‫ﻋـﺩﺩ ‪ 12‬ﺠﻭﺍﻥ ‪2014‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻧﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺑﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺨﺒﺮ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫اﻵﺜـــﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴــﻴﺔ ﻝﻺﺩﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺩ‪ /‬ﻓﺎﻁﻤﺔ ﺼﺎﺩﻗــــﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﺘﻤﻨﺭﺍﺴﺕ )ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭ(‬

‫‪Abstract:‬‬
‫‪This study aimed to know the psychology of addiction to drugs. Some psychiatric disorders and‬‬
‫‪the personality traits can be seen as reasons to the intemperance of drugs, as that drug addiction gives‬‬
‫‪psychological impact on an addict, so we have to look at the behavior of the addiction on drugs and‬‬
‫‪its impact on the individual with wider view, and we must intensify the interest on this category and‬‬
‫‪integrate them to the community and reduce the psychological and social consequences of drug‬‬
‫‪addiction‬‬

‫الملخص‪:‬‬
‫ﻫﺩﻓﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺘﺴﻠﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﻀﻭﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻹﻀﻁﺭﺍﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﻅﺭ ﻝﻬﺎ ﻜﺄﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﻝﻺﺩﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺎﻝﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﻓﺈﻥ ﺇﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺨﻠـﻕ ﺁﺜـﺎﺭﹰﺍ‬
‫ﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻝﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻤﻥ‪ ،‬ﻝﺫﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺘﻌﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺃﺜﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﺒﻤﻨﻅﺎﺭ ﺃﻭﺴﻊ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﻭﺠﺩ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻝﺤـﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺸﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﻤﺎﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻨﺎﺘﺠﹰﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺇﻀﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﻤﺯﻤﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍﻹﻀﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻜﻭﺒﺎﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺎﻝﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﻤﺎﻥ ﻴـﺅﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺇﻝﻰ ﺇﺨﺘﻼﻻﺕ ﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻭﻴﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﺸﺩ ﻅﻬﻭﺭﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻻ ﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﺍﻹﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻔﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺩﻤﺠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻘﻠﻴل‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻭﺍﻗﺏ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻝﻺﺩﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺍﺕ‬

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 ‫ﻋـﺩﺩ ‪ 12‬ﺠﻭﺍﻥ ‪2014‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻧﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺑﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺨﺒﺮ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻝﺨﻁﺭ ﻝﺘﻌﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻨﺤﺼﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻹﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻘـﻁ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﻻ ﻜﻴﻑ ﻨﻔﺴﺭ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻤﻨﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺒﺄﻜﻤﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻜل ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩﻩ ﻤﻌﺭﻀﻴﻥ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻅﺭﻭﻑ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺤﺘﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺍﻹﺨﻭﺓ ﻤﻌﺭﻀﻴﻥ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻹﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ‪ ،‬ﻝﻜـﻥ ﻗـﺩ‬
‫ﻴﺘﻌﺎﻁﻰ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻭﺭﻁ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ‪ ،‬ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺒﺎﻝﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻠﻔﺭﺩ ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﺘﺭﻀﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺇﻀﻁﺭﺍﺒﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺒﺎﻝﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻴ‪‬ﻅﻬﺭ ﻝﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﺇﻨﺤﺭﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‪ ،‬ﺘﺘﺭﺠﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل ﺇﻀﻁﺭﺍﺒﺎﺕ ﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺩ ﺘﺨﻠﻕ ﻋﺩﻭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻴﻥ ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨـــﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺼل ﺒﺎﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﻌﻘﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺩﻓﻊ ﺒـﻪ‬
‫ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﻝﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺤﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺤﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﻌﻠﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺎﻝﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻪ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﺇﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻝﺩﻭﺍﻓﻌﻪ ﻭﺤﺎﺠﺎﺘﻪ ﻭﺭﻏﺒﺎﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻴﺨﻠﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺃﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺫﻝﻙ ﻴﺸﺒﻊ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻓﻊ ﻭ ﺘﺭﻀﻰ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﺇﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻔﺸل ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺃﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﻷﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﻭﻋﻘﺒﺎﺕ ﺘﺭﺠﻊ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻴﻁﺔ ﺒﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﺸل ﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﻝﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﺼﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻠﻭﻜﻪ ﺃﻋﺭﺍﺽ ﺴﻭﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺄﺨﺫ‬
‫ﻻ ﻤﺘﻨﻭﻋﺔ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺹ ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﻴﺵ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻋﺭﺍﺽ ﻫـﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺃﺸﻜﺎ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻔﺸل ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﺤﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻹﻨﻁﻭﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺱ‪،‬ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﻘﺹ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻗﺩ ﻴﻌﻤﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺹ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺠﻨﻭﺡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻠﺤﻴﺎﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺘﻌﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺓ‪....‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻭل ﺒﺄﻥ ﺇﺭﻀﺎﺀ ﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﻫﻲ ﻋﺎﻤل ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﻴﻑ ﻭﺍﻝﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻫﻤﺎل ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﻫﻭ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺃﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻹﻨﺤﺭﺍﻑ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻴﻘﻑ ﺃﺜﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﺒل ﻴﺘﻌﺩﺍﻩ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻌـﻴﺵ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻝﺫﺍ ﻨﻘﺭﺭ ﺠﺎﺯﻤﻴﻥ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺇﻨﺤﺭﺍﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﺇﻻ ﻭﺘﻜﻤﻥ ﻭﺭﺍﺀﻩ ﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﻝﻡ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻭﺩﺍﻓﻊ ﻝﻡ ﻴﺸﺒﻊ‪ ) .‬ﻤﺤﻤﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻭﻤﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻴﺒﺎﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﺏ ﺱ‪(121 :‬‬

‫ﻝﺫﻝﻙ ﻭﻤﻥ ﻜل ﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ ﻭﺠﺩﻨﺎ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﺘﺴﻠﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﻀﻭﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺩﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺎﺤﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺇﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻹﻀﻁﺭﺍﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺩﻓﻊ ﺒﺎﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻹﺩﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺨـﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻜﺤـل ﻝﻠﺼـﺭﺍﻉ ﻭﺍﻝﺘـﻭﺘﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻴﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻴ‪‬ﺨﻠﻑ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻋﻭﺍﻗﺏ ﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻝﻡ ﺘﻜﻥ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺴﺠل ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻝﻠﻔﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜل ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻌﻴﺵ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﺎﻁﺎﺓ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻋـﺩﺩ ‪ 12‬ﺠﻭﺍﻥ ‪2014‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻧﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺑﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺨﺒﺮ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻹﺩﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺍﺕ‪:‬‬

‫ﻝﻐﺔ ﺘﺩﻭﺭ ﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺨﺩﺭ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻝﺴﺘﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﺘﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺒﻲ ﻋﻥ ﻨﺸﺎﻁﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺘﺎﺩ‪) .‬ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﻠـﻲ ﺒـﺎﺭ‪،‬‬
‫‪(33 :1988‬‬
‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺎ ﻓﺎﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻝﻨﻌﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﻭﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺤﻭﺏ ﺒﺘﺴﻜﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻝﻡ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺴﻤﻡ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺒﻲ ﻭﺘﺠﻌل ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝﻪ ﻭﺘﺼﺭﻓﺎﺘﻪ‪) .‬ﻋﺎﺩل ﺍﻝﺩﻤﺭﺩﺍﺵ‪(19: 1982 ،‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﺍﻹﺩﻤﺎﻥ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻹﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻋﺘﻴﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎ ﻋﻀﻭﻴﺔ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺌﻥ ﺍﻝﺤـﻲ‬
‫ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﻘﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﺩﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﺎﻁﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ‪) .‬ﻋﺎﺩل ﺍﻝﺩﻤﺭﺩﺍﺵ‪(23 :1982 ،‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻹﻋﺘﻴﺎﺩ ﻨﻘﺼﺩ ﺒﻪ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻨﻔﻌﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺸﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭ‪) .‬ﺴﻌﺩ ﺠﻼل‪(432 : 1985 ،‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺴﺭﺓ ﻝﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻹﺩﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺍﺕ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1-2‬ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺘﺭﺘﻜﺯ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻠﻌﺒﻪ ﺍﻝﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺘﻘﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻅﻬـﻭﺭ ﺍﻹﻀـﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴـﻲ ﻝﻠﻜـﺎﺌﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺒﺸﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺘﻐﻔل ﻋﻥ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﺎﻁﻔﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻌﻭﺍﻤل‬
‫ﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ‪) .‬ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺤﻤﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﺎﺭ‪(46 : 1992 ،‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻝﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓﻲ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻝﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺤـﻭﺍﺩﺙ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴـﺔ ﻭﺨﻠـﻕ ﺭﺩ ﻓﻌـل‬
‫ﺇﻨﻔﻌﺎﻝﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻓﺎﻹﻀﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺘﺴﺒﺒﻪ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﻭﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﻨﺒﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺱ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺃﻨﺼﺎﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻹﻀﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﺒﻌﺩﺓ ﻁﺭﻕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﻴﺼﺎﺏ ﺒﺎﻝﻘﻠﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺒﺎﻹﻜﺘﺌﺎﺏ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺩﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻤﺘﺩﺍﺩﹰﺍ ﻝﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻝﻴﺱ ) ‪ ( ELLIS‬ﻭﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ ) ‪ ( 1988‬ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻹﺩﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﺘﺒﻘﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻩ ﻫﻲ" ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻝﻺﺤﺒﺎﻁ" ﺘﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ ﺜﻼﺙ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺘﻌﺯﺯ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻭﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺩﻤﺎﻨﻲ ﻭﺘﺒﻘﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﻤﺎﻡ ﻜﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻝﻠﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﻗﻑ ﺍﻝﺼﻌﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﻨﺴﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻜﺤﻭﻝﻲ ﻴﻌﺎﺩل ﻓﻘﺩﺍﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺫﺍﺕ ﻭﺃﺨﻴﺭﹰﺍ‬
‫ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻹﺜﺎﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﻝﻴﺯ)‪ ( Liese‬ﻭﻓﺭﺍﻨﺯ ) ‪ ( Franz‬ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻨﻔﻲ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﺯﺍﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺘﻌﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺨـﺩﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﺩﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻝﻤﺩﻤﻨﻭﻥ ﻴﻤﻠﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻌﺘﻘﺩﺍﺕ ﻗﻭﻴﺔ ﺤﻭل ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﺯﺍﺝ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻡ ﻴﺭﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺒﻌـﺽ ﺍﻝﻤﺨـﺩﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺘﺨﻔﺕ ﺍﻝﻀﺠﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﺭﺨﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺘﻤﻨﺢ ﺍﻝﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺤﺴﺎﺱ ﺒﺎﻝﻘﻭﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻝﻘﺩ ﺤﺎﻭل ﺒﻴﻙ ) ‪ ( Beck‬ﻭﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ ) ‪ ( 1993‬ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻝﻔﻬﻡ ﻭﻋﻼﺝ ﺍﻹﺩﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺨـﺩﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴـﺙ‬
‫ﺇﻓﺘﺭﻀﻭﺍ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺴﻴﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺘﻌﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﻌﺘﻘﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﻤﻌﺘﻘـﺩﺍﺕ ﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘـﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻭﺠﻴـﻪ‬
‫ﻝﻠﺘﺨﻔﻴﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﻭﺍﻷﻝﻡ ﻭ ﻤﻌﺘﻘﺩﺍﺕ ﻝﻺﺒﺎﺤﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﻴﻘﺒل ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﻝﺩﻴﻬﻡ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﻌﺩﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺇﺴﺘﻨﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺘﻌﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻝﺘﻌﺭﻀﻬﻡ ﻝﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺸﻁﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻀـﻐﻭﻁﺎﺕ ﺃﻁﻠـﻕ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻏﻭﺭﺩﺍﻥ ﻭﻤﺎﺭﻻﺕ )‪ (Gordon , Marlat,1985‬ﺇﺴﻡ ﻭﻀﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ" ﻜل ﻭﻀـﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻬﺩ‪‬ﺩ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻭﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻁﺭ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﻜﺎﺱ"‪) .‬ﺴﺎﻴل ﺤﺩﺓ ﻭﺤﻴﺩﺓ‪(70،67 : 2001 ،‬‬

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 ‫ﻋـﺩﺩ ‪ 12‬ﺠﻭﺍﻥ ‪2014‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻧﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺑﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺨﺒﺮ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫‪ -2-2‬ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻭﻜﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻝﻠﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻭﻜﻴﺔ ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﻝﻺﻗﺒﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻌﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺨـﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻨﻬـﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺜﻴﺭ ﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﺏ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻠﻌﺏ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﺇﺸﺭﺍﻁﻴـــﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﺌﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻌﺎﻁﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻹﻨﻔﻌﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻝﻘﻠﻕ ﻭﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻜﺈﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺫﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﻤﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻝﻔـﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻝﺘﻌﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺒﻐﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻹﺜﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺨﻔﺽ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻀﺠﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻭﻀﺢ ﺃﺼﺤﺎﺏ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻹﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺃﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻭﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺩﻤﺎﻨﻲ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻝﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﻠﻡ‪ :‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺒﻲ ﻝﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺨﻠﻕ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﻭﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﺸﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﺃﻱ ﻋﻘﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻝﻜﻨﻨـﺎ ﻨﺠـﺩ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺴـﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻼ ﻗﻭﻴ‪‬ﺎ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﺨﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﻔﻌﻠﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﻤﺘﻨﺎﻉ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻨﺸﺄ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻨﻤـﻁ ﻤـﻥ ﺇﺴـﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﻨـﺏ‬
‫ﻝﻠﻤﻬﺩﺌﺎﺕ ﻤﻊ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻋﺎﻤ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻁﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺃﻀﻔﻨﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺤﺩﺜﻪ ﺍﻝﻌﻘﺎﺭ ﻷﻭل ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺁﺜﺎﺭ ﻝﺘﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻭﺠﺩﻨﺎ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻗﺩ ﻨﺸﺄﺕ ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﻝﺘﻤﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﻌﻘﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺒﻭﺼﻔﻬﺎ ﻨﻤﻁﹰﺎ ﺴﻠﻭﻜﻴﹰﺎ ﻴﺴﺘﻌﺼﻲ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭﻩ‪) .‬ﺸﻴﻠﺩﻭﻥ ﻜﺎﺸﺩﺍﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺏ ﺱ ‪(82 :‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺤﺩﺩ ﺃﻨﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻭﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺜﻼﺙ ﻁﺭﻕ ﻝﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻹﺩﻤﺎﻨﻲ ﻭ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺍﻝﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻹﺸﺭﺍﻁ ﺍﻝﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺘﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﺯﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺸﺭﺍﻁ ﺍﻝﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﻋﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﺌﻌﺔ ﻝﻺﺩﻤﺎﻥ ﻤﺜل ﺇﺸﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤل‪ ،‬ﻭﻗـﺩ‬
‫ﺘﻡ ﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺠﻴﻥ ﻫﻤﺎ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺇﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻹﺸﺭﺍﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﻭﻴﻀﻲ‪ :‬ﻭﻀﻌﻪ ﺴﻴﺠل ) ‪ ( Seigle . 1978‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺭﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺜﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﻴـﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁـﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺘﻌﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﻘﺘﺭﻥ ﺒﺂﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺴﻡ‪ ،‬ﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺸﺭﻁﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﺎﻗﻀﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺨﺎﻝﻔـﺔ ﻝﺘـﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻘـﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﻭﻴﻀﻴﺔ ﺼﻤﻤﺕ ﻝﺨﻔﺽ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﻭﻱ ﻝﻠﺠﺴﻡ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺇﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻴـﻭﻱ ﺍﻹﺸـﺭﺍﻁﻲ ﻤـﻊ‬
‫ﺇﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﺘﻌﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻘﺎﺭ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺩﺍﻓﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺸﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﺍﻹﺸﺭﺍﻁﻲ ﻝﻠﻤﺨﺩﺭ‪ :‬ﻭﻀﻌﻪ ﺴـﺘﻴﻭﺍﺭﺕ ﻭﺁﺨـﺭﻭﻥ )‪ ، (Stewart et al,1984‬ﻁﺒﻘـﺎ ﻝﻬـﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺜﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﺒﺎﻵﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺯﻴﺯﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﻘﺎﺭ ﻤﺜل ﺭﺍﺌﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻘﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻀﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘـﺯﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺎﻁﻲ ﻝﻠﺨﻤﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻥ ﺒﺎﻝﻬﻴﺭﻭﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺴﺘﺩﻋﺎﺀ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻓﻌﻴﺔ ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺤﺩﺜﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻌﻘﺎﺭ ﺫﺍﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺘﺩﻓﻊ ﺒﻘﻭﺓ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻘﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺏ– ﺍﻝﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻹﺸﺭﺍﻁ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺌﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﻴﻬﺘﻡ ﺍﻹﺸﺭﺍﻁ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺌﻲ ﺒﺎﻵﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻘﺏ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻭﻙ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﻔﺎﺼل ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻔﺼل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺴـﻠﻭﻙ ﻭﺁﺜـﺎﺭﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺓ ﻴﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﺎﻝﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺸﻭﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﺭﺍﺤﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺎﻁﻲ ﺒﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﻗﺼـﻴﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺘـﺄﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻻ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻻﻤﺘﻨﺎﻉ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻤﻥ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺎﻁﻲ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻌﻭﺩﺓ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻹﻗﻼﻉ‪.‬‬

‫ﺝ – ﺍﻝﻨﻤﺫﺠــــــﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺘﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻹﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻜل ﺼﻭﺭ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺘﺤﻜﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﻝﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺘﻨﻤﻲ ﻝﺩﻴﻬﻡ ﺇﺘﺠﺎﻫﹰﺎ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﹰﺎ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺇﺴﺎﺀﺓ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﻘﺎﻗﻴﺭ‪ .‬ﻝﺫﻝﻙ ﻴـﺭﻯ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻨﺩﻭﺭﺍ ) ‪ ( Bandura‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﻝﻴﺱ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺘﻌﺯﻴــﺯ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻏﻠﺏ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻤﻪ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻴـﺘﻡ ﻋـﻥ ﻁﺭﻴـﻕ‬

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 ‫ﻋـﺩﺩ ‪ 12‬ﺠﻭﺍﻥ ‪2014‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻧﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺑﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺨﺒﺮ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻝﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻝﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺭﺘﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺜﺎﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻘﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻝﻠﻌﻘﺎﻗﻴــﺭ ﻏﺎﻝﺒﺎ‬
‫ﻤﺎ ﻴﺼﺎﺤﺒﻪ ﺘﻌﺯﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﻴﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻤﺜل ﺨﻔﺽ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺨﻔﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻝﺫﺍ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻔﺴـﻴﺭ ﺍﻹﺩﻤـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺘﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﻤﺫﺠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺨﻔﺽ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻨﻅﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻝﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻹﺩﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺃﻨـﻪ ﺴـﻠﻭﻜﹰﺎ ﻴﻜﺎﻓـﺄ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻝﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﺨﻔﺽ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﺘﻘﺭﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺤﻭل ﻴﺨﻔﺽ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺸﺘﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺨﻭﻑ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻘﻠﻕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﺼـﺭﺍﻉ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﺤﺒﺎﻁ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺨﻤﺎﺩ ﻭﺨﻔﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻓﻬﻭ ﻤﻨﺤﻰ ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻘﺎﻗﻴﺭ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺨﻔﺽ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﺠﺴـﺩﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻠﻀﻐـﻭﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺸﺘﻤل ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﻗﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل ﺍﻹﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀـﻐﻁ ﺍﻷﻤـﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﺸﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻬﺩﻓﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻝﺘﻭﻗﻌﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺘﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻔﺴﺭ ﺍﻹﺩﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺃﻨـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺘﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺯﺯﺓ‪) .‬ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﺭﺤﻤﺎﻥ ‪(67،62 : 1999 ،‬‬

‫‪ -3-2‬ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃﺠﻤﻊ ﺃﻨﺼﺎﺭ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺇﺩﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻭﺤﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺭﻯ ﺒﺎﺭﺠﻭﺭﻱ ‪(Bergeret,‬‬
‫)‪1981‬ﻭﺃﻝﻔﻨﺴﺘﺎﻴﻥ )‪ (Olivenstie ,1991‬ﺃﻥ ﻤﺸﻜل ﺍﻹﺩﻤﺎﻥ ﻴﺨﺹ ﻜل ﺍﻝﺒﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺫﻫﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﺼﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺤـﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻝﺫﺍ ﺘﻔﺴﺭ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺇﺩﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻀﻭﺀ ﺍﻹﻀﻁﺭﺍﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺘﺭﻱ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻤﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻁﻔﻭﻝﺘﻪ ﺍﻷﻭﻝـﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﻫﻨـﺎ‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺩﻤﺎﻥ ﺘﺭﺠﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻬﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺇﻀﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺒ‪‬ﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻤﻥ ﻭﻭﺍﻝﺩﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺇﻀـﻁﺭﺍﺒﹰﺎ ﻴﺘﻀـﻤﻥ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻁﻔﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻝﺤﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﺭﺍﻫﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻭﺍﻝﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻭﻗﺕ‪ ،‬ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺯﺩﻭﺠﺔ ﺘﻨﻘل ﻝﻠﻤﺨﺩﺭ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺭﻤـﺯﹰﺍ ﻝﻤﻭﻀـﻭﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺏ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ‪) .‬ﺴﻌﺩ ﺯﻏﻠﻭل ﺍﻝﻤﻐﺭﺒﻲ‪(421،408 :1963 ،‬‬

‫ﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻤﻥ ﻴﻘﺒل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭ ﺒﺤﺜﹰﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﺒﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻗﻌـــﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻝﻌﻘﺎﺭ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻭﺴـﻴﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻼﺝ ﺫﺍﺘﻲ ﻴﻠﺠﺄ ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺹ ﻹﺸﺒﺎﻉ ﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﻁﻔﻠﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺸﻌﻭﺭﻴـــﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﻨﺴﻲ ﻤﻀﻁﺭﺏ ﻝﺘﺜﺒﻴـﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﻴﺯﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻔﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﺒﺭ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺘﻪ ﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺜﺒﻴﺕ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ‪ :‬ﺍﻝﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺘﻜﺎﻝﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻹﺤﺒــﺎﻁ‪ ) .‬ﻋﻔﺎﻑ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻌﻡ ‪(08 : 2003،‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﺎﻝﻠﺠـﻭﺀ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻜﺘﺌﺎﺒﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻨﺴﺤﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻨﻁﻭﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺴﻡ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺸﺨﺼـﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤـﺩﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻻ ﻭﺍﻹﻨﻁﻭﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﺇﻨﺒﺴﺎﻁﹰﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﻻ‬
‫ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﻔﺎﻭﺘﺔ ﺘﺘﺤﻭل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺸﻲﺀ ﻤﻐﺎﻴﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻐﺩﻭ ﺍﻹﻜﺘﺌﺎﺒﻴــﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻨﺴﺤﺎﺒﻴــﺔ ﺇﻗﺒﺎ ﹰ‬
‫ﻴﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺠﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻜل ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﺎﻁﻴــﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﻓﺭﺩﻴﺔ ﺘﺭﺠﻊ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻨﻔﺴـﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺯﺍﺠﻴـﺔ ﻤﺘﺒﺎﻴﻨـﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)ﻤﺼﻁﻔﻰ ﺯﻴﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﺏ ﺱ ‪ (21:‬ﻝﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺎﺭﻤﺎﻜﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺔ – ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭ – ﺒﺈﻤﻜﺎﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺍﻝﻨﻤـﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘـﻭﻓﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺎﻹﺩﻤﺎﻥ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻨﻜﻭﺼﹰﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺩﻤﻥ ﻫﻭ ﻓﺭﺩ ﻴﻠﺠﺄ ﻝﻠﻤﺨﺩﺭ ﺒﺴـﺒﺏ ﺼـﻌﻭﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﺭﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻌــﻭﺭ ﺒﻔﻘﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻝﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﻘﻠﻲ ﻝﻠﻤﺩﻤﻥ ﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻨﺭﺠﺴﻴﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﻬﺸﺔ ﻭﺇﻝﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻝﻠﺫﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻓﻨﺠﺩ ﺒﺎﺭﺠﻭﺭﻱ )‪ ( Bergeret‬ﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻤﻨﻴﻥ ﻴﻨﺘﻤﻭﻥ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻁﺒﻴﻌـﺔ‬
‫ﺇﻜﺘﺌﺎﺒﻴﺔ )‪(Bergeret .J, 1990 :166‬‬

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 ‫ﻋـﺩﺩ ‪ 12‬ﺠﻭﺍﻥ ‪2014‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻧﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺑﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺨﺒﺮ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﻝﺘﻘﺎﺀ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻤﺔ ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻨﻭﻋﻬﺎ ﻻ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻌﺎﻁﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻤﺴﻙ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﻭﻓﺭﺕ ﺸﺭﻭﻁ‬
‫ﺘﺘﻤﺜل ﻓﻲ ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﺨﻁﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﻭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻝﻤﺘﻌﺎﻁﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﺒﻪ ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻰ‬
‫ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺘﺜﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻠﺤﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﻭﺍﻨﻴـﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻨﻑ ﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻴﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺭﻀﺎﺀ ﻨﺯﻭﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﻑ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺘﺠﻌل ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﻴﺤﻘﻕ ﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﻨﺭﺠﺴﻲ ﺘﻌﺫﹼﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺭﺒــﺔ ﻤﺒﺭﻤﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺨﻴﺎل ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻤﻥ ﻭﺘﺠﻌﻠﻪ ﺴﻌﻴﺩﹰﺍ ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﻴﻁﻤـﺢ ﺇﻝـﻰ ﺘﺠﺩﻴـﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﻫﻨـﺎ ﺘﺒـﺩﺃ ﺒـﻭﺍﺩﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﻌﻴـﺔ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻅﻬﻭﺭ‪(Bergeret .J., et coll , 1984 : 65).‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻹﻀﻁﺭﺍﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻜﺴﺒﺏ ﻝﻺﺩﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺍﺕ‪:‬‬

‫ﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﻴﺤﻲ ﺍﻝﺭﺨﺎﻭﻱ )‪ (1993‬ﺃﻥ "ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻤﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﺒل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺩﻤﺎﻥ ﺒﺈﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﺇﺠﻬﺎﻀﹰﺎ ﻝﻠﻤﺭﺽ ﻗﺒـل ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜـﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺇﻋﻼﻨﹰﺎ ﻝﻤﺭﺽ ﺒﺩﻴل"‪،‬ﻓﻜﺄﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﻤﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻁﻠﻕ ﻫﻭ ﺒﺩﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻤﺭﻀ‪‬ﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺩ ﺫﺍﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻫﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺽ ﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﻜﺎﺸﺔ ) ‪ ( 1998‬ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻤﻨﻴـــﻥ ﻴﻌﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺭﺽ ﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻝﻘﻠﻕ ﻭﺍﻹﻜﺘﺌﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺤﺎﻭﻝﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻼﺝ ﺃﻨﻔﺴﻬــﻡ ﺒﻌﻴـــﺩﹰﺍ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺫﻫﺎﺏ ﻝﻁﺒﻴﺏ ﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻻ ﻴﺼﻔﻬﻡ ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻝﺠﻨﻭﻥ‪) .‬ﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻓﺎﻴﺩ‪ ،‬ﺏ ﺱ ‪(227 :‬‬

‫ﻭﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﻨﻭﻴﻨﺴﻜﻲ)‪ ( Nowinski,1990‬ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺎﻤل ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﻴﻠﻌﺏ ﺩﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻓـﻲ ﺘﻌـﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﻫﻘﻴـــﻥ‬
‫ﻝﻠﻤــﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺨــﺩﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺘﻤﺜــل ﺃﻋﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻘﻠﻕ‪ ،‬ﺴـﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﺴـﺘﺜﺎﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻬﻴـــﺎﺝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﺭﻕ‪،‬‬
‫ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ‪ ،‬ﺇﻀﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﺇﻀﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﺍﻝﺸﻬﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻌﺎﻁﻲ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﻌﻭﻴﻀﻴﺔ‪) .‬ﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻓﺎﻴﺩ‪ ،‬ﺏ ﺱ ‪(142 :‬‬

‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻁﻠﻕ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻹﻀﻁﺭﺍﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴ‪‬ﻨﻅﺭ ﻝﻬﺎ ﻜﺄﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﻝﻺﺩﻤـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻝﺘﺴﺎﺅل ﺤﻭل ﺍﻹﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺇﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺓ ﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﻤﻌﻘﺩﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤـﺎ ﺃﻨـﻪ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﻨﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﻘﻭل ﺒﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻤﺤﺩ‪‬ﺩﺍﺕ ﺴﻴﻜﻭﺒﺎﺜﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻗﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﻤ‪‬ﻤﻬ‪‬ﺩﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺃﻏﻠﺏ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺎﻹﺩﻤﺎﻥ ﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺇﻀﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﻜﺎﻤﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻹﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻤﺎﻫﻲ ﺇﻻ ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﻤ‪‬ﻬﻴ‪‬ﺌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻝﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﺍﻹﻀﻁﺭﺍﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺸﺎﺫ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﻴﺩ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻨﻅﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺘﻌﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻘﺎﻗﻴﺭ ﻭﺃﺜﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻤﻁ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻝﻴﺱ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻓﻘـﻁ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﻝﻺﻋﺘﻤـﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﻌﻘﺎﻗﻴﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﻝﻭﺤﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﺜﺎل ﻋﺩﻡ ﺇﻗﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻌﺎﻁﻲ ﻋﻘﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺤﺩ‪ ،‬ﺒل ﻴﺘﻌﺎﻁﻭﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻘﺎﻗﻴﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺤﺘﻰ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺯﻋﻡ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺘﻌﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻘﺎﻗﻴﺭ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﻀﻭل ﻭﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺸﻲﺀ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﺸﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺇﻀﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﻤﺯﻤﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺨﺼﻭﺼﹰﺎ ﺍﻹﻀـﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﺍﻝﺴـﻴﻜﻭﺒﺎﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻝﻭﺤﻅ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻏﻠﺏ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺘﻌﺎﻁﻰ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﻘﺎﻗﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻠﻕ ﻭ ﺍﻹﻜﺘﺌﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻝﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺤﺎﺠـــﺯﹰﺍ‬
‫ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻡ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻡ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺭﻓﻀﻭﻨﻪ‪) .‬ﻋﻔﺎﻑ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻌﻡ‪(330 :2003 ،‬‬

‫ﻭﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﺘﻔﺼﻴـــل ﺴﻨﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠــﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1-3‬ﺇﻀﻁﺭﺍﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺇﻀﻁﺭﺍﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺼﻴــــﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﹸﺤﺭ‪‬ﺽ ﺘﻌﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﻤـﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻝﻠﻌﻁﺏ ﻭﺘﻌﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻷﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺘﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺴﺒﻴﻼ ﻝﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻭﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ‪) .‬ﺠﻴﻤﺱ ﻭﻴﻠﻴﺎﻤﺱ‪(162 : 1999 ،‬‬

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 ‫ﻋـﺩﺩ ‪ 12‬ﺠﻭﺍﻥ ‪2014‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻧﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺑﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺨﺒﺮ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻘﺎﻗﻴﺭ ﺘﺘﺴﻡ ﺒﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺴـﻤﺎﺕ ﺴـﺒﺒﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻨﺘﻴﺠـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﺸﺘﻤل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﻭﺍﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﻨﺩﻓﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻜﻭﺒﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﺇﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺫﺍﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﻜﺘﺌﺎﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﻨﻁﻭﺍﺌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻴﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﺒﻌﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﻤﺎﻥ ﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻔﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻀﻁﺭﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﻴل ﺃﻜﺜـﺭ‬
‫ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻹﺩﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴ‪‬ﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺘﺒﻌﺎ ﻝﺫﻝﻙ ﻋﺭﻀﺎ ﻝﻌﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻡ ﻝﻠﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴ‪‬ﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺒـﺭ ﺒﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺇﻀﻁﺭﺍﺒﻬﺎ‪) .‬ﺴﻌﺩ ﺠﻼل‪(125 : 1985 ،‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻤﻥ ﻴﺸﻴﺭ )ﻋﺎﺩل ﺼﺎﺩﻕ‪ ( 1986 ،‬ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﻭﺩ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻝﻤـﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺨـﺩﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻨﺸﻁﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺇﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﺭﺒﻊ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ – ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻜﺘﺌﺎﺒﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺼﺎﺤﺏ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻫﻭ ﺇﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﻤﻴل ﻓﻲ ﻤﺯﺍﺠﻪ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻡ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻹﺤﺴـﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﻤﺴـﺘﻤﺭ ﺒـﺎﻝﺤﺯﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﻓﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺹ ﻤﻌﺭﺽ ﻝﻨﻭﺒﺎﺕ ﺤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺒﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴــﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﺤﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﻱ ﺒﺎﻹﻜﺘﺌﺎﺏ ﻝﻌـﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺃﻴﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻗﺩ ﻴﻘﺎﻭﻤﻬﺎ ﺒﺈﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺸﻁﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﺘﻘﻁﻊ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﻘﻭﺩﻩ ﺴﻭﺀ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻝﻤﺜل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤـﻭﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﻭﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺩﻤﺎﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﻻ ﺴﻠﻭﻯ ﻝﻪ ﺇﻻ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺭﻓﻊ ﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺎﺘﻪ ﻭﺘﺠﻠﺏ ﻝﻪ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﺴـﺭﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻔﺘﻘﺩﻩ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺩﺍﺌﻡ‪) .‬ﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻓﺎﻴﺩ‪ ،‬ﺏ ﺱ‪(131:‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻹﻜﺘﺌﺎﺏ ﻴ‪‬ﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺴﻤﺔ ﻤﻤﻴﺯﺓ ﻝﻤﺩﻤﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻹﻜﺘﺌﺎﺏ ﻤﻼﺯﻤﹰﺎ ﻝﻠﻔﺭﺩ ﻗﺒل ﺘﻌﺭﻀﻪ ﻝﺨﺒﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺩﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻨﺎﺘﺠﹰﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺩﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻨﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻴﺄﺱ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﻠﻕ ﻤـﻊ ﻭﺠـﻭﺩ ﻋﺠـﺯ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﻗﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﺃﻜﺩﺘﻪ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺴﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻐﺭﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺭﻭﻕ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﻼﻡ‪ ،‬ﺭﺸﺎﺩ ﻜﻔﺎﻓﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﻜل ﻤـﻥ ﻓﻭﺠـل‬
‫)‪ ( vogel‬ﻭﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻨﻴﺴﻭﺍﻨﺩﺭ)‪ (Mary Nyswander‬ﻭﺩﻴﻬل )‪ ( Dihell‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻭﺼـﻔﻭﺍ ﺸﺨﺼـﻴﺔ ﻤـﺩﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺨـﺩﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻹﻨﻬﺒﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻜﺘﺌﺎﺏ ﻭﻀﻌﻑ ﺍﻹﺭﺍﺩﺓ‪) .‬ﻋﻔﺎﻑ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻌﻡ‪(335 :2003 ،‬‬

‫ﺏ – ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺼﺎﻤﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺼﺎﺤﺏ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻴﺘﺴﻡ ﺒﺎﻝﺨﺠل ﻭﺍﻹﻨﻁﻭﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﻔﻀل ﺍﻝﻌﺯﻝﺔ ﻭﻴﻬﺭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﻪ‬
‫ﻻ ﻴﻘﻭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺭﺃﻴﻪ ﻓﻴﺸﻌﺭ ﺒﺈﻀﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﺸﺩﻴﺩ ﺤﻴﻥ ﻴﻀﻁﺭ ﻝﻠﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺇﻀـﻁﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗـﺩ‬
‫ﻴﻜﺘﺸﻑ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺓ ﺘﹸﺯﻴل ﺨﺠﻠﻪ ﻭﺘﹸﻠﻐﻲ ﺘﻭﺘﺭﻩ ﻭﺘﹸﻁﻠﻕ ﻝﺴﺎﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻬﺩﺉ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺯﻉ ﻗﻠﺒﻪ ﻓﻴﺴـﺘﻁﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺱ ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻝﺔ ﻭﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺨﺠل‪.‬‬

‫ﺝ – ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺭﻭﺒﺔ‪ :‬ﻫﻲ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻴﺘﺴﻡ ﺼﺎﺤﺒﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻘﻠﻕ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺌﻡ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻱ ﺴﺒﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ ﻀﻐﻭﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺠﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺃﻤﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺸﻲﺀ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺤﺩ ﺍﻹﺭﻫﺎﻕ ﻝﻨﻔﺴﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻭ ﻴﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻋﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﻠﻕ ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻤﻊ ﺴـﻬﻭﻝﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺴﺘﺜﺎﺭﺓ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﻨﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﻭﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻨﺎﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻜﺘﺸﻑ ﺃﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺨــﺩﺭﺓ ﺘﺯﻴل ﻜل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺘﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺘﺠﻌﻠﻪ ﻫﺎﺩﺌﹰﺎ ﺒﺎﺭﺩﹰﺍ ﻤﺴﺘﺭﺨﻴﹰﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻼ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺩ – ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻜﻭﺒﺎﺘﻴﺔ‪ /‬ﺍﻝﻤﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﻝﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪ :‬ﻴﺘﺴﻡ ﺼﺎﺤﺒﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻌﺩﻭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻨﻑ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺃﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺼـﻐﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻁﻔـ ﹰ‬
‫ﺃﻋﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﻫﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺘﺒﺩﻭ ﻤﻼﻤﺤﻬﺎ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺍﻝﺼﻐﺭ ﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺴﻌﻰ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻠﺫﺓ ﺍﻝﺴﺭﻴﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻝﺫﺍ ﻨﺠــــﺩ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺼﺎﺤﺒﻬﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﻭﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻴﺩﻤﻥ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺸﻁﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﺘﻌﺎﻁﻰ ﻭﻴﺩﻓﻊ ﻏﻴـﺭﻩ ﻝﻠﺘﻌـﺎﻁﻲ‪) .‬ﺤﺴـﻴﻥ ﻓﺎﻴـﺩ‪ ،‬ﺏ‬
‫ﺱ‪(134:‬‬
‫ﻓﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻜﻭﺒﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﻫﻭ ﻋﺭﺽ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻤﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﻜﺩ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺃﺒﺤﺎﺙ ﻤﺜل ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬
‫ﺠﻥ ﺴﻤﻴﺙ ) ‪ ،( Gen Smith‬ﻨﺎﻴﺕ ) ‪ ، ( Knight‬ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺇﻴﺴـﺘﻭﻥ )‪ ( Easton‬ﺤﻴـﺙ ﺃﻜـﺩﻭﺍ ﺠﻤﻴﻌـﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻤـﺩﻤﻨﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﺸﻴﻊ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺤﺭﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻜﻭﺒﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻨﻭﺍ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺴﻴﻜﻭﺒﺎﺘﻴﺔ‪) .‬ﻋﻔﺎﻑ ﻤﺤﻤـﺩ ﻋﺒـﺩ ﺍﻝﻤـﻨﻌﻡ‪،‬‬
‫‪(335 : 2003‬‬

‫‪197‬‬
 ‫ﻋـﺩﺩ ‪ 12‬ﺠﻭﺍﻥ ‪2014‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻧﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺑﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺨﺒﺮ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻓﺎﻝﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻜﻭﺒﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﺘﻬﻴﺊ ﻤﺴﺒﻘﹰﺎ ﻝﻺﺩﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻤﻨﻴﻥ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﻝﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻴﺒﺩﺅﻭﻥ ﺘﻌﺎﻁﻴﻬﻡ‬
‫ﻝﻠﻤﺨﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺸﺒﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻴﻨﺘﻜﺴﻭﻥ ﺴﺭﻴﻌﹰﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻹﻨﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺎﻁﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻝﺩﻴﻬﻡ ﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﻋﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻭﻤﺴﻴﺭﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ‪(Pierre .A et al , 2000 : 154) .‬‬
‫ﻨﻀﻴﻑ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﺜﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺩ‪‬ﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻔﺌﺔ ﻝﺩﻴﻬﺎ ﺨﻁﺭ ﺴﻴﻜﺎﺘﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻝﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺇﻜﺘﺌﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﺘﻠﺠﺄ ﻝﻠﻤﺨﺩﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺨﻁﺭ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺤﺎﺭ ﻴﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ ﺒﺸﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻴﻀـﺎ‬
‫ﻨﺠﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﺭﺠﺴﻴﺔ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺩﻓﻊ ﺒﺎﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺘﻌﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻤﻨﻬـﺎ ﺍﻝﻜﻭﻜﺎﺌﻴـــﻥ‪(Pierre .A et al , .‬‬
‫)‪2000 : 155‬‬

‫‪-2-3‬ﺇﻀﻁﺭﺍﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺯﺍﺝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻘﻠﻕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻬﺴﺘﻴﺭﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻹﻜﺘﺌﺎﺏ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻹﻀﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﻘﻠﻲ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﺇﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﺎ ﺒﺎﻹﺩﻤﺎﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻭﺃﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩ ﻝﻠﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻨﺩ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﻓﻌﻠﻲ ﺒـﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﻠـﻕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﻜﺘﺌﺎﺏ ﻭﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﺍﻝﻜﺤﻭل ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻹﻜﺘﺌﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﻤﺎﻥ ﻴﺘﺒﺎﺩﻻﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺃﺤـﺩﻫﻤﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻵﺨـﺭ ﻷﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻜﺘﺌﺎﺏ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺴﺒﻕ‪ ،‬ﻴﺘﺭﺍﻓﻕ ﺃﻭ ﻴﻌﻘﺏ ﺘﻌﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺨﻴﺼﻴــﺔ ﻝﻠﺤﺎﻝــﺔ ﺍﻹﻜﺘﺌﺎﺒﻴـﺔ ﺘﺘﺴﻡ ﺒـﺎﻷﺭﻕ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻭﻫﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻘﻠﻕ‪ ،‬ﺇﻨﻌﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻹﺭﺍﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺴﻠﻭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﻑ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﺩﻭﺍﻨﻴﺔ‪....‬‬
‫ﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﻀﻁﺭﺍﺒﺎﺕ ﺘــﺩﻓﻊ ﺒﺎﻝﺸﺨﺹ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺨــﺩﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺒﺤﺜﹰﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺸﻭﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﻐﺒﻁﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺭﺍﺤﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ‬
‫ﻭﻝﻭ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻭﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﻀﻁﺭﺍﺒﺎﺕ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﺒﺈﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺸﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻴﻌﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻨﺎﺫﺭ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺱ ﺍﻹﻜﺘﺌﺎﺒﻲ ﺒﻐﺭﺽ ﺘﻌﻅﻴﻡ ﻭﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻹﺒﺘﻬﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻝﻐﺒﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺭﺍﻓﻕ ﻤﻊ ﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻔﺘـﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤـﺎ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺇﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺩ‪‬ﻝﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺯﺍﺝ ﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺩﻓﻊ ﺒﺎﻝﺸﺨﺹ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻹﺩﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻴﻌـﺎﻝﺠﻭﻥ ﻗﻠﻘﻬـﻡ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﻜﺤﻭل‪ ،‬ﺒﺎﻷﺩﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﻝﻠﻘﻠﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﻴ‪‬ﺒﻴ‪‬ﻨﻭﻥ ﺇﻀﻁﺭﺍﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﻠﻕ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻫﺠﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺭﺘﻌﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻓﻭﺒﻴﺎ ﺇﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﻠﻕ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﺼﺩﻤﺔ) ‪ (P.T.S.D‬ﺍﻝﻠﺠﻭﺀ ﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﻐﺭﺽ ﻋـﻼﺝ‬
‫ﺫﺍﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺜﻴﺭ ﻭﺒﺎﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﺨﻔﺽ ﻷﻋﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻝﻘﻠﻕ‪ ،‬ﻝﻜﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺨﻠﻕ ﺘﺒﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﺎﺭﻤﺎﻜﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﺨﻁﺭﻫﺎ ﻴﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺜﺎﻨﻭﻴ‪‬ﺎ‬
‫)‪(Denis Richard et Al , 2000 : 154,155‬‬

‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﺸﺎﺭﺕ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺸﻴﻭﻉ ﺍﻹﻀﻁﺭﺍﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﻭﺠﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻝﺩﻯ ﻤﺩﻤﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤـﻥ ﻫـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺴﻌﺩ ﺯﻏﻠﻭل ﺍﻝﻤﻐﺭﺒﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﺃﻭﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﺎﻁﻴﻥ ﻝﻠﺤﺸﻴﺵ ﻗﺩ ﺤﺼﻠﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻋﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻬﻴﺴﺘﻴﺭﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻓﺎﺭﻭﻕ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﻼﻡ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺃﻜﹼﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻜﻭﺒﺎﺘﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻴﻭل ﺍﻝﻌﺼـﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻝـﺩﻯ‬
‫ﻤﺩﻤﻨﻲ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻭﻫﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺽ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺤﺜﺔ ﻋﻔﺎﻑ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻌﻡ ﻫﻭ ﺴﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻤﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘـﺩ‬
‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻌـــﺭﺽ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﹰﺍ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻹﺩﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻝﻀﻌﻑ ﺍﻷﻨﺎ ﻭﻨﻘﺹ ﺍﻝﻨﻀﺞ ﻴﻠﺠﺄ ﺍﻝﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﻝﻠﻤﺨﺩﺭ ﻜﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﻝﻠﻘﻀـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻵﻻﻡ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻘﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﻤﺎﻥ ﻝﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﺎﻨﻭﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻋﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺤﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻐـﺎﻝﻭﻥ ﻓـﻲ ﻭﺼـﻑ ﻫـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﺭﺍﺽ ﻝﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﻤﺜﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺭ ﻝﻌﻭﺩﺘﻬﻡ ﻝﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺘﻌﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺍﺕ ‪) .‬ﻋﻔﺎﻑ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻌﻡ ‪(76 : 2003 ،‬‬

‫‪ – 3-3‬ﺍﻝﻔﺼــــﺎﻡ‪ :‬ﺍﻝﺘﻼﺯﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﺼﺎﻡ ﻭﺘﻌﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻴﻁﺭﺡ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﺎﺅل ﺤﻭل ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗـﺔ ﺍﻝﺴـﺒﺒﻴﺔ ﺒـﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻀﻁﺭﺍﺒﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻝﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺘﹸﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺭﻀﻰ ﺍﻝﻔﺼﺎﻡ ﻴﻠﺠﺄﻭﻥ ﻝﻠﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻝﺫﺍﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺘﻤﻴﺯﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺭﻁ ﻝﻠﻘﻨـﺏ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻬﻴﺭﻭﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻔﻴﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻬﺫﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻬﻼﻭﺱ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺠﺯﻴﺔ ﻝﺩﻴﻬﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﻜـﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺘﻘﻨﻊ ﺒﻤﻨﺸﻁ ﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺘﻬﻴﺞ ﺒﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺨﺩﺭﺓ )ﻜﻭﻜﺎﻴﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﻤﻔﻴﺘﺎﻤﻴﻥ (‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﻘﻨﻊ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺜﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﺍﻝﺫﻫﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(Pierre Angele et al, 2000 :155,156‬‬

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 ‫ﻋـﺩﺩ ‪ 12‬ﺠﻭﺍﻥ ‪2014‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻧﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺑﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺨﺒﺮ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻹﻀﻁﺭﺍﺒﺎﺕ ﺘﺴﺒﺒﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻌﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻋـﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﻜﺘﺌـﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺇﻀـﻁﺭﺍﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻔﺼﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺇﻀﻁﺭﺍﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﻠﻕ ﻭﺇﻀﻁﺭﺍﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺭﺃﻱ ﺨﻨﺘﺯﻴﺎﻥ )‪ (1985‬ﺃﻥ ﺇﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻘﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ‬
‫ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺒﻨﺎﺀﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺩﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻀﺒﻁ ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺠﺩﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻤﻨﻴﻥ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻘﺎﻗﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺸﻁﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻜﺘﺌﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﻀﺠﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺨﻭﻑ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﺩﺌﺎﺕ ﻝﻌﻼﺝ ﺃﺨﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻐﻀﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻬﻴﺎﺝ )ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻝﺴـﻴﺩ ﻋﺒـﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺭﺤﻤﻥ‪(68 :1999 ،‬‬

‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻭل ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺎﺤﺔ ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻏﺎﻝﺒﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﺒﻕ ﺴﻭﺀ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺓ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ‬
‫ﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﻻ ﺇﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﻜﺘﺌﺎﺏ ﻏﺎﻝﺒﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﺒﻕ ﻭﻴﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻭﻗﺕ ﺫﺍﺘﻪ ﺴﻭﺀ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺘﺎﺭﻜـﺎ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺍﻝﺴـﺒﺒﻲ ﻏﻴـﺭ‬
‫ﻤﺤﺩﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﺤﺎل ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻹﻀﻁﺭﺍﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻡ ﻭﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻝﻔﺼﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻤـﺎﺀ ﻤﺜـل ﺸـﻴﺭ‬
‫ﻻ ﺃﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﻤﻨﺎﻥ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺘﻠﻌـﺏ ﺩﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺘﺭﻭل )‪ ( Sher et Trull‬ﻴﺭﻓﻀﻭﻥ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻤﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇ ﹼ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺼﺎﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻹﺩﻤﺎﻥ‪) .‬ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﺭﺤﻤﻥ‪(71،70 :1999 ،‬‬

‫‪ -4‬ﺍﻹﻀﻁﺭﺍﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺍﺕ‪:‬‬

‫‪-1-4‬ﺍﻹﻀﻁﺭﺍﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻝﻺﺩﻤﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﻀﻁﺭﺍﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺸﺩﺘﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻝﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺸﺘﺭﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺭﺠﻌﻬــﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺴﻭﺀ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻋﻘﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻋﻘﺎﻗﻴﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺘﻤﺜل ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻹﻀﻁﺭﺍﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻤـﺎ ﻴﻠــﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺍﻹﻀﻁﺭﺍﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻜﺘﺌﺎﺒﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺙ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻹﺩﻤﺎﻥ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻗﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺴﻭﺀ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﻘﺎﻗﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻹﻜﺘﺌﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴ‪‬ﻌـﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻜﺘﺌﺎﺏ ﺸﻜﻭﻯ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﻝﺩﻯ ﻫﺅﻻﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻀﻰ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻌﺘﻨﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻠﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻴﻭﻥ ﻗﻭل ﺴﻴﻤل )‪ (Simmel‬ﺒﺄﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺡ ﻫﻭ ﻀـﺭﺏ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺱ ) ‪ ، ( Hipomania‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺭﺡ ﺍﻹﺩﻤﺎﻥ ﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﺯﻡ ﺩﻓﺎﻋـﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﻐﻠﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻜﺘﺌﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺨﻠﺹ‬
‫ﻤﻨﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺩ ﺩﻋﻤﺕ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻤﺒﺭﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺃﻗﺭﻩ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺙ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭﻱ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻗﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺘﻌﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻘﺎﻗﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻹﻜﺘﺌـﺎﺏ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﻭﺼل ﺍﻝﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ ﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻓﺎﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺘﻴﻥ ﻝﻪ )‪ (1994 ، 1992‬ﺇﻝﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻗــﺔ ﺠﻭﻫﺭﻴـــــﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻹﻜﺘﺌﺎﺏ‬
‫ﻭﺴﻭﺀ ﺇﺴﺘﺨـﺩﺍﻡ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻬﻴﺭﻭﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﺤﺸﻴﺵ‪،‬ﺍﻝﻜﺤﻭﻝﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺭﺒﻴﺘﻴﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻤﻔﻴﺘﺎﻤﻴﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺇﻀﻁﺭﺍﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﻠﻕ‪ :‬ﻴﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻁﻭﺍ ﺍﻝﻌﻘﺎﻗﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻋﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻝﻘﻠﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﺭﺠﻊ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻋﺭﺍﺽ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺴـﻤﻡ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺤﺎﻝـﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺤـﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻝﻤﺭﻀﻰ ﺒﺈﻀﻁﺭﺍﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﻠﻕ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺼﺒﺤﻭﺍ ﻤﻌﺘﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻘﺎﻗﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻭﻤﺔ ﻜﺎﻝﺒﺎﺭﺒﻴﺘﻴﻭﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻀﻊ‬
‫ﻫﺅﻻﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻀﻰ ﻗﻀﺎﻴﺎ ﺘﺸﺨﻴﺼﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﻘﺩﺓ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﻘﻠـــﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﺒﻭﻝﻭ ) ‪ ( BOLO ,1991‬ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺇﻀﻁﺭﺍﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺫﻋﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺨﻭﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺴﻌــﺔ ﺸﺎﺌﻊ ﻝﺩﻯ ﻤﺩﻤﻨﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻜﺤﻭل‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻠﻕ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻭﺘﺭ‪ ،‬ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺇﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻜﺤﻭل ﻜﻌﻼﺝ ﺫﺍﺘـﻲ ﻝﻬـﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻘﻠﻕ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻭﻀﺢ ﻤﻴﻠﺭ )‪ (Miller,1991‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻜﺤﻭﻝﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺩ ﻴﺸﻤل ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﻠﻕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﻜﺘﺌﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﺘﻬـﻴﺞ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﺭﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﻤﻡ ﺒﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﻭﻜﺎﻴﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻤﻔﻴﺘﺎﻤﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺎﺭﻴﺠﻭﺍﻨﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻋﺭﺍﺽ ﻗﻠﻕ ﻭﺫﻋﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺘﻤﺜل‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻋﺭﺍﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺨﻔﻘﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻠﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﺩﻴـﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻌﺭﻕ ﻭﺸﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻊ ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺤﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺨﻴﺼﻲ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺒﻊ )‪ (DSM IV,1994‬ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﻋﻥ ﺘﻌﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻷﻤﻔﻴﺘﺎﻤﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﺎﻁﺎﺓ ﻴﺘﺒﻊ ﺒﻤﺯﺍﺝ ﻗﻠﻕ ﻜﺎﻹﻜﺘﺌﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﻨﻔﻌﺎل ﺍﻝﻬﻴﺎﺠﻲ ﻤﻊ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺃﺭﻕ ﺸﺩﻴﺩ ﻭﻫﻴﺎﺝ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺤﺭﻜﻲ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻋـﺩﺩ ‪ 12‬ﺠﻭﺍﻥ ‪2014‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻧﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺑﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺨﺒﺮ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻭﺼل ﺍﻝﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ ﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻓﺎﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻝﻪ )‪ (1994‬ﺇﻝﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺃﻋﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻝﻘﻠﻕ ﻝﺩﻯ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻁﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺤﻭﻝﻴﺎﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺭﺒﻴﺘﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻤﻔﻴﺘﺎﻤﻴﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﺇﻀﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﺍﻝﻭﺴﻭﺍﺱ ﺍﻝﻘﻬﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻀﻰ ﺒﺈﻀﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﺍﻝﻭﺴﻭﺍﺱ ﺍﻝﻘﻬﺭﻱ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻝﺩﻴﻬﻡ ﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺘـﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﺈﺩﻤـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻘﺎﻗﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻜﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻭﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺜﺒﻁﺔ ﻝﻠﺠﻬــﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺒــﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﻋﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻝﻭﺴﻭﺍﺱ ﺍﻝﻘﻬـﺭﻱ ﺸﺎﺌﻌـــﺔ ﻝـﺩﻯ‬
‫ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺭﺒﻴﺘﻴﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﻤﻡ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﺠﺭﻨﺴﺒﻭﻥ ﻭﺒﺎﻜﺎﻻﺭ ‪ ( Grinspon et Bakalar ,1988‬ﺇﻝﻰ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺘﺴﻤﻡ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺭﺒﻴﺘﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ‪ ،‬ﻀﻌﻑ ﺍﻝﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﻭﺒﻁﺀ ﺍﻝﻔﻬﻡ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺫﻫﺏ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﺤﻤﺎﺩﺓ ) ‪( 1990‬‬
‫ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻘﻭل ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺭﺒﻴﺘﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺇﻀﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻝﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﻤﻊ ﺇﻀﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﺍﻝﺤﻜﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴـﺅﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺇﻝﻰ ﻓﺸل ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﺎﻁﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻤﺴﺅﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻹﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻋﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻝﻭﺴﻭﺍﺱ ﺍﻝﻘﻬﺭﻱ ﺴﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﻝﺩﻯ ﻤﺩﻤﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﻜﺤﻭل‪ ،‬ﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻴﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻁﻭﺍ ﺍﻷﻤﻔﻴﺘﺎﻤﻴﻥ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻋﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻝﻭﺴﻭﺍﺱ ﺍﻝﻘﻬﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺘﻌﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﻔﻴﺘﺎﻤﻴﻥ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻨﻤﻁ ﺫﻫﺎﻨﻲ ﻴﺘﻤﺜل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻀـﻁﺭﺍﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴــﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻅﻡ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻹﺠﺒﺎﺭﻱ ﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺩﻭﻥ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻭﺼﻠــﺕ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﻴﻘﻴـــﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ‬
‫ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺃﻋﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻝﻭﺴﻭﺍﺱ ﺍﻝﻘﻬـﺭﻱ ﻝﺩﻯ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻁﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺤﻭﻝﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺭﺒﻴﺘﻴﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻤﻔﻴﺘﺎﻤﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩ‪ -‬ﺍﻹﻀﻁﺭﺍﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺫﻫﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻗﺩ ﺘﺭﺠﻊ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻋﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻝﺫﻫﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﻤﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼـﺔ ﺒﺘﻌـﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻝﻤـﻭﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻌﺎﻁﻲ ﺠﺭﻋﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺸﻁﺎﺕ ﻜﺎﻷﻤﻔﻴﺘﺎﻤﻴﻥ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻨﻤﻁ ﺫﻫﺎﻨﻲ ﻴﺘﻤﺜـل ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻹﻀـﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴـﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﻬﻠﻭﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺇﻀﻁﺭﺍﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﻤﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺯﻤﻥ ﺤﺴـﺏ ﻜﻴﺘـﻲ‬
‫ﻭﻤﺎﺘﻴﺱ) ‪ ( Kety et Mathyss , 1998‬ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺫﻫﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺭﺍﻨﻭﻴﺩﻱ ‪،‬ﺍﻝﻬﺫﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻬﻴـﺎﺝ‪ ،‬ﺘﺸـﻭﺵ ﺍﻝـﻭﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﻀـﻼﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻀﻁﻬﺎﺩﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻝﺴﻭﺀ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺜﺒﻁﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻋﺭﺍﺽ ﺫﻫﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺸﺩﻴﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺩﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺤﻭل ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻝـﻰ ﻤﻀـﺎﻋﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻋﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ ﺘﺩﻫﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﺘﻴﺎﻥ ﺒﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺸﺎﺫ ﻤﻀﺎﺩ ﻝﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻤﻊ ﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺫﻫﺎﻥ ﺇﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝـﺔ ﺤـﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺜـل ﺤﺎﻝـﺔ‬
‫ﻜﻭﺭﺴﺎﻜﻭﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻬﺫﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺭﺍﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻀﻁﻬﺎﺩﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﻜﺎﺸﺔ) ‪.( 1998‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻴـﺭﻯ ﻜـل ﻤـﻥ ﺠﺭﺍﻨﺴـﺒﻭﻥ ﻭﺒﺎﻜـﺎﻻﺭ ) ‪ ( Grinspon et Bakalar ,1988‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺴـﻤﻡ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﺒﺎﺭﺒﻴﺘﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻋﺭﺍﺽ ﺫﻫﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﻤﺜل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﻭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻴل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﺠﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺭﺍﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻬﺫﻴﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﺭﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺨﻴﺼﻲ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺒﻊ ) ‪ ( DSM IV,1994‬ﺒﺄﻥ ﺘﻌﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻠﻭﺴﺎﺕ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺒﻌـﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻝﺫﻫﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺭﺍﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻨﺴﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻹﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺅﻜﺩ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﻜﺎﺸﺔ) ‪ ( 1998‬ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻠﻭﺴﺎﺕ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻋﻘﺎﺭ ﺍﻝــــ ‪ L.S.D‬ﻴــﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻝـﻰ ﺃﻋـﺭﺍﺽ‬
‫ﻫﻭﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻜﺘﺌﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺼﺎﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻤﺯﻴﺠﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻝﺜﻼﺜﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻠﻭﺴـﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﻌﻘﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻥ ﻴﺤﻤﻠﻭﻥ ﺇﺴﺘﻌﺩﺍﺩﹰﺍ ﻭﺭﺍﺜﻴﹰﺎ ﻝﻠﻔﺼﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻹﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴــــﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻗﺩ ﺘﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻔﺼﺢ ﺇﺴﺘﻌﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺽ ﻋﻥ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻤﺒﻜﺭﹰﺍ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻗﺩ ﺘﺭﺴﺏ ﻤﺭﻀﹰﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻅل ﺨﺎﻤﺩﹰﺍ ﻝﻭﻻ ﺘﻌﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻘﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻗﺩ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺒﺎﻝﺸﺨﺹ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﻜﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺭﺽ ﻋﻘﻠﻲ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺃُﺼﻴﺏ ﺒﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺸﹸﻔﻲ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻭﺼل ﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻓﺎﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺘﻴﻥ ﻝﻪ ) ‪ ( 1994 ،1992‬ﺇﻝﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺃﻋﺭﺍﺽ ﺫﻫﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻝﺩﻯ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻁﻲ ﻜـل ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻬﻴﺭﻭﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﺤﺸﻴﺵ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻜﺤﻭﻝﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺭﺒﻴﺘﻴﻭﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﻤﻔﻴﺘﺎﻤﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺨﻴﺼﻲ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺒﻊ ) ‪ ( DSM IV,1994‬ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﺘﺸﺨﻴﺹ ﺍﻹﻀﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﺍﻝـﺫﻫﺎﻨﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻨﻔﺴﻴﹰﺎ ﻭﺒﻴ‪‬ﻥ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻀﻡ ﻫﻠﻭﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﺫﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺒﺎﺭﺯﺓ‪) .‬ﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻓﺎﻴﺩ‪ ،‬ﺏ ﺱ‪(236 :‬‬

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 ‫ﻋـﺩﺩ ‪ 12‬ﺠﻭﺍﻥ ‪2014‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻧﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺑﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺨﺒﺮ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺩﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻭﻫﺎﻡ ﻤﺭﻀﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻝﻭﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺩﻤﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﻭﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻜﻼ ﺍﻝﺠﻨﺴﻴﻥ ﻫﻡ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻏﻴﺭﻫﻡ ﻋﺭﻀﺔ ﻝﻸﻭﻫﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﻴﺯﺓ ﻝﻠﺒﺎﺭﺍﻨﻭﻴﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻀﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﺍﻝﻀـﻼﻝﻲ‬
‫ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻝﻠﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻝﻸﻤﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻭﻫﺎﻡ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﻭﻫﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻀﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻷﻭﻫﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺠﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺠﻨﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﻭﻫﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﻅﻤﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻹﻀﻁﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻀﻲ‪) .‬ﻋﺯ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻥ ﺠﻤﻴل ﻋﻁﻴﺔ‪(57 : 2003 ،‬‬

‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻭل ﺃﺨﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺍﻹﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﺒﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻹﻀﻁﺭﺍﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻴــﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﺇﻀﻁﺭﺍﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﻨﻔﺔ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﺈﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻹﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺅﺨﺫ‬
‫ﻜﺄﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﺃﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺜﺎﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﻝﺘﻌﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﺎﻤل ﺨﻁﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻭﺍﻗﺏ ﻝﻺﺩﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻷﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺘﻌﺎﻁﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻴ‪‬ﻤﺜل ﻤﺤﺎﻭﻝﺔ ﻋﻼﺝ ﺫﺍﺘﻲ ﻹﻀﻁﺭﺍﺒﺎﺕ ﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻜﺈﻀﻁﺭﺍﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﻠﻕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝـﺫﻫﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﻜﺘﺌـﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﻀـﻁﺭﺍﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﻴﺔ‪ ....‬ﻝﺫﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺘﻌﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺃﺜﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﺒﻤﻨﻅﺎﺭ ﺃﻭﺴﻊ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺒﺴـﺒﺏ‬
‫ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﻭ‪‬ﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﺸﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﻤﺎﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻨﺎﺘﺠﹰﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺇﻀﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﻤﺯﻤﻥ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺼـﻴﺔ ﺨﺎﺼـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻀﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻜﻭﺒﺎﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺎﻝﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﻤﺎﻥ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺇﺨﺘﻼﻻﺕ ﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻭﻴﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﺸﺩ ﻅﻬﻭﺭﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻝﺫﺍ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺘﻜﺜﻴـﻑ‬
‫ﻻ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻬﻤﻴﺸﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻌﺎﻗﺒﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻔﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﻝﺭﻋﺎﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺩ ﹰ‬

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 ‫ﻋـﺩﺩ ‪ 12‬ﺠﻭﺍﻥ ‪2014‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻧﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺑﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺨﺒﺮ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺘﻤﺩﺓ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺠﻴﻤﺱ ﻭﻴﻠﻴﺎﻤﺱ‪ ،‬ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺩ‪.‬ﻁﺎﺭﻕ ﺒﻥ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺏ‪ " ،‬ﺍﻝﻁﺏ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺴﻁ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻨﺸﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻁﺎﺒﻊ‪ ،‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻠـﻙ ﺴـﻌﻭﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺭﻴﺎﺽ‪1999 ،‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺴﻌﺩ ﺠﻼل‪ " ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻤﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻨﺤﺭﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻭﻜﻴﺔ" ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﻜﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ‪1985 ،‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺴﻌﺩ ﺯﻏﻠﻭل ﺍﻝﻤﻐﺭﺒﻲ‪ " ،‬ﺘﻌﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﺸﻴﺵ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺇﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ" ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺭﻑ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ‪1963 ،‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺸﻴﻠﺩﻭﻥ ﻜﺎﺸﺩﺍﻥ ‪ " ،‬ﻋﻠﻡ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﺸﻭﺍﺫ" ‪ ،‬ﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺒﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭ ‪ ،‬ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺴﻨﺔ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻋﺎﺩل ﺍﻝﺩﻤﺭﺩﺍﺵ‪ " ،‬ﺍﻹﺩﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭﻩ ﻭﻋﻼﺠﻪ"‪ ،‬ﻤﻁﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻹﻨﻤﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻜﻭﻴﺕ‪1982 ،‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻋﺯ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻥ ﺠﻤﻴل ﻋﻁﻴﺔ‪ " ،‬ﺍﻷﻭﻫﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻀﻼﻻﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ " ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﻝﻡ ﺍﻝﻜﺘـﺏ ﻝﻠﻨﺸـﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻭﺯﻴــــــﻊ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻁ ‪2003 ،1‬‬
‫ﻋﻔﺎﻑ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻌﻡ‪ " ،‬ﺍﻹﺩﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻷﺴﺒﺎﺒﻪ ﻭﻨﺘﺎﺌﺠﻪ" ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻨﺩﺭﻴﺔ‪2003،‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﻤﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻴﺒﺎﻨﻲ‪" ،‬ﺍﻷﺴﺱ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﻭﻴﺔ ﻝﺭﻋﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﺒﺎﺏ" ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻜﺘﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺴﻨﺔ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺒﺎﺭ‪ " ،‬ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﺭ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻫﻡ" ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻘﻠﻡ‪ ،‬ﺩﻤﺸﻕ‪1988 ،‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺤﻤﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﺎﺭ‪ " ،‬ﺍﻝﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻝﻺﺩﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺅﺜﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ" ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜـﺯ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒـﻲ ﻝﻠﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻤﻨﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﺭﻴﺎﺽ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ‪1992 ،‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﺭﺤﻤﺎﻥ‪ " ،‬ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ " ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﻗﺒﺎﺀ ﻝﻠﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺸﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ‪1999 ،‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻤﺼﻁﻔﻰ ﺯﻴﻭﺭ‪ " ،‬ﺘﻌﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﺸﻴﺵ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ " ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﻤﻲ ﻝﻠﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﻹﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺴﻨﺔ‬

‫‪- Bergeret .J., et coll , "Precis des toxicomanies ", Masson . paris, 1984‬‬
‫‪- BERGERET.j, "Les toxicomanes parmis les autres", Odil Jacob, paris, 1990‬‬
‫‪- Denis Richard et Al, " Toscicomannies ", Masson, paris, 2000‬‬
‫‪- Pierre .A et al , "Toxicomanies" , Masson, paris, 2000 .‬‬

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