). Administration on the 'Ways of Horns': An Archaeological
Hoflineicr, James K. and Mohamed Abd El-Maksoud, "A New Perspective from North Sinai," in Ernst Czerny et al (eds.),
Military Sire on 'The \Vays of Horus': Tell cl-Borg 1999- Timelines: Studies in Honour o/ l vf,mji-ed Bietak, Vol. II
2001: A Preliminary Report," The Journal of Egyptian (Leuven: Peeters, 2006), 279-292.
Archaeology 89 (2003): 169-197. Renfrew, Colin, The Emergence o/Ciuiliz,1tion: The Cy cl11des ,ind
Hoflineier, James K and Jacobus van Dijk, "New Lighr chc the Aegean in the Third lvfillennium BC (London: Methuen,
Amarna Period from North Sinai," four-n11l o/ Egyptian 1972).
Archaeology 96(2010): 1-15. Renfrew, Colin, "Trade as Acrion at a Distance: Question of
Hoflineier, James K. and Stephen 0. Moshier, "'A Highway out of Integration and Communication," in Jeremy A. Sabloff and
Egypt': The Main Road from Egypt to Canaan," in Frank Carl C. Lamberg-Karlovsky (eds.), Ancient Civilization and
Foerster and Heiko Riemer (eds.), D esert RoadArch11eofogy in Ti·ilde (Albuquerque: Universit y ofNew M exico Press, 1975),
Ancient Egypt and Beyond, Africa Praehistorica 27 (Koln: 3-59.
Heinrich - Barrh Insticut, 2013), 485-510. Rose, Pamela J., T he Eighteenth Dyn11Sty Potteiy Corpus from
Holchocr, Roscislav, iVew Kingdom Phar,wnic Sites: The Pottery, Am11rna (London: Egypt Exploration Society, 2007).
(Stockholm: Scandinavian Universiry Books, 1977). Rzeuska, Teodozja I., "An Offering of a Beer Jar or a Beer Jar as an
Hummel, Rexine, "A Reporr on the Ceramics Recovered from Tell Offering? The Case of a Lace Old Kingdom Beer Jar with an
el-Borg,'' in James K. Hoffmeier (ed.), Excavations in North Inscript ion from West Saqqara," in David A. Aston et. al.,
Sinai, 'Jell el-Borg 1 (Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, (eds.), Under the Poller's Tree. Studies on Ancient Egypt
2014), 364-435. Presented to Janine Bourriau on the O1Casion of her 70th
Jones, Dilwyn, A Glossary ofAncient Egyptian N,iuticat Tides and Birthday (Leuven: Peeters, 2011), 829- 842.
Terms (London and New York: Kegan Paul International, Schulman, Alan R., Afilitary R,mk, Title and Or._e:anization in the
1988). Egyptian New Kingdom (Berlin: Verlag Bruno Hessling,
Landstrom, Bjorn, Ships of the Pharaohs; 4000 Yean of Egyptian 1964).
Shipbuilding(New York: Doubleday, 1970). U rk. = Wolfgang Heick, Urkrmden der 18. Dynastie. Ahteilung IV,
Keel, Ochma.r, Corpus der Stempelsiegei-Amulette aus Pal:istina Heft 19: Histoi·ische Inschr{/ien Thutmosis' IV und
/Israel von den An:fingen bis zur Pei~erzeit (F reiburg: biographische lnschri/ten -'finer 7eitgerw55en (Berlin:
U niversicaecsverlag, 1997). Akademie-Verlag, 1956).
KRI = Kenneth A. Kitchen, Rilmesside Tmcriptiom: Historictzl and Spalinger, Anrhony R., T-Var in Ancient Egypt. (Oxford: Blackwell,
Biographical, 8 Vol. (Oxford: B. H. Blackwell, 1968-1990). 2005).

/or<rnal qfAncient li~ptian lnte,-connections I http:/ /jaci.library.arizona.cdu I Vol. 7: I, 2015 I 25-38 36


Goldwasser and Oren I Marine Units on the "Ways of Horus" in the Days of Seti I

Szafranski, Zbignicw E., "Scriarion and Aperture Index 2 of rhc Ventura, Raphael and Azricl Sicgclman, "Salvage Excavations at
Beer Bottles from Tell cl-Dab'a," E,gypt ,md the I.ev,mt VII Tell El-'Idham and an Egyptian Scaling of Seri I," 'Atiqot 47
(1998): 95-119. (2004): 101-108.
Valbcllc, Dominique, "La (Les) rourc(s)-d'Horus," in Carhcrinc Yoyoctc, Jean and Jesus Lopez, "L'organizarion de l'armcc cc k s
Berger ct. al., (eds.), Homages a'Jean J,ec/ant, Vol. 4: Varia tirnlarnres de soldars au nouvcl empire Egyptian," Bihliothec,1
(Caire: Institut francais d'arche'ologie oriencale, 1994), 379- Orientlilil XXVI (1969) 3-19.
386.

Gardiner 1920; Oren 1987. For the toponym "\"('ay(s)- (Tell d,Amarna); Nagel 1938, figs. 11:19, 29: 246 (Dei.r
of-Horus" see Valbelle 1994. cl-Mcdinch); Hummel 2014, pl. 20:1-2 (Tell cl-Borg,
Oren 1993; Abd. El-Maksoud 1998; 1998a; Hoffmeier North Sinai); for locally manufactured Egyptian-type
and Moshier 2013; Hoffineier 2014; Dothan and beer jars in Canaan, see Marcin 201 1, 51-57.
22
Brandl 2010; Minault-Gout 2012. Holrhoer 1977, 83, 86. Bread and beer are invariably
Redford 1979; Oren 2006. mentioned in the offering formula recited for the dead.
For derail sec Oren 1987; 2006, 280-283. "Beer bottles" are well-known in Old Kingdom -
This parrcm may be analogous co Rcnfrcw's "ccnrral Middle Kingdom Egypt. Iconographic representations
redistribution model", Renfrew 1972, 465-466; 1975, of such vessels arc depicted in tomb paintings and
46-48. painted wooden models of the Middle Kingdom combs
For roads in Egypfru1 deserts sec recently Foerster and (especially in the Theban area, i.e., Bmi Hasan) on
Riemer 2013. scenes showing making bread and brewing beer; sec
At least nine wells were actively used during our Bourriau 1981, 63; 1988; Szafranski 1998, 96-97.
explorations. The major ones arc indicarcd in Figure 2. Symbolic handmade "beer jars" were frequently found in
Our observations on the availabiliry of ancient sites in Old Kingdom - Middle Kingdom tomb deposits,
such sand-dune terrain suggest that they represent nearly providing important observations on fune rary practices;
60% of the actual site count. see recently Rzeuska 2011.
23
Oren 1987, 2006. Aston 1998, 182.
24
IO
Oren 1987, 84-106; 1993, 1390-91; 2006, 282-83. Sec recently Burke and Mandcll 2011, 261-270.
II
25 Oren 1987, 78-84.
We are grateful to David Aston for his expert advice on
the pottery from Haruba. Goren et. al., 1995.
12 For Aston's Type Blc/d, sec Aston 2004, flg. 7.
Goren et. al., 1995.
18
le is an unusual form of a stamp seal.
The Ha.ruba day flowe.r pots on hplfe 7:9, 12 may well 19
!:'or a possible reconstruction of such sea·going ships, see
belong to the ea.rly phase of A-343.
l4
Landsrrom 1970, 139, no. 407.
Bcrgoffcn, Celia]., ''Overland Trade in Northern Sinai:
N aville 1898, pl. LXXII.
The Evidence of the Late Cypriote Pottery", Bulletin of' 31
The arrangement of che elements on this seal may be
the American Schools o_( Oriental Research 284 ( 1991): compared co the presentation ofrhc ship standard in the
59-76. tomb of Nebamun, see Davies, 1923, pl. XXVI, also
15 E.g., Aston 2001, 187, flg. 10, top left and bottom righr; 1:'aulkner 1941, pl. IV, hg.8.
2004, 182, fig. 3, TypcsA3a-b, 189, fig. 7, Type Bl(b/d). Sec for example, Davies 1923, pl. XXVIII, lower scene.
Dimensions: 32 cm height, diameter of base 10 cm, and Jones 1988, 231-239, and also Diirring 1995, 145.
rim 9 cm, max diameter of upper body is 13.S cm. However, this combination is similar to names of ships
[7
Averaging dimensions: 26 cm hcighr, diamcrcr ofbasc 7 such as aA-ḫprw-Ra smn-tAwy. T he name aA-ḫprw-Ra 1s
cm and 10 cm of rim; maximum diameter of upper body the throne name of Amcnophis II, thus the name of rh c
is 18 cm. ship reads "aA-xprw-Ra - who makes the double land (=
[8
Sec for example the 20'h dynasty jar from Stratum Ba at E1,,,ypt) endure", Jones 1988, 232, no.6.
Qancir, Aston and Pusch 1999, 42, p. 56, no. 2. .)4
Jones 1988, 239 and discussion in Spalinger 2005, 52-
19
Bour.riau's New Kingdom Phase 3b = Ay to Ra.messes II 53.
/ Mcrcnprah. KR.I I, 263, line 1S.
20
Aston estimated char beer jars muse have been produced KRI III, 265, 5, 7 (Louvre C:95). A military unit by chis
in their "millions," Aston 2001, 169-171. name is already known from the days ofTutankhamun,
21
!:'or discussion and parallels, sec Aston 1998, 182-4, nos. see Yoyotce and Lopez, 1969, 18, no. 492j, and also
523-6 (Qantir); 1999, 26-27, nos. 4-12, 57-58 Schulman 1964, 166,497.
(Elephantine); 2001, 169-171, notes 24-40, fig. 8, 37 URK IV, 1629, 16. The representat ion of t he ship•
bottom left (Saqqara) and fig, 2: S (Ezber Hdmi); Aston standard. in his tomb shows that it was carrying a royal
2003, 147-152, flg. 7:b; 2012, 21, 54, no. 158 ((Hcbwa name on the deck, sec Davies 1923, pl. X.,XVI.
IV, North Sinai); Holthoer 1977, 86-88, pl. 18, Type JR
Hoffmeier and Van Dijk 2010, 202 with fig IS. Van
BB4 (Nubia); Rose 2007, 243, Type SH 8.3, no. 410 Dijk reads, somehow reluctantly, the sign on the bottom

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Goldwasser and Oren I Marine Units on the "Ways of Horus" in the Days of Seti I

as pr-"estate" and puts a question mark after the reading. 45


Goldwasser 1990.
46
In our opinion it is a clear boat hieroglyph. Faulkner in a letter cited by Clere 1950, 45, note 1.
39 47
The Tell el-'Idham is situated in the Haifa bay. Baruch Clere 1950, 25, 43-44; Faulkner 1941.
Brandl suggested that the amphora is of Egyptian origin, 48 Schulman 1964, 19-20, 74-75. However Clere writes
see Ventura and Siegelman 2004, especially 105-17 and already in 1950, 45 "... dans certains cas, un meme nom
104 for the origin of the amphora. etait donne a un groupe de soldats et a un bateau qui
40
Ventura and Siegelman 2004, 16, after Gardiner 1947, servait a leur transport par eau, l'un et l' autre etant
155-158. rattaches a une manifestation deflnie de la personnalite
41
Gardiner 1920. royale, caracterisee par une epithete particuliere ajoutee
42
Miller 2007. al'un des noms royaux..." In the Battle ofKadesh a boat
43
Martin 1989, 80, pl. 91. standard indicates the presence of a contingent of
44
Hoffmeier 2006, 13 with flg. 11; Hoffmeier and marines in the division of Ptah though they are acting as
Maksoud 2003, 180-181, and Hoffmeier and Van Dijk ordinary infantry, see, Faulkner 1941, 15. On the tight
2010, 199-205. A strong fortress was built in Avaris in relations of army and navy, see Spalinger 2005, 55-56.
49
the time ofTutankhamun, see Bietak et. al., 2001, 101- Clere 1950: 44.
102. so Chevereau 1985, 272.

fournal ofAncient Egyptian Interconnections I http:/ /jaei.library.arizona.edu IVol. 7: 1, 2015 I 25-38 38

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