GDT Notes

GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING &
TOLERANCING
By: Ng Yew Seong

At: MK PRECISION CASTING (M) SDN. BHD.
Lot No. 6033, Jalan Kasawari, Batu 9, Off Jalan Kebun Baru,
42500 Telok Panglima Garang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
On: 22 and 23 December 2016
Pre-Test
Contain of 30 Objective Questions
For 30 minutes
Please Write Down Your Personal Information in

Your Test Paper and Submit once Completed
Answers.
Please Be Silent, Thank you

GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING
GD&T stands for Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing
Geometric
Referring to the shape and location.
Dimensioning
Providing a clear and complete description of an object.
Tolerancing
Setting the total amount a specific dimension is permitted to vary.
The Geometric Dimensioning and Toleracing is a communication tool that

completely defines an object by given maximum tolerance in order to produce
fit, form, function and reliable parts.
GD&T Contains of:

The Symbols are easy to transfer idea, communicate and understand
therefore, this as Universal Language able to communicate internationally.
The Standard use to reduce controversy for utilizing technical drawing.
The Guidelines for productivity on the functionality, reliability and

interchangeability parts.
GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING
AND TOLERANCING
As a Universal Language
Transfer idea and Communicate Transfer idea and Communicate
Transfer idea and Communicate

GD&T Hierarchy Chart
The four Major Geometric
characteristics The fourteen Geometric Characteristics Symbols
Application of GD&T
A good approach to follow is:
1. Identify Datum features to establish Datum (origins of measurement)
2. Control the Datum Features.
3. Locate other Features using:

d for any surface.
j for features of size.
j, h, t or d for cylinders that are coaxial to a datum axis.
4. Refine with orientation, size and form as necessary.

When to use geometric tolerancing
• Not needed
- if dimensional tolerances and the manufacturing
process provide adequate control.
• Needed
- when part features are critical to function
- when errors of shape & form must be held within
tighter limits
- when functional gauging techniques are to be used
- when datum references are required to ensure
consistency
Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing
Chapter-1: Introduction To GD&T (Fit, Form, Function and Reliable)

Chapter-2: The Modifiers Of GD&T (m, l, s, p, $, @, ?)
Chapter-3: General Rules For GD&T
Chapter-4: Symbols and Abbreviation
Chapter-5: Datum ( )
Chapter-6: Form Controls (u, c, e, g)
Chapter-7: Orientation Controls (f, b, a)
Chapter-8: Location Controls (r, i, j)
Chapter-9: Composite Controls (k, d, h, t)
Chapter-10: Review Questions
(Post-Test-50 Objective Questions)
Hand Out: Pre-Test (30 Objective Questions)
Chapter-1: Introduction to GD&T
1. Introduction
1.1 Objective
1.2 History and Evolution
1.3 What is GD&T
1.4 The Importance of Standards
1.5 The Advantage of GD&T on Acceptance of Parts
1.6 Pertinent Definitions
1.7 Attachment of Feature Control Frames
1.8 The Application of GD&T
1.9 Tolerance Format and Decimal Places
1.10 Review Questions
OBJECTIVE
• GD&T when properly applied to provide design
assurance that the product will have the
appropriate fit, form, function, and/or reliability
• Geometric tolerancing base on symbols are

used to specify the rules and functional
relationship between or within part features to
give a direct bearing on how the part must be
produced or inspected.
• GD&T is a common language throughout

industry internationally.
Interpreting in
Geometric Dimensioning
and Tolerancing
24.8 25 25.2
0.2 0.1
0.1 0.2
Two Individual Plans Two Individual Plans Become One Plan (Coplanarity)
OBSERVER
The observer (or the person making the measurement
/ Manufacturer) has the tasks of:
• Understanding geometric tolerancing symbols and

the rules about them,
• Understanding a variety of inspection and gauging

equipment (measurement), and
• Finding the appropriate measuring or gauging

method that will properly evaluate the part feature
being controlled.
What is GD&T
• Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing
• A drawing with respect to the actual function or
relationship of part features which can be most
economically produced.
In short, GD&T is:
• Symbols
• Rules
• Vocabulary ("all the words known and used by a particular area”)
• Mathematical definition (ASME Y14.5.1)
• A International Standard (ASME Y14.5M-1994/2009 and ISO 1101)
What is GD&T
GD&T Hierarchy Chart
What is GD&T
Engineering Drawing
History and Evolution
• Early time of manufacturing seldom has a drawing and parts produce is simple for
certain area requirement only and plus/minus or coordinate system worked quite well.
• Later we need for interchangeability of parts and assemblies, then geometric

tolerances is playing important role of this interchangeability, and then communication
( or transfer idea) become importance for these complexities requirements, then need
a standards for standardization.
• The early standards used in GD&T is military standards, later in 1956 (Unified
American Standard Association), ASA Y14.4 standard was used.
• Until in 1983, American National Standards Institute (ANSI) published standard ANSI
Y14.5M-1982 for parallel ran with ISO standards used in Europe.
• In 1995, American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASME Y14.5-1994 was released

for further clarifies requirements and also moves in line with ISO standard.
• Today the requirements of GD&T become necessity to ensure the fit, form, function
and/or reliability of parts and certain area of GD&T standard need to improve for more
clarifies, the ASME Y14.5-2009 was released in 2010.
History and Evolution
Coordinate Tolerancing System Partial GD&T System
Complete GD&T System Advanced GD&T System

THE IMPORTANT OF STANDARD
• A standard is a model or rule with which
other similar things are to be made to or
compared.
• GD&T symbols, principles (fact), and rules

are the model that is provided internationally.
• Standard was created to improve

communications, control, and productivity in
manufacturing throughout the world.
WHY GD&T
• Used to define the geometry of mechanical parts.
• As most powerful tools available that can improve

quality, reduce cost and shorten delivery time.
• By using GD&T on the drawing, it make designer’s

intention and communicate with manufacturers
and then for inspectors to confirm the products
quality throughout the world.
• GD&T is enhanced to Coordinate Systems

GD&T is enhanced to Coordinate Systems
The Advantage of GD&T on Acceptance of Parts
The Advantage of GD&T on Acceptance of Parts
Area for the square = L  L = 0.01  0.01 = 0.0001

2 2
 0.02   1 
Area for the circle =  R 2 =    =    = 0.015708
0.02
= 0.07071  2   0.02 
2
Percentage of increasing of square area =
 0.015708 - 0.01
 100
0.01
= 57.08%
PERTINENT DEFINITIONS (FEATURE)
• Features: Physical portions of a part, such
as surfaces, holes, bosses, contours, screw
threads, or slots etc.
• Features of Size: The features are

associated with a size dimension (for
example, for holes, slots, shaft, bosses).
• Feature control frame: Contains the

geometric symbol, the geometric tolerance,
and specifies all applicable datums.
• Example: Features
• Ideal Feature: The perfect element

• Integral Feature: All related to the surface (can be touched).
• Derived Feature: Center of axis or point (can not be touched).
• GD&T are always looking for the object is the features, such as point,
line and plane.
Features of size
• Contain opposed points.
• Have a reproducible derived median point, axis or center plane.
• Have limits (are not basic dimension).
Feature, Feature of Size and Location Dimension

• Feature control frame
PERTINENT DEFINITIONS (SYMBOLS)
PERTINENT DEFINITIONS (DATUM)
• Datums: Imaginary planes, axes, points,
lines, or arcs that are derived by contacting
datum features.
• Datum features are physical features of the

part that are used to establish datums.
• Datum targets: Specific points, lines, or

areas that are most widely used to establish
datums for making the part.
• Datum Identification Symbol (Datum Feature
Symbol)A special rectangular box that contains
the datum reference letter
Datum reference frame

Datums Are Mutually Perpendicular - Even When the Datum Features Are Not.
• Datum Feature Simulator

PERTINENT DEFINITIONS (DIMENSION- æX`è,
(X))
• Basic dimension: A numerical value that is
used to describe the theoretically exact size
or location of a feature. Basic dimensions
have no tolerance and cannot be rejected.
• Reference dimensions: Reference

dimensions are for computational or
informational purposes only. They are not
inspected and therefore cannot be rejected.
PERTINENT DEFINITIONS (Datum Target)
Drawing
Datum Target Point or Line
Actual Condition
Datum Target Area
Datum
Simulator
PERTINENT DEFINITIONS TO DATUM
Datum
Datum from Drawing reference
frame
Datum from Drawing
Datum from Drawing
Datum Features
from Part
Datum Simulator from Gauge

Datum Target for Setting Datum
Referencing (Coordinate System)
MEASUREMENT RESULTS (READING)
• Full indicator movement (FIM) (formerly
total indicator reading (TIR): The total travel
of a dial indicator pointer during a
measurement. For example, when you are
using a .001" balanced dial indicator, if the
pointer travels as low as minus .003" to as
high as plus .004", the FIM is .007"
Attachment of Feature Control Frame
Straightness for Surface
Straightness for Axis
Straightness for Axis

The four Major Geometric
GD&T Characteristics
characteristics
The Application of GD&T
When applying geometric tolerances, a good approach to follow is:
1. Identify datum features to establish datums (origins of measurement).
2. Control the datum features.
3. Locate other features using:

• For any surface, using d
• For features of size, using j
• For cylinders that are coaxial to a datum axis, using j / h / t or d
4. Refine (Feature) with orientation, size and form as necessary.

Summary of deviations
•Orientation is refinement of location.
•Form is refinement of orientation.
GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING
AND TOLERANCING
Interpretation on GD&T
The Application of GD&T Summary of Geometric Tolerancing
Formatting Dimensions with ± Tolerances
Tolerance Range Specified by

± Tolerances
Chapter 1: Introduction to GD&T
(C1) Page 27/32 to 30/32
Introduction to GD&T Part-A
1.10 Review Questions (Questions): (C1) Page 27 of 32 and 28 of 32
Introduction to GD&T 1.10 Review Questions (Questions): (C1) Page 29 of 32 Part-B, Q1
Question Answer
Straightness
Flatness
Circularity
Cylindricity
Perpendicularity
Parallelism
Angularity
Profile of a line
Profile of a surface
Position
Circular Runout
Total Runout
Concentricity
Symmetry
Part-A
Introduction to GD&T 1.10 Review Questions (Answers)
Question Answer (C1) Page 27 of 32 to 29 of 32
Part-B, Q1
1 d
Question Answer
2 a
3 c Straightness u
4 d Flatness c
5 a
Circularity e
6 b
7 a Cylindricity g
8 d
Perpendicularity b
9 d
Parallelism f
10 b
11 b Angularity a
12 d
Profile of a line k
13 d
14 a Profile of a surface d
15 b Position j
16 a
Circular Runout h
17 d
18 a Total Runout t
19 d Concentricity r
20 d
Symmetry i
Introduction to GD&T 1.10 Review Questions (Questions): (C1) Page 30 of 32 Part-B, Q3
Introduction to GD&T 1.10 Review Questions (Answers)
Part-B, Q3
(C1) Page 30 of 32
Question Answer
3a Ø41.5, Ø88.9, Ø12.7, 13.2
3b Ø76.2, 25.4, 16.4
3c Two
Part-C, Q1
1.10 Review Questions (Questions)
Introduction to GD&T
(C1) Page 31 of 32
Part-C, Q1
1.10 Review Questions (Answers)
(C1) Page 31 of 32
Part-C, Q2
(C1) Page 31 of 32
No Regular Feature of Size Irregular Feature of Size

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Part-C, Q2
(C1) Page 31 of 32
No Regular Feature of Size Irregular Feature of Size

1 X
2 X
3 X
4 X
5 X
6 X
7 X
8 X
9 X
Part-D
(C1) Page 32 of 32
a) Basic dimension symbol _____________________________________________

b) Depth symbol ______________________________________________________
c) Datum feature symbol ________________________________________________
d) Feature control frame _________________________________________________
e) Diameter symbol _____________________________________________________
f) Dimension origin symbol _______________________________________________
g) Basic dimensions may be indicated by directly applying a ± tolerance. (True / False)
Part-D
(C1) Page 32 of 32
2
a) Basic dimension symbol _____________________________________________
3
b) Depth symbol ______________________________________________________
5
c) Datum feature symbol ________________________________________________
4
d) Feature control frame _________________________________________________
1
e) Diameter symbol _____________________________________________________
6
f) Dimension origin symbol _______________________________________________
g) Basic dimensions may be indicated by directly applying a ± tolerance. (True / False)
Chapter-2: The Modifiers of GD&T
2. The Modifiers of GD&T

2.1 Introduction to Geometric Tolerancing
2.2 The Modifiers and Tolerance Zones
2.3 Type of Geometric Tolerance Zones
2.4 Bonus Tolerances
2.5 Virtual Condition
2.6 MMC, LMC, RFS and Virtual Condition
2.7 Control Wall Thickness by using LMC
Geometric Tolerancing Symbols
Form
Profile
Orientation
Location
Runout
TOLERANCE ZONES
• All geometric tolerances have specific
imaginary tolerance zones that tend to take
the shape of the feature being controlled.
TOLERANCE ZONE MODIFIERS
MMC, LMC, RFS, Internal Feature and External Feature
MMC and LMC for

External Feature
MMC and LMC for

Internal Feature
RFS for External

Feature
MMC, LMC, RFS for Internal Feature
RFS for Internal Feature
MMC for Internal LMC for Internal

Feature Feature
Projected Tolerance Zone
Projected Tolerance
Zone
Projected Tolerance Zone
Free State
Restraint = condition that keeps something under control
Tangent Plane
Statistical Tolerancing
BONUS TOLERANCES
There are specific geometric tolerancing
symbols and modifiers that allow bonus (or
additional) tolerances, depending on the actual
size of controlled size features. In every case
where MMC and LMC modifiers have been
used, bonus tolerances are allowed.
MMC, LMC and RFS (Internal Feature)
The Hole Ø12±0.1 Material Condition
MMC
Hole Size Bonus Tolerance Position Tolerance
11.9 11.9 – 11.9 = 0.0 0.4 + 0.0 = 0.4

12.0 12.0 – 11.9 = 0.1 0.4 + 0.1 = 0.5
12.1 12.1 – 11.9 = 0.2 0.4 + 0.2 = 0.6
LMC
12.1 12.1 – 12.1 = 0.0 0.4 + 0.0 = 0.4

12.0 12.1 – 12.0 = 0.1 0.4 + 0.1 = 0.5
11.9 12.1 – 11.9 = 0.2 0.4 + 0.2 = 0.6
RFS
11.9 0.0 0.4 + 0.0 = 0.4

12.0 0.0 0.4 + 0.0 = 0.4
12.1 0.0 0.4 + 0.0 = 0.4
MMC, LMC and RFS (External Feature)
MMC
12.1 12.1 – 12.1 = 0.0 0.4 + 0.0 = 0.4

12.0 12.1 – 12.0 = 0.1 0.4 + 0.1 = 0.5
11.9 12.1 – 11.9 = 0.2 0.4 + 0.2 = 0.6
LMC
11.9 11.9 – 11.9 = 0.0 0.4 + 0.0 = 0.4

12.0 12.0 - 11.9 = 0.1 0.4 + 0.1 = 0.5
12.1 12.1 – 11.9 = 0.2 0.4 + 0.2 = 0.6
RFS
11.9 0.0 0.4 + 0.0 = 0.4

12.0 0.0 0.4 + 0.0 = 0.4
12.1 0.0 0.4 + 0.0 = 0.4
Bonus Tolerance
VIRTUAL CONDITION
(For MMC Only)
Internal Feature:
Virtual Condition size = MMC Size – Geometric Tolerance.
External Feature:
Virtual Condition size = MMC Size + Geometric Tolerance.
Virtual Condition (Internal Feature)
Virtual Condition (External Feature)
Virtual Condition = 16.6 + 0.2 = 16.8

MMC, LMC, RFS and Virtual Condition
LMC
Allowable
Hole Position Bonus
Position
Size Tolerance Tolerance
Tolerance
12.1 0.4 0.0 0.4
12.0 0.4 0.1 0.5
11.9 0.4 0.2 0.6
RFS
Allowable
Hole Position Bonus
Position
Size Tolerance Tolerance
Tolerance
11.9 0.4 0.0 0.4
12.0 0.4 0.0 0.4
12.1 0.4 0.0 0.4
MMC
Position Bonus Allowable Position Virtual
Hole Size Tolerance
Tolerance Tolerance Condition
11.9 0.4 0.0 0.4 11.5
12.0 0.4 0.1 0.5 11.5
12.1 0.4 0.2 0.6 11.5
Control Wall Thickness by using LMC
1.5
30
0
0
 20
0.5
Chapter 2: The Modifiers of GD&T
(C2) Page 11/18 to 18/18
The Modifiers of GD&T 2.8 Review Questions (Questions): (C2) Page 11 of 18 and 12 of 18 Part-A
Part-A (C2) Page 11 of 18 and 12 of 18
Question Answer Question Answer

1 b 11 a
2 d 12 d
3 c 13 a
4 a 14 c
5 d 15 a
6 c 16 b
7 d 17 d
8 b 18 b
9 c 19 d
10 b 20 a
Part-B
1) Material Condition (Internal Feature)
Maximum Material Condition
2.8 Review
Questions
(Questions)
(C2) Page
13 of 18 Least Material Condition
Regardless Feature Size

Part-B
1) Material Condition (Internal Feature)
2.8 Review
Questions
(Answers)
(C2) Page

Part-B
2) Material Condition (External Feature)
2.8 Review
Questions
(Questions)
(C2) Page 14
of 18 Least Material Condition

Part-B
2) Material Condition (External Feature)
2.8 Review
Questions
(Answers)
(C2) Page

The Modifiers of GD&T
Part-C

(Questions) (C2) Page 15 of 18
Part-C

(Answers) (C2) Page 15 of 18
Part-D, Q1 and Q2

Part-D, Q1 and Q2

Part-D, Q3 and Q4

Part-D, Q3 and Q4

Part-D, Q5

Part-D, Q5

Chapter 3: General Rules for GD&T
3. General Rules For GD&T

3.1 Rule1: Regarding Size Tolerances
3.2 Rule 2: Regarding Tolerance Modifiers
3.3 Rule 3a: Pitch Diameter Rule
3.4 Rule 3b: Gears and Splines
3.5 Rule 4: Datum Features at Virtual Condition Rule
3.1 Rule 1 : Regarding Size Tolerances
Where only a tolerance of size is specified and
applied to individual feature (no related feature).
1. The actual size of an individual feature at any cross

section shall be within the specified tolerance of size.
2. No variation in form is permitted if the feature is

produced at its MMC limit of size.
3. Where the actual size of a feature has departed from

MMC toward LMC, a variation in form is allowed
equal to the amount of such departure (maximum
variation allowed when a feature produced at LMC).
Variations in form of shafts allowed by rule 1
An example of this
is a shaft that has a size
tolerance of .500" to
.510" and stated
circularity, straightness,
or cylindricity tolerance
Figure 3.2: Variations in form of holes that is finer than the
allowed by rule 1
boundaries of the size
tolerance (for example,
circularity required within
.005).
The Rule 1(limits of size )does not apply to the
following:
(1) Stock such as bars, sheets, tubing, structural
shapes, and other items produced to established
industry or government standards (normally ratio
length to size is more then 5 times).
(2) Parts subject to free-state variation in the

unrestrained condition.
(3) By noted, PERFECT FORM AT MMC NOT REQUIRED

Geometric tolerance is greater then size tolerance.
The Rule 1(limits of size )does not apply to the following with note; PERFECT FORM AT
MMC NOT REQUIRED :
Exception to Rule #1 can be noted adjacent to a dimension if a form tolerance exceeding the
size tolerance .
The Rule 1(limits of size )does not
apply to interrelationships between
features:
Perpendicularity
Tolerance applied at
bottom right angle
3.2 Rule 2: Regarding Tolerance Modifiers - Regarding Y14.5 – 1994
For all applicable geometric tolerances, RFS (no need to specified) applies, with
respect to the individual tolerance or datum reference, or both, where no modifier
has been specified. MMC or LMC modifiers must be specified where they apply.
Screws
3.3 Rule 3(a): Pitch Diameter Rule
Each tolerance of orientation or position and datum reference

specified for a screw thread applies to the axis of the thread derived from
the pitch cylinder. Where an exception to this practice is necessary, the
specific feature of the screw thread (such as MINOR DIA or MAJOR DIA)
shall be stated beneath (below) the feature control frame or beneath the
datum feature symbol, as applicable.
GEARS
Splines
2.4 Rule 3(b): Gears and Splines
Each tolerance of orientation or location and datum reference
specified for gears and splines must designate (show) the specific feature
of the gear or spline to which it applies (such as MAJOR DIA, PITCH DIA,
or MINOR DIA). This information is stated beneath (below) the feature
control frame or beneath the datum feature symbol, as applicable.
3.5 Rule 4: Datum Features at Virtual
Condition Rule
Datum features, a primary, secondary, or
tertiary datum, at MMC then a virtual condition
exists for a datum feature of size.
Where it is not intended for the virtual
condition to apply, an appropriate tolerance
(like zero) should be specified to control the
form or orientation of the datum feature at its
MMC.
Rule 4: Datum Features at Virtual Condition Rule
Not intended for the

Virtual Condition
Replaced by
General Rules for GD&T
(C3) Page 6 of 10 to 10 of 10
General Rules for GD&T Part-A 3.6 Review Questions (Questionss): (C3) Page 6 of 10 to 10 of 10
Question Answer
General Rules 1 c
2 b
for GD&T 3 a
4 d
5 d
6 c
7 a
(C3) Page 6 of 10 to 10 of 10 8 d
9 b
Part-A
10 c
11 a
12 c
13 a
14 b
15 d
16 d
17 b
18 b
19 b
20 d
3.6 Review Questions (Questions): (C3) Page 8 of 10 Part-B Q1
3.6 Review Questions (Answers): (C3) Page 8 of 10 Part-B Q1
3.6 Review Questions (Questions): (C3) Page 9 of 10 Part-B Q4 & Q5
3.6 Review Questions (Answers): (C3) Page 9 of 10 Part-B Q4 & Q5
Chapter 4: Symbols and Abbreviation
4. Symbols and Abbreviation

4.1. Geometric Characteristics Symbols
4.2. Modification Symbols
4.2.1. Tolerance Zone Modifiers
4.2.2. Bonus Tolerances
4.2.3. MMC, LMC and RFS
4.3. Feature Control Frames Symbols
4.4. Other Symbols Used in GD&T
4.5. New Symbols of ASME Y14.5M-2009
4.6. Review Questions
Other drawing symbols
Other Symbols
DIAMETER  Figure 4.4.1.1
• Describe cylindrical features and tolerance
zones.
• This symbol always precedes the feature
size or tolerance specification.
• Figure 4.4.1.1 is an example of how this
symbol appears in application
• BASIC-abbreviated as (BSC)
• Symbol: A rectangle around the dimension.
• Basic is a term used to describe the
theoretically exact size, shape, or location of
a feature or datum.
• Basic dimensions do not have a tolerance.
• Figure 4.4.1.1 shows an example of how
basic may be specified
FULL INDICATOR MOVEMENT (FIM)
• There is no symbol for full indicator
movement; it is abbreviated FIM. Figure 4.4.3.1
• FIM control cylindrical features. An

example of how FIM is used on a
drawing is shown in Figure 4.4.3.1.
• Figure 4.4.3.1 means that the stated

tolerances of .002 and .005 are FIM.
For example, FIM is complete
movement of a needle on a dial
indicator. To measure the variation of
the .500 and 1.000 inch diameters, a
dial indicator would be rested on each
surface and then that surface rotated
360 degrees. During this complete
rotation, the dial indicator reading (FIM)
must not exceed the stated tolerance.
FULL INDICATOR MOVEMENT (FIM)
(Example)
DIMENSION ORIGIN
• This symbol is used to identify the surface or feature where the dimension
originates.
• Some designs are complex, the designer specifies where the dimension is to
originate. Usually the part will be different if made by starting dimensions from
a different surface of feature than intended. The example in Figure 4.4.4.1
illustrates such a part.
• Figure 4.4.4.2. Here it specifies where the angular measurement begins.
• Figure 4.4.4.3, the symbol indicates where the dimension originates to
establish the basic 45° angle.
Figure 4.4.4.1 Figure 4.4.4.2 Figure 4.4.4.3

DIMENSION ORIGIN
(continue)
ALL-AROUND
• This symbol is specified along with profile
specifications. It means that the profile tolerance
applies all around the controlled feature and
replaces the words "all-around."
• Figure 4.4.5.1 shows an example of how the
uniform tolerance applies.
Figure 4.4.5.1
GD&T – Chapter 3:Symbols & Abbreviations
RADIUS “R”
• The letter "R" is used as the symbol.
• Radius is applied to designs that require the removal of
edges or to rounded features.
• See the application of radius in Figure 4.4.5.1. The actual
radius must be within the limits of size and must have
perfect form with no flats or reversals (up and down).
Figure 4.4.5.1
REFERENCE DIMENSION - ( ) REF
• This term was usually abbreviated to REF and is now represented with a
value in parentheses, ( ).
• It is not used to define parts.
• Reference dimensions may be the sum of several dimensions, the size or
thickness of material, and specify travel of moving parts, etc. See Figure
4.4.7.1.
Figure 4.4.7.1
SPHERICAL DIAMETER (S)
• This term is abbreviated as SD, the symbol is S.

• Spherical diameter is specified for round features. It specifies the diameter
of these features.
• The abbreviation or symbol is specified either before or following the round
feature size
Figure 4.4.8.1
SPHERICAL RADIUS (SR)
• This term may be abbreviated SR; there is no symbol.
• Spherical radius is applied to round features.
• The abbreviation is specified before the radial value of the feature.
See the application in Figure 4.4.9.1.
Figure 4.4.9.1.
ARC LENGTH
• Arc length is a term used to describe the length of a curved surface.

• This symbol is placed over the dimension.
• The arc length symbol is specified when it is required to measure along the
actual part surface.
Figure 4.4.10.1.
Figure 4.4.11.1
CHAIN LINE — - —
• Chain line is a term used to
describe or identify a specific area,
surface, or portion of a part for
special treatment.
• The term has a symbol, which is —
- —, and there is no abbreviation.
• The chain line symbol is applied
when the designer requires only a
limited portion of surfaces or areas
to be treated differently from the
rest of the part. See Figure
4.4.11.1.
CONICAL TAPER
• There are three methods of specifying a conical taper.
• (Figure 4.4.12.1) - It may be specified with basic dimensions for the
diameters and the taper
• (Figure 4.4.12.2) - There may be a feature size and profile tolerance
combined with a profile of the surface
• (Figure 4.4.12.3) - The diameters along with the length may be
tolerance
Figure 4.4.12.1 Figure 4.4.12.2 Figure 4.4.12.3

Conical Taper
SLOPE
• Slope is primarily specified to control flat tapers.

• Slope is not specified as degrees, but as a ratio of height differences from
one end of the flat taper to the other end.
• An example of how slope is specified is shown in Figure 4.4.13.1.
• 0.018:1 is about 10
Figure 4.4.13.1
Flat Taper Slope
COUNTERBORE/SPOTFACE
• Counterbore or spotface may be

specified for features that require a
recessed (deep inside or notch) or flat
mounting surface for fasteners.
• A typical callout for a counterbore or
spotface using the symbol is shown in
Figure 4.4.14.1.
COUNTERSINK (CSink)
• Countersinks are specified for features that require a
smooth flat surface.
• Countersinks are typically specified as shown in Figure
4.4.15.1.
Figure 4.4.15.1
DEPTH/DEEP (DP)
• Depth or deep is specified for features that do not pass completely through
a part. (normally if pass through, it will indicate THRU after the
dimensioning)
• The symbol may be specified as in Figure 4.4.14.1 for counterbores, or it
may be specified for blind holes as shown in Figure 4.4.16.1.
Figure 4.4.16.1.
Figure 4.4.14.1
DIMENSION NOT TO SCALE
• The current practice is to use a heavy straight line under the dimension.
• The symbol for dimensions not to scale, , is specified when dimensions
are intentionally drawn out of scale.
• An example of out of scale dimensioning is illustrated in Figure 4.4.17.1.
Figure 4.4.17.1
NUMBER OF PLACES (8X)
• There is no abbreviation; the symbol is an 8X .
• The designer may specify the number of places or times for holes in a pattern,
for example, as shown in Figure 4.4.18.2. The same symbol is specified when
a slot size is specified. See the example in Figure 4.4.18.1.
Figure 4.4.18.1
Figure 4.4.18.2
CONTROLLED RADIUS TOLERANCE (CR)
• The abbreviation for a controlled radius is CR. There is no symbol.
• Radius is specified when a fair curve without reversals (zigzag) is desired.
• The zone is created by two arcs tangent to the adjacent surface (see Figure
4.4.20.1). The actual feature surface must lie within the tolerance zone.
• The difference between a radius and a controlled radius is that a radius
may have reversals (zigzag); the only requirement is that the produced
feature must fall within the tolerance zone.
Figure 4.4.20.1
BETWEEN
• There are designs where the tolerance for the feature applies to only
a portion of the feature. In these instances, the designer has the
between symbol available, There is no abbreviation. The
arrowheads may or may not be filled. An example of the between
symbol is shown in Figure 4.4.21.1.
Figure 4.4.21.1
SQUARE 
• Square features may be identified with a  symbol. There is no

abbreviation. This symbol may be specified on a drawing like Figure 4.4.22
to indicate the feature is square.
Figure 4.4.22
New symbols of Y14.5M-2009
Translation Modifier
AME =
Actual
Mating
Envelope
AME = Actual Mating Envelope

Former Practice (Unilateral Profile)

Chapter 4: Symbols and Abbreviations
(C4) Page 25/26 and 26/26
Chapter 4 : Review Questions [Page: (C4) 25 of 26 and 26 of 26 - Questions]
Chapter 4 : Review Questions [Page: (C4) 25 of 26 and 26 of 26 - Answers]
Question Answers Question Answers
No. No.
Question Answer
1 True
1 17 12 3&4
2 True 2 2 13 8
3
4
False
False
3 5 14 21
5 False 4 10 15 11
6 False
5 19 16 14
7 True
8 True 6 6 17 23
9 True 7 5 18 12
10 False
8 1 19 16
9 22 20 9
10 20 21 6
11 7 22 17
Chapter-5: Datum
5. Datum
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Datum Identification Symbols
5.3 Datum
5.3.1 Establishing Datum
5.3.2 Datum Feature Symbols
5.3.3 Three Plane Concepts
5.3.4 Datum Feature Simulator
5.3.5 Datum Target
5.3.6 Datum Surface (Feature)
5.3.7 Datum Feature of Size
5.3.8 Datum of Features Patterns
5.4 Datum At MMC
5.5 Co-Datum
5.6 Feature Of Size Datum Precedence
INTRODUCTION
• Datum provide the framework from which part features are

manufactured.
• Datum provide the clarity required for proper feature
orientation, which originates from datum planes.
• Datum are specified on drawings so that repetitive
measurements can be made from design through the
production and inspection processes.
Datum Identification Symbols
DATUM IDENTIFICATION
Datum identification is required with ASME 14.5M1994.
1) A drawing specification for a simple 2) The holes were put in the part while
flat part with three holes in it is shown it was set up as illustrated in Figure
in Figure below. below.
3) The part would be inspected as shown in

Figure below. When inspected by being set
up this way, the part was rejected because
the lower-left-hand hole was out of design
specification.
• Therefore, datums must be specified so the drawing is

interpreted the same by all who read it.
3-2-1 datum system
Datum Feature of Size
Datum System
DATUM
Application of GD&T
A good approach to follow is:
1. Identify Datum features to establish Datum (origins of measurement).
2. Control the Datum Features.
3. Locate other Features using:

d for any surface.
j for features of size.
j, h, t or d for cylinders that are coaxial to a datum axis.
4. Refine with orientation, size and form as necessary.

THREE-PANE CONCEPT
(i) Flat (ii) Circular
THREE-PANE CONCEPT – FLAT : Primary, Secondary & Tertiary.
• Figure is shows an example of the • Figure is shows the secondary datum

primary datum plane establishment. plane
• This is an illustration of the theoretical • The fixture that could be manufactured

datum reference frame. to orient this part might look like the
one illustrated in Figure below
THREE-PLANE CONCEPT — CIRCULAR
• DATUMS OF SIZE
DATUM OF FEATURES PATTERNS
DATUM TARGETS
• Usually datum targets are specified on castings, forgings, or weldments, or
on any other application where it may be difficult to establish a datum.
Datum targets may be points, lines, or areas of a part that provide an
orientation-dimension origin. A datum target symbol is used to identify the
datum planes.
• DATUM TARGET SYMBOL
Datum target area Datum target point or line

DATUM TARGET — POINT
DATUM TARGET — LINE
DATUM TARGET — AREA

Datum at MMC
Displacement Allow
Co-Datum
Feature of Size Datum Precedence
Chapter 5: Datum

(C4) Page 19 of 22 to 22 of 22
Datum 5.7 Review Questions (Questions): (C5) Page 19 of 22 to 20 of 22 Part-A
Datum Question Answer
1 b
5.7 Review Questions 2 c
(Answers) 3 d
(C5) Page 19 of 22 to 4 a
20 of 22 5 b
6 c
Part-A 7 a
8 a
9 c
10 d
11 b
12 b
13 b
14 a
15 c
16 b
17 b
18 c
19 b
20 d
Datum
(Questions)
(C5) Page 20 of 21
Part-B
Answer the following:

a. Which number is pointing to the datum feature simulator?
b. Which number is pointing to the datum?
c. Which number is pointing to the datum feature?
d. Measurements are made from:

Datum
(Answers)
(C5) Page 20 of 21
Part-B
Answer the following:

a. Which number is pointing to the datum feature simulator? 2
b. Which number is pointing to the datum? 3
c. Which number is pointing to the datum feature? 1
d. Measurements are made from: 2

Datum
5.7 Review
Questions
(Questions)
(C5)
Page 20 of 21
Part-B
Datum
5.7 Review
Questions
(Answers)
(C5)
Page 20 of 21
Part-B
Datum 5.7 Review Questions (Questions) (C5) Page 21 of 21
Part-C
a) Based on the position tolerances, the b) Based on the position tolerances, the
appropriate MMB of datum feature B is: appropriate MMB of datum feature B is:
Datum 5.7 Review Questions (Questions) (C5) Page 21 of 21
Part-C
a) Based on the position tolerances, the b) Based on the position tolerances, the
appropriate MMB of datum feature B is: appropriate MMB of datum feature B is:
7.5(MMC Size) – 0.1(Tolerance) = 7.4 59.9(MMC Size) + 0.1(Tolerance) = 60.0

DERIVED FEATURES (Axis)
From Median Points
Geometric tolerance of
r, u
is applied (regardless of feature size)

to a size dimension of a cylindrical
feature, the geometric tolerance is
controlling the derived median line.
From Circumscribed Cylinder From Inscribed Cylinder

(External Feature) (Internal Feature)
j, b, f or a
is applied to a feature of size that

may establish an axis, the geometric
tolerance is controlling that axis.
DERIVED FEATURES (Plane)
From Median Points
i, c
is applied (regardless of feature size) to a

size dimension, the geometric tolerance is
controlling the derived median plane.
From Circumscribed Cylinder From Inscribed Cylinder

(External Feature) (Internal Feature)
j, b, f or a
is applied to a feature of size that may

establish a center plane, the geometric
tolerance is controlling that center plane.
DERIVED FEATURES
Chapter-6: Form Controls
6. Form Controls
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Flat Surface
6.2.1. Straightness
6.2.2. Flatness
6.3. Round Surface
6.3.1. Transverse
6.3.2. Circularity
6.3.3. Cylindricity
6.3.4. Longitudinal
6.3.5. Surface Straightness
6.3.6. Axis Straightness
c
Form Controls
Flatness(Introduction)
• Symbol
c
• Definition
-condition of a surface where all elements are in one
plane
• Tolerance Zone
-two parallel planes
-feature control frame is implied as RFS on Surface
(MMC or LMC of Feature of Size)
• Application
-form tolerance does not allow the feature to exceed the
specified actual mating size requirements
-readings obtained are FIM
Form Tolerance - Flat Surface (Non-cylindrical)
Flatness (Tolerance Zone)
c
The surface is controlled by flatness
The form error in a feature of size will usually

c
not be worse than one half the total size
tolerance. In this case, the part will probably
never be out of flat by more than 0.4, half the
total size tolerance.
Part must fit through an envelope of 20.4 (MMC) and every local size
measurement cannot be less than 19.6 (LMC).
The flatness tolerance must be less than the size tolerance.
What you get for free with Surface Flatness: Surface Straightness.
Flatness (Measurement)
c
―
Interpreting - Form Tolerance
Straightness (Introduction)
• Symbol
u
• Definition
-the condition where one line element of a surface or axis is in a
straight line.
• Tolerance Zone
-tolerance zone may be a width or diameter
-feature control frame is implied as RFS (not always[ for center axis
may implied MMC or LMC])
• Application
-form tolerance does not allow the feature to exceed the specified
actual mating size requirements
-readings obtained are FIM
Form Tolerance Straightness
Symbol
• Application
― ―
Readings obtained are FIM and specify direction
Flat Surface-(with direction) control-controls feature straightness, and
waviness of the surface direction
―
Straightness (Measurement)
Interpreting - Form Tolerance
e
Round Surface - Cylindrical (Transverse)
• Symbol Circularity (Introduction)
e
• Definition
-all points of the surface are perpendicular to and equal distance
from a common axis during one complete revolution of the feature
• Tolerance Zone
-tolerance zone is two concentric circles that are the stated
tolerance apart
-specified tolerance is implied to be RFS
• Application
-applied to a cylindrical surface, cone, sphere
-to compare the circular elements or slices of cylindrical features
-readings obtained are FIM (circulation)
Circularity (Tolerance Zone)
e
Form Tolerance Round Surface (Transverse Direction) - Circularity
Symbol e • Rule #1
Individual Circular Control-controls feature of roundness (circles)
Readings obtained are FIM (circulation)
e
Circularity (Introduction)
e
e
Circularity (Measurement)
• measuring principle
Circularity (Measurement)
e
• Symbol
g
Cylindricity (Introduction)
g
Definition
-condition of an entire feature surface during one revolution in which
all surface points are an equal distance from a common axis
• Tolerance Zone
-tolerance provides a zone bounded by two concentric cylinders in
which the controlled surface must lie
-specified tolerance is implied to be RFS
• Application
-composite control-controls feature circularity, straightness, and
taper
-readings obtained are FIM (circulation) along the feature
Cylindricity (Tolerance Zone)
g
Symbol g
Cylindricity (Introduction)
g
Readings obtained are FIM (circulation) along the feature
Composite control (whole cylinder shape)-controls feature circularity,
straightness, and taper
Cylindricity (Measurement)
• Cylindricity is also very difficult to measure

g
without the aid of a computer.
• Both circularity and cylindricity require sweeping
the surface to get many points which are usually
evaluated by a computer program.
Form Tolerance Straightness
• Straightness for Feature and Feature of Size
―
Round Surface-(along the surface-axis of cylinder) control-controls feature
straightness, and waviness of the along surface cylinder axis
or
Round Surface-(along the center-axis of cylinder) control-controls feature
straightness, and waviness of the along center cylinder axis
Attached to the Attached to the

Feature Feature of Size
―
Round Surface - Cylindrical (Longitudinal)
Straightness-Surface
―
Straightness-Center Axis
―
(Attachment and
Tolerance Zone)
(Attachment and
Tolerance Zone)
―
―
Straightness (Comparison-Surface and Axis)
―
Straightness Axis (Virtual Condition - External Feature)
Shaft Size:
―
Straightness Axis (Virtual Condition - Internal Feature)
Hole Size:
(C6) Page14/16
6.4: Form Controls (Questions)-Part-A
(C6) Page14/16
6.4: Form Controls (Answers)-Part-A
(C6) Page14/16
6.4: Form Controls

(Question)-Part-B
(C6) Page14/16
6.4: Form Controls

(Answers)-Part-B
(C6) Page: 15 of 16 (Part-C)
Form Tolerance
(Questions)
(C6) Page: 15 of 16 (Part-C)
Form Tolerance
(Answers)
(C6) Page16/16
6.4: Form Controls
(Questions)-Part-D
(C6) Page16/16
6.4: Form Controls
(Answers)-Part-D
Chapter-7: Orientation Controls
7. Orientation Controls
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Parallelism
7.3. Perpendicularity
7.4. Angularity
Datum Reference Requested
Orientation Controls
f
Symbol
f Parallelism (Introduction)
Application
-also controls flatness of a surface and straightness of an axis within the limits of the
tolerance
-various applications are a surface parallel to another surface, a cylinder parallel to a surface,
and a cylinder parallel to a cylinder
Parallelism is an orientation tolerance and

it never locates the feature. When applied
to a flat surface, it is like a flatness
tolerance that is oriented at 00 to the
referenced datum.
Parallelism (Tolerance Zone)
f
f
Orientation Tolerance – Parallelism - Summary
• Application
f
Control Surface to Surface (Refinement)
Inte Orientation Controls
Parallelism (Surface to Surface without/with Tangent Plane)
f
•
Parallelism (Axis to Axis with MMC on Feature and Datum)
cylinder to cylinder with MMC (datum) f
x
y y ± 0.05
≥x
Parallelism (Measurement)
f
b
Perpendicularity (Introduction)
• Symbol
b
• Definition
-the condition of an entire surface, plane, or axis at a right angle to a
datum plane or axis
• Tolerance Zone
-tolerance zone defined by two parallel planes, two parallel lines, or
a cylinder parallel to a datum
-feature control frame must contain a datum reference
• Application
-controls all surface error including flatness and angularity (900)
-surface perpendicular to a datum plane, an axis perpendicular to an
axis, an axis perpendicular to a datum plane, or line elements of a
surface perpendicular to a datum axis etc
Perpendicularity (Tolerance Zone)
b
Symbol b
Perpendicularity (Introduction)
Application b
-controls all surface error including
flatness and angularity
-surface perpendicular to a datum
plane, an axis perpendicular to an
axis, an axis perpendicular to a
datum plane, or line elements of a
surface perpendicular to a datum axis
b
Orientation Tolerance – Perpendicularity - Summary
Perpendicularity (Axis to Datum Plane)
b
a
Angularity (Introduction)
• Symbol
a
• Definition
-the condition of an axis or plane other than 90°to another datum
plane or axis
• Tolerance Zone
-tolerance zone defined by two parallel planes, two parallel lines, or
a cylinder that are the stated tolerance apart and at the specified
basic angle to the datum reference
-feature control frame must contain a datum reference
-relationship must be specified with a basic angle
• Application
-controls surface, plane, or axis errors
-tolerance at RFS, an expandable gage pin, dial indicator, or
coordinate measuring machine might be used to determine correct
angularity
a
Angularity (Tolerance Zone)
a
Symbol a
Angularity (Introduction)
Angularity requires that the surface be dimensioned with a basic angle relative to the datum reference frame.
Where applied to a flat surface, the tolerance is 2 parallel planes at the basic angle.
Application
-controls surface, plane, or axis
errors
-toleranced at RFS, an expandable
gage pin, dial indicator, or
coordinate measuring machine
might be used to determine correct
angularity
(C7) Page 13/14 7.5: Orientation Controls (Question)-Part-A
1. Orientation tolerances control ____________ as well as orientation.
a) form b) position c) concentricity d) runout
2. A material condition modifier applies to a datum reference when the ___________.
a) datum feature is a surface b) datum feature is a feature size
c) datum reference is primary d) tolerance value includes a modifier
3. When a perpendicularity tolerance is applied to a surface, the controlled surface must _______.
a) lie within the perpendicularity tolerance zone b) lie within the size tolerance c) neither a and b d) both a and b
4. A (n) _________ symbol is used to indicate that the orientation tolerance zone is cylindrical.
a) MMC b) LMC c) circularity d) diameter
5. An orientation tolerance is applied to a _________ by placing the feature control frame on the dimension.
a) surface b) centerline c) feature of size d) none of the above
6. The virtual condition for a 0.376” MMC pin with a perpendicularity tolerance of 0.008” diameter at MMC is ___________”.
a) 0.008 b) 0.368 c) 0.376 d) 0.384
7. The virtual condition for a 0.223” MMC hole with a perpendicularity tolerance of 0.004” diameter at MMC is ___________”.
a) 0.004 b) 0.219 c) 0.223 d) 0.227
8. An orientation tolerance can be specified to control a (n) __________ instead of surface conditions.
a) tangent plane b) circumscribing cylinder c) enclosing envelope d) none of the above
9. A __________ tolerance can be applied to refine the surface control required by an orientation tolerance.
a) position b) concentricity c) form d) both a and c
10.A tolerance zone whose boundary is made up of parallel planes may apply to:
a) circular runout b) profile of a line c) angularity d) angular tolerances
11.Parallelism controls:
a) runout b) orientation c) size d) location
12.If form tolerance is applied to the same surface as an orientation tolerance, the form tolerance,
a) must be less than the orientation tolerance b) must be equal to orientation tolerance
c) must be greater than the orientation tolerance d) can be any value
(C7) Page 13/14 7.5: Orientation Controls (Question)-Part-A
1. Orientation tolerances control ____________ as well as orientation.
a) form b) position c) concentricity d) runout
2. A material condition modifier applies to a datum reference when the ___________.
a) datum feature is a surface b) datum feature is a feature size
c) datum reference is primary d) tolerance value includes a modifier
3. When a perpendicularity tolerance is applied to a surface, the controlled surface must _______.
a) lie within the perpendicularity tolerance zone b) lie within the size tolerance c) neither a and b d) both a and b
4. A (n) _________ symbol is used to indicate that the orientation tolerance zone is cylindrical.
a) MMC b) LMC c) circularity d) diameter
5. An orientation tolerance is applied to a _________ by placing the feature control frame on the dimension.
a) surface b) centerline c) feature of size d) none of the above
6. The virtual condition for a 0.376” MMC pin with a perpendicularity tolerance of 0.008” diameter at MMC is ___________”.
a) 0.008 b) 0.368 c) 0.376 d) 0.384
7. The virtual condition for a 0.223” MMC hole with a perpendicularity tolerance of 0.004” diameter at MMC is ___________”.
a) 0.004 b) 0.219 c) 0.223 d) 0.227
8. An orientation tolerance can be specified to control a (n) __________ instead of surface conditions.
a) tangent plane b) circumscribing cylinder c) enclosing envelope d) none of the above
9. A __________ tolerance can be applied to refine the surface control required by an orientation tolerance.
a) position b) concentricity c) form d) both a and c
10.A tolerance zone whose boundary is made up of parallel planes may apply to:
a) circular runout b) profile of a line c) angularity d) angular tolerances
11.Parallelism controls:
a) runout b) orientation c) size d) location
12.If form tolerance is applied to the same surface as an orientation tolerance, the form tolerance,
a) must be less than the orientation tolerance b) must be equal to orientation tolerance
c) must be greater than the orientation tolerance d) can be any value
(C7) Page: 14 of 14
Part-B-1: Orientation Tolerance (Question)
(C7) Page: 14 of 14
Part-B-1: Orientation Tolerance (Answer)
(C7) Page: 14 of 14
Part-B-2: Orientation Tolerance (Question)
(C7) Page: 14 of 14
Part-B-2 and 3: Orientation Tolerance (Answer)
2. Answer the questions below. For the part shown:
59.80
i) The MMC size is:__________
59.70
ii) The LMC size is:__________
iii) The Virtual Condition is:___________

59.90
3. Determine the maximum amount of orientation error that is allowed for each of the features
relative to the datum reference frame.
0.1
i) #1__________ 0.4
ii) #2__________ iii) #3__________
0.6 iv) #4__________
0.4 0.5
v) #5_________
Chapter-8: Location Controls
8 Location Controls
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Concentricity
8.3. Symmetry
8.4. Position
Location Controls
• Symbol
r
Concentricity (Introduction)
r
• Definition
-for round feature.
-the condition where the median points of all diametrically opposed elements of a
figure or revolution (rotate) are congruent (same) with the axis (or center point) of a
datum feature.
• Tolerance Zone
-tolerance zone is a cylindrical zone (cylinder shape) in which the axis
-always implied and specified as RFS
-specified tolerance controls the amount of eccentricity error, parallelism of axis, out-
of-straightness of axis, and any other possible errors in the feature axis
-difficult to verify and may be excessively expensive
• Application
-selectively because features may not be controlled with runout or position (runout
only controls a surface-to-axis at RFS)
-is an axis to- datum axis control at RFS
-specified for high-speed rotating parts, rotating mass, axis-to-axis precision, or any
other feature critical to function
Location Controls
Concentricity (Tolerance Zone)
r
For Round Feature Datum Reference Requested
Interpreting - Location Tolerance
• Symbol
r
Application
Concentricity
-selectively because features may not be controlled with runout or
position (runout only controls a surface-to-axis at RFS)
r
-is an axis to-axis control at RFS
-specified for high-speed rotating parts, rotating mass, axis-to-axis
• Definition precision, or any other feature critical to function
Location Controls
Concentricity (Introduction)
r
i
• Symbol Location Controls
Symmetry (Introduction)
i
• Definition
-for flat feature.
-is the condition where a feature or part has the same
profile on either side of the center plane (median plane)
of a datum feature
• Tolerance Zone
-tolerance is applied equally on either side of the
controlled feature center line or plan
-always implied and specified as RFS
• Application
-features to be located symmetrically with respect to the
median plane of a datum feature
-can be very difficult to inspect.
i
Location Controls
Symmetry (Tolerance Zone)
For Round Feature Datum Reference Requested
i
Location Controls
Symbol i Symmetry (Introduction)
Symmetry is one of those tolerances that

sounds like a good idea but usually isn't.
There are a lot of times where features
need to be symmetric. A symmetrical
relationship may be controlled with position,
profile of a surface or symmetry. The least
functional and often the most time
consuming to inspect is symmetry. It
requires deriving median points.
Application
-features to be located symmetrically
with respect to the median plane of a
datum feature
-can be very difficult to inspect.
i
Location Controls
Symmetry (Attachment)
i
Location Tolerance - Symmetry
Using Position Tolerance to Control Symmetry of a Slot
Location Controls
• Symbol
Position (Introduction)
j
j
• Definition
-the condition where a feature or group of features is located
(positioned) in relation to another feature or datum feature
• Tolerance Zone
-tolerance zones are either cylindrical or noncylindrical
-can be implied and specified as RFS, LMC and MMC.
• Application
-position may be specified to control nearly all features of a part
-In terms of the surface of a hole or axis of a hole
Location Controls
Position (Tolerance Zone)
j
For Feature Has Size Datum Reference Requested
Location Controls
Symbol j
Application
Position (Introduction)
j
-position may be specified to control nearly all
features of a part
-In terms of the surface of a hole or axis of a
hole
Can be implied and specified as

RFS, LMC and MMC
Focus to the center of feature

and do not control the surface
of feature
Location Controls
•
Position (Multi-Features)
Position of Multiple Cylindrical Features j
1.000 1.500 1.500
j
Location Controls
Position (Multi-Features – The
Holes at MMC and LMC)
Calculation of Positional Error
(C8) Page 14/18
8.5: Location Controls

(Questions)-Part A
(C8) Page 14/18

(Answers)-Part A
(C8) Page 15/18

(Questions)-Part B
(C8) Page 15/18

(Answers)-Part B
(C8) Page: 16 of 18
Part-C: Location
Tolerance (Questions)
(C8) Page: 16 of 18
Part-C: Location
Tolerance (Answers)
(C8) Page: 17 of 18
Part-D: Location
Tolerance (Questions)
Inner Boundary, (IB)
IB = Smallest Size - the Applicable Geometric Tolerance
Outer Boundary, (OB)

OB = Largest Size + the Applicable Geometric Tolerance
(C8) Page: 17 of 18
Part-D: Location
Tolerance (Answers)
(C5) Page: 18 of 18 Feature Control Frame with Datum A, B and C
Z-Axis Location 5
Part-E: Geometric Tolerances Feature Hole-1 Hole-2
(Questions) Feature Size 18.00 18.09
Coordinate X Y X Y
Measured Value 41.06 29.92 81.2 29.89
Reference Value 41 30 81 30
Positional Error
Positional Error (Diametrical Error)
Positional Tolerance (Diameter
Hole-1 Hole-2
Tolerance)
Decision
Z-Axis Location 10
Feature Hole-1 Hole-2
Feature of Size 17.99 17.91
Coordinate X Y X Y
Measured Value 40.98 30.24 80.92 30.18
Positional Error
Tolerance)
Decision
Z-Axis Location 15
Feature of Size 18.04 17.89
Coordinate X Y X Y
Measured Value 40.89 30.25 81.12 30.05
Positional Error
Tolerance)
Decision
(C5) Page: 18 of 18
Feature Control Frame with Datum A, B and C
Part-E: Geometric Tolerances Z-Axis Location 5
(Answers) Feature Hole-1 Hole-2
Feature Size 18.00 18.09
Coordinate X Y X Y
Measured Value 41.06 29.92 81.2 29.89
Positional Error 0.06 -0.08 0.2 -0.11
Measured Value (Diametrical Error) 0.200 0.457
Hole-1 Hole-2 (18.00 – 17.9 = 0.10) (18.09 – 17.9 = 0.19)
Positional Tolerance (Diameter Tolerance) 0.4 + 0.10 = 0.50 0.4 + 0.19 = 0.59
Decision 0.200 < 0.50, Accept 0.457 < 0.59, Accept
Z-Axis Location 10
Coordinate X Y X Y
Measured Value 40.98 30.24 80.92 30.18
MMC Size
Positional Error -0.02 0.24 -0.08 0.18
(17.99 – 17.9 = 0.09) (17.91 – 17.9 = 0.01)
Positional Tolerance (Diameter Tolerance) 0.4 + 0.09 = 0.49 0.4 + 0.01 = 0.41
Decision 0.482 < 0.49, Accept 0.394 < 0.41, Accept
Z-Axis Location 15
Coordinate X Y X Y
2× 0.2 + -0.11  =0.457
2 2
Measured Value 40.89 30.25 81.12 30.05
Positional Error -0.11 0.25 0.12 0.05
Lower
Limit (18.1 – 17.91 = 0.20)
(18.04 – 17.9 = 0.14)
Positional Tolerance (Diameter Tolerance) 0.4 + 0.14 = 0.54 Size 0.4 + 0.20 = 0.60
Decision 0.546 > 0.54, Reject 17.89 < 17.9, Reject
Chapter-9: Composite Control Of Geometric Tolerances
9. Composite Control Of Geometric Tolerances
9.1. Profile Tolerances
9.1.1. Symbol
9.1.2. Definition
9.1.3. Tolerances
9.1.4. Application
9.1.5. Boundary Control for Non-cylindrical Features
9.1.6. Profile of a Line
9.1.7. Profile of a Surface
9.2. Runout Tolerance
9.2.1. Symbol
9.2.2. Definition
9.2.3. Tolerances
9.2.4. Application
9.2.5. Circular Runout
9.2.6. Total Runout
9.3. Composite Feature Control Frames
9.3.1. Multi Single-Segments Feature Control Frames
9.3.2. Composite Profile Tolerance for Coplanarity Control
9.3.3. Composite Positional Tolerance for Pattern Location Control
9.3.4. Comparison Two Single-Segment and Composite Tolerancing
9.3.5. Verification of Composite Positional Tolerance
Runout Controls
• Symbol
h t
Introduction
h t
• Definition
-Runout is a composite form, orientation and location control of permissible error in the desired
part surface during a complete revolution of the part around a datum axis
• Tolerance Zone
-tolerance is always implied to be RFS
-A datum reference is required
-Circular-only a line-by-line control of a surface. Each line is completely independent of the

other- normally implies FIM
-Total-controlled for taper, coaxiality, circularity, cylindricity, straightness, angularity,
flatness, perpendicularity, and profile but not on feature size.
• Application
-specified for designs where rotation is involved, such as shafts, pulleys, and bearing surfaces
-circular-specified when the part function is not critical to rotational surface.
-total runout tolerancing can be controlled critical to rotational speeds, usually for high speed
Runout Controls
Circular Runout (Tolerance Zone)
h
Runout Controls
Total Runout (Tolerance Zone)
t
Runout Controls
h t Introduction
h t
• Symbol
Profile Controls
Introduction
k d
k d
• Definition
-Profile tolerancing is a method of specifying control of deviation from the desired profile
along the surface of a feature
• Tolerance Zone
-tolerance is always implied to be RFS
-A datum reference may or may not required
-Line- Line profile tolerancing is usually a refinement of some other geometric control,
form and size control (two dimensional control)
-Surface- specifying a three-dimensional control along the entire surface to be
controlled
• Application
-to be controlled within a given basic shape
-irregular features that are difficult to control with other form or orientation tolerances
-the only geometric tolerancing to control location of surface.
-profile of surface tolerancing can be controlled co-axial features.
Profile Controls
Profile of a Line (Tolerance Zone) k
Profile Controls
Profile of a Surface (Tolerance Zone) d
Profile Controls
Profile of a Line (Introduction) k
k d
Profile Controls
Profile of a Surface d
Profile is the most versatile and powerful geometric tolerance. It is the only tolerance where
datum referencing is optional. Without a datum reference, profile is similar to a form control
such as straightness or flatness. Where the size dimension is basic, profile will also control size.
With datum reference (s) profile may control orientation and location in addition to size and
form. The profile tolerance is implied to be centered on the true profile defined by the basic
dimensions as illustrated.
Profile Controls
Profile of a Line for Refinement of
Profile of a Surface
k d
d
Profile Controls
Profile of a Surface (Type of Tolerance Zone)
d
Profile Controls
Profile of a Surface (Unilateral Tolerance Zone)
Profile Controls
Profile of a Surface (Co-planarity)
d
d
Directly Toleranced Dimensions
Profile Controls
Profile vs Direct Tolerancing
d
Directly Toleranced Dimensions
Profile Controls
Profile vs Direct Tolerancing
Multi Single-Segments (combined feature control frames)
Chapter-10: Multiple Single-Segment and Composite Feature Control Frames
Multiple Single-Segment
Composite Profile Tolerance
• The first line in composite profile tolerance permit
specification of relatively large tolerances (location)
• The second line in composite profile tolerance for

refinement control (Orientation or form).
d
Composite Feature Control Frames
Profile Geometric Control

Multiple Single-Segment and Composite Feature Control Frames
j
Composite Feature Control Frames Position Geometric Control (with/without Datum B)
j
Composite Feature Control Position Geometric Control
Frames - Calculation
Multiple Single-Segment and Composite Feature Control Frames
j
Comparison Between Multiple Single-Segment and Composite Feature Control Frames
Position Geometric Control
j
Multiple Single-Segment and
Composite Feature Control
Frames
Comparison Between Multiple

Single-Segment and Composite
Feature Control Frames
(C9) Page 21/26 Part B
9.4: Composite Controls
(Questions)-Part A & B
Part A
Based on the results above,

the part is;
Accept / Reject
(C9) Page 21/26 Part B
(Answers)-Part A & B
Part A
Based on the results above, the

part is;
Accept / Reject
(C9) Page 22/26
(Questions)-Part C
(C9) Page 22/26

(Answers)-Part C
(C9) Page 23/26
9.4: Composite Controls (Questions)-Part D

(C9) Page 23/26
9.4: Composite Controls (Answers)-Part D

(C9) Page 24/26
9.4: Composite Controls (Questions)-Part E

(C9) Page 24/26
9.4: Composite Controls (Answers)-Part E

(C9) Page 25/26 to 27/26
9.4: Composite Controls (Questions)-Part F&G
(C9) Page 25/26 to 26/26 9.4: Composite Controls (Answers)-Part F&G
Chapter-10
Review Questions
50 minutes
50 questions (objective)
Open Books
Please Be Silent!
Answer for the 50 GD&T Questions :-
No. Ans. No. Ans. No. Ans. No. Ans. No. Ans.
1 D 11 A 21 B 31 D 41 B
2 C 12 B 22 C 32 C 42 C
3 C 13 B 23 C 33 D 43 B
4 D 14 A 24 A 34 A 44 A
5 A 15 B 25 C 35 D 45 A
6 B 16 B 26 D 36 D 46 C
7 D 17 D 27 B 37 D 47 C
8 A 18 B 28 D 38 B 48 B
9 B 19 B 29 D 39 C 49 B
10 D 20 B 30 B 40 C 50 A
WISH YOU ALL THE BEST
SEE YOU TOMORROW
AND
THANK YOU VERY MUCH
End of Training
Thank You Very Much for your time and

attention to share our knowledge together.
See You Again
Ng Yew Seong (H/Phone: 012-2090712)

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GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING &

By: Ng Yew Seong

Please Write Down Your Personal Information in

Please Be Silent, Thank you

The Geometric Dimensioning and Toleracing is a communication tool that

GD&T Contains of:

The Standard use to reduce controversy for utilizing technical drawing.

The Guidelines for productivity on the functionality, reliability and

Transfer idea and Communicate Transfer idea and Communicate

Transfer idea and Communicate

2. Control the Datum Features.

3. Locate other Features using:

4. Refine with orientation, size and form as necessary.

Chapter-1: Introduction To GD&T (Fit, Form, Function and Reliable)

• Geometric tolerancing base on symbols are

• GD&T is a common language throughout

• Understanding geometric tolerancing symbols and

• Understanding a variety of inspection and gauging

• Finding the appropriate measuring or gauging

• Later we need for interchangeability of parts and assemblies, then geometric

• In 1995, American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASME Y14.5-1994 was released

Complete GD&T System Advanced GD&T System

• GD&T symbols, principles (fact), and rules

• Standard was created to improve

• As most powerful tools available that can improve

• By using GD&T on the drawing, it make designer’s

• GD&T is enhanced to Coordinate Systems

Area for the square = L  L = 0.01  0.01 = 0.0001

• Features of Size: The features are

• Feature control frame: Contains the

• Ideal Feature: The perfect element

Feature, Feature of Size and Location Dimension

• Datum features are physical features of the

• Datum targets: Specific points, lines, or

Datum reference frame

• Datum Feature Simulator

• Reference dimensions: Reference

Datum from Drawing

Datum from Drawing

Datum Simulator from Gauge

Straightness for Axis

Straightness for Axis

2. Control the datum features.

3. Locate other features using:

• For features of size, using j

• For cylinders that are coaxial to a datum axis, using j / h / t or d

4. Refine (Feature) with orientation, size and form as necessary.

Tolerance Range Specified by

3a Ø41.5, Ø88.9, Ø12.7, 13.2

3b Ø76.2, 25.4, 16.4

No Regular Feature of Size Irregular Feature of Size

No Regular Feature of Size Irregular Feature of Size

a) Basic dimension symbol _____________________________________________

2. The Modifiers of GD&T

MMC and LMC for

MMC and LMC for

RFS for External

MMC for Internal LMC for Internal

Hole Size Bonus Tolerance Position Tolerance