EE340 - Week3 - Ch2 (Sec 6-9) - Ahmed

Sections 6-9
Some slides are from 8e Applied EM by Ulaby and Ravaioli

Ansys courses. Edited by Ahmed Omar
Next week, 5th February 2023
2
 Quiz #1
 CH 1 and 2
 10 minutes at the beginning of the lecture.
 No replacement quizzes
 Bring your calculator
Last Week
3
 TLs types
 Lumped element circuit model
 TL effect
There is no absolute length anymore, from now on it
is relative length to lambda (λ).
 Transmission-Line Equations (Telegrapher’s equations)
 Wave Equations
 Incident and reflected waves
 Characteristic Impedance (function of R, L, G, C)
Last Week
4
1. Lumped circuit element 2. Telegrapher’s equations

for TEM mode TL 3. Wave equations
4. Incident and
5. Characteristic impedance reflected
waves
Phase velocity & Guided wavelength
5
The waves propagate with a phase velocity given by:
▪ EM waves are not always propagating in free space, they

are also guided by TLs.
▪ When EM waves travels in a TL, they voltage and current
within the guided structure/TL
Lossless line
6
Lossless line
All TEM TLs
7
Product = Product, NOT the individuals

2-6 Lossless Transmission Line
8
If
Then:
The velocity of the wave inside the TL

is smaller than the one in free space.
& Wavelength is shorter.
EM Waves:
Free space VS TLs
9
Free space
λ0 λg
Volt vs. x
λ0
Wavelength in free space λ0
Guided wavelength λ or λg
Volt vs. t
Same freq.
Frequency “f” in free space

Frequency “f” in free space
EM wave velocity in free space:

Slower wave
Nondispersive TLs
(instead of slide 6 in the week #2 presentation) See “EE340_Week2_Solved Problems
CH1 and CH 2.1-2.4” for more details.
10
This is an important feature to consider when digital data are transmitted in the form of
pulses. A rectangular pulse or a series of pulses is composed of many Fourier
components with different frequencies. If the phase velocity is the same for all frequency
components (or at least for the dominant ones), then the pulse’s shape does not change
as it travels down the line.
11
TL connected to load
12
TL length:
1. Absolute length in “m”
2. Relative length to λ
3. Electrical length “βl”
Reference
Voltage Reflection Coefficient
(from the load)
13
▪ Suppose we have voltage and current signals &

entering the TL, the relationship between them
is : Characteristic
impedance
&
𝑉𝐿
▪ @ the end of the line: = 𝑍𝐿
𝐼𝐿 ▪ If Z0 and ZL are NOT equal, then:
▪ If Z0 and ZL are equal, then:
&
How? ▪ This means that the load is
▪ The total voltage is only the incident voltage NOT matched to the TL.
wave and the total current is just the incident ▪ This mismatch will result in a
current wave ▪ This means that the entire reflection. (reflected wave)
signal is transferred to the
load → The load is matched
with the TL ( 𝑍0 = 𝑍𝐿 )
𝑉 − = 𝑉+
How much of the wave will be reflected? 𝑜 𝑜
14
At the load (z = 0):

(2.55)
Reflection
coefficient
Lowercase Normalized load

letter “z” impedance
15
▪ We want to maximize the

transferred energy to the load
(minimize the reflected signal).
In general
complex
▪ Make ZL as close to Z0 as possible.
▪ Three cases:
1. ZL = Z0 What do you expect?
2. ZL = ∞ ((open circuit)
3. ZL = 0 (short circuit) One pulse: https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/wave-
on-a-string/latest/wave-on-a-string_en.html
In general complex
16
Current Reflection Coefficient
17
The difference between standing and
traveling waves.
Standing Waves
19
Let us examine the physical meaning underlying

these expressions. We begin by deriving an
expression for , the magnitude of .
voltage magnitude
current magnitude
Standing-Wave Pattern The envelope of the
total wave on the TL.
20
The sinusoidal patterns are called standing

waves and are caused by the interference of the
two traveling waves.
The maximum value occurs when the incident and
reflected waves are in-phase
Voltage magnitude is maximum
The value of the max. voltage is

Standing-Wave Pattern
https://em8e.eecs.umich.edu/jsmodules/ch2/
mod2_4.html
21
The minimum value occurs when the incident and

reflected waves are out-phase
Voltage magnitude is minimum
The value of the min. voltage is
The standing wave pattern is

varying with time as .
The instantaneous voltage as a function of
time at location d = dmax in Fig. 2-14,
would have an amplitude equal to 1.3 V
[i.e., v(t) would oscillate between −1.3 V
and +1.3 V].
22
When voltage is a maximum, the current

is a minimum, and vice versa
This is a consequence of the fact that the

third term in Eq. (2.66) is preceded by a
plus sign, whereas the third term in Eq.
(2.67) is preceded by a minus sign.
https://em8e.eecs.umich.edu/jsmodules/ch2/mod2_4.html
Standing Wave Patterns for 3 Types of Loads

23
Maxima & Minima_ The envelope of the
total wave on the TL.
General Formulas
24
Maxima & Minima_ General Formulas
25
Maxima & Minima (cont.)
26
S = Voltage Standing Wave Ratio

(VSWR) (SWR)
For a matched load: S = 1
For a short, open, or purely reactive load:

27
28
Example 2-6: Measuring ZL with a Slotted Line
29
▪ A slotted-line probe is an instrument used

to measure the unknown impedance of a
load, ZL.
▪ A coaxial slotted line contains a narrow
longitudinal slit in the outer conductor.
▪ A small probe inserted in the slit can be
used to sample the magnitude of the
electric field and, hence, the magnitude
of the voltage on the line.
▪ By moving the probe along the length of
the slotted line, it is possible to measure
and and the distances from the
load at which they occur.
▪ Use of Eq. (2.73), namely
, provides the voltage standing-wave ratio
S.
Example 2-6: Measuring ZL with a Slotted Line
30
2-7 TL connected to load
31
Input Impedance
→ Vin/Iin
32
Wave Impedance
@ distance from the load
33
At a distance d from the load:
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 @ 𝑧 = −𝑑
=
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 @ 𝑧 = −𝑑
Z = -d
Input Impedance → Vin/Iin
More formulas
34
At input, d = l:
Cont.
Cont.
(cont.)
Cont.
(cont.)
39
2-8 Short-Circuited Line
40
For the short-circuited line:
At its input, the line appears like an inductor or

a capacitor depending on the sign of ,
which depends on d/λ
The short circuit appears as an open circuit after TL

with a length of λ/4. (TL length is very important)
2-8 Short-Circuited Line
41
Simply @ ZL = 0
Such a practice is indeed common in the design of

microwave circuits and high-speed integrated circuits,
because making an actual capacitor or inductor often is
much more difficult than fabricating a shorted microstrip
transmission line on a circuit board.
Open-Circuited Line
43
Simply @ ZL = ∞
Short-Circuit/Open-Circuit Method
(network analyzer)
44
 For a line of known length l, measurements of its

input impedance, one when terminated in a short
and another when terminated in an open, can be
used to find its characteristic impedance Z0 and its
electrical length
Suitable for purely resistive load ONLY.
It is limited to a certain frequency at

which l = λ/4
Matching Networks
46
47
2-9 Instantaneous Power Flow
48
2-9 Instantaneous Power Flow
49
Average Power
(Time-domain approach)
50
The time-average power is equal to the instantaneous power averaged over one-time
period T.
𝑖
Note that the expressions for 𝑃𝑎𝑣 and
𝑟
𝑃𝑎𝑣 are independent of d (the TL is lossless).
Average Power
(Time-domain approach)
51
Average Power
(Phasor-domain approach)
52
Just for you, not included in the syllabus.
Tech Brief 3: Standing Waves in Microwave Oven

53
The stirrer or rotation

of the food platform
is used to constantly
change the standing
wave pattern in the
oven cavity
Just for you, not included in the syllabus.
Tech Brief 3: Role of Frequency

54
At low frequencies,
absorption rate is small,
so it would take a long
time for the food to cook
At very high frequencies,

the food cooks fast, but
only its the surface layer
Important to know, not included in the syllabus.
Lossless Microstrip Line

55
Phase velocity in dielectric:
Phase velocity for microstrip:
Quasi-TEM
Summary
56
Next lecture
57
 Will be conducted with flipped classroom strategy.
 Study at home then we will do problem-solving.

EE340 - Week3 - Ch2 (Sec 6-9) - Ahmed

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Sections 6-9

Some slides are from 8e Applied EM by Ulaby and Ravaioli

 10 minutes at the beginning of the lecture.

1. Lumped circuit element 2. Telegrapher’s equations

The waves propagate with a phase velocity given by:

▪ EM waves are not always propagating in free space, they

Product = Product, NOT the individuals

The velocity of the wave inside the TL

Frequency “f” in free space

EM wave velocity in free space:

▪ Suppose we have voltage and current signals &

At the load (z = 0):

Lowercase Normalized load

▪ We want to maximize the

▪ Make ZL as close to Z0 as possible.

Let us examine the physical meaning underlying

The sinusoidal patterns are called standing

Voltage magnitude is maximum

The value of the max. voltage is

The minimum value occurs when the incident and

Voltage magnitude is minimum

The value of the min. voltage is

The standing wave pattern is

When voltage is a maximum, the current

This is a consequence of the fact that the

Standing Wave Patterns for 3 Types of Loads

S = Voltage Standing Wave Ratio

For a matched load: S = 1

For a short, open, or purely reactive load:

▪ A slotted-line probe is an instrument used

For the short-circuited line:

At its input, the line appears like an inductor or

The short circuit appears as an open circuit after TL

Such a practice is indeed common in the design of

 For a line of known length l, measurements of its

It is limited to a certain frequency at

Tech Brief 3: Standing Waves in Microwave Oven

The stirrer or rotation

Tech Brief 3: Role of Frequency

At very high frequencies,

Lossless Microstrip Line

Phase velocity in dielectric:

Phase velocity for microstrip:

 Will be conducted with flipped classroom strategy.

 Study at home then we will do problem-solving.

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