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    08 - Immune System Basics

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    q8la
    The document discusses the basics of immunology, including the two main types of immunity: innate and adaptive. It describes several non-immune defense mechanisms of the innate system, such as the skin, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and genitourinary tract. The adaptive immune system differs in that it is antigen-specific and involves lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells. T cells and B cells play major roles, with B cells maturing in the bone marrow and differentiating into effector B cells, memory B cells, and plasma cells upon antigen exposure. The document also provides details on the classes of antibodies and their functions, the major histocompatibility complex and its role in antigen presentation, and the involvement of MHC class I and

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    08 - Immune System Basics

    Uploaded by

    q8la
    36 views30 pages
    The document discusses the basics of immunology, including the two main types of immunity: innate and adaptive. It describes several non-immune defense mechanisms of the innate system, such as the skin, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and genitourinary tract. The adaptive immune system differs in that it is antigen-specific and involves lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells. T cells and B cells play major roles, with B cells maturing in the bone marrow and differentiating into effector B cells, memory B cells, and plasma cells upon antigen exposure. The document also provides details on the classes of antibodies and their functions, the major histocompatibility complex and its role in antigen presentation, and the involvement of MHC class I and

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    The document discusses the basics of immunology, including the two main types of immunity: innate and adaptive. It describes several non-immune defense mechanisms of the innate system, such as the skin, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and genitourinary tract. The adaptive immune system differs in that it is antigen-specific and involves lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells. T cells and B cells play major roles, with B cells maturing in the bone marrow and differentiating into effector B cells, memory B cells, and plasma cells upon antigen exposure. The document also provides details on the classes of antibodies and their functions, the major histocompatibility complex and its role in antigen presentation, and the involvement of MHC class I and

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    36 views30 pages

    08 - Immune System Basics

    Uploaded by

    q8la
    The document discusses the basics of immunology, including the two main types of immunity: innate and adaptive. It describes several non-immune defense mechanisms of the innate system, such as the skin, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and genitourinary tract. The adaptive immune system differs in that it is antigen-specific and involves lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells. T cells and B cells play major roles, with B cells maturing in the bone marrow and differentiating into effector B cells, memory B cells, and plasma cells upon antigen exposure. The document also provides details on the classes of antibodies and their functions, the major histocompatibility complex and its role in antigen presentation, and the involvement of MHC class I and

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 30

    Immunology

    The Basics Part I


    The Players: 2 Types of
    Immunity

    Innate

    Adaptive

    Immunity
    Non-immune defense
    mechanisms
    Non-immune (Innate) defense
    mechanisms

    • Skin: Full of bacteria BUT:


    • Dry.
    • Indigestible keratin.
    • Acidic pH.
    • Sclera:
    • Tears.
    Non-immune defense
    mechanisms

    • Respiratory tract:
    • Inhaled microorganisms trapped by
    mucosa.
    • Upward sweep by the bronchi.
    • Alveolar macrophages.
    • Alcohol and smoking: More prone to
    Pneumonia.
    Non-immune defense
    mechanisms

    • GI tract:
    • Mucosa.
    • Gastric acid and bile detergents.
    • Pancreatic enzymes.
    • Epithelial cells are shed daily.
    • Normal flora.
    Non-immune defense
    mechanisms

    • GU tract:
    • Urine is sterile.
    • Continuous flow.
    • Phagocytosis:
    • Macrophages.
    • NK cells.
    • Lysozymes.
    • Complement system.
    Adaptive immunity (The Immune
    System)

    The immune system differs from


    innate defenses in a key way:
    the immune system is
    programmable to defend against
    and attack a specific target;
    innate defenses are not.
    Adaptive Immunity

    • Antigenic specificity allows the immune


    system to distinguish the subtle differences in
    antigens.
    • It is not independent of the innate immunity.
    • Phagocytosis is crucial.
    • Cooperation: Lymphocytes and APCs.
    What is an Antigen?

    Any substance that can be recognized by:


    • The immunoglobulin receptor of B-cells
    or
    • The T-cell receptor when complexed with
    MHC.
    B-Lymphocytes

    • Created and mature in the bone marrow.


    • When they leave the BM, they express a
    unique antigen-binding receptor on the
    membrane.
    • This receptor is a membrane bound antibody.
    Antigen and S-Ig meet.

    Naïve B cell meets antigen

    Rapid cell division

    Progeny differentiate into:

    Effector B cells Memory B Cells Plasma Cells


    The Progeny

    • Memory B-Calles have a longer life span than


    naïve cells.
    • They express the same membrane bound
    antibody as their parent B cell.
    • Plasma cells have no membrane bound
    antibodies.
    • They secrete the antibodies (>2000/s).
    • Life span of only few days.
    What are Antibodies?
    Antibodies

    • Classification based on
    the heavy chain:
    • M,G,E,A,D
    • Can be passed:
    • Placenta.
    • IVIg.
    IgG

    • Most abundant class in Serum


    which constitutes 80% of the
    total serum immunoglobulin.
    • There are four different classes
    numbered according to their
    abundance in the serum.
    • IgG 1 , IgG 3, IgG 4 readily
    crossed the placenta and
    protect the developing fetus.
    • IgG 3 is the most effective
    complement activator while IgG
    4 is not able to activate
    complement at all.
    IgM

    • IgM accounts for 5% to 10% of the


    total serum immunoglobulin .
    • Monomeric IgM is expressed as
    membrane-bound antibody on B
    cells.
    • IgM is secreted by plasma cells as a
    pentamer in which five monomer
    units are held together by disulfide
    bonds that link carboxyl terminal
    heavy chain domains.
    IgM

    • IgM is the first immunoglobulin class


    produced in a primary response to
    an antigen and it is also the first
    immunoglobulin to be synthesized
    by the neonate.
    • Although it has 10 binding sites
    sometimes it can only bind 5 or
    fewer molecules of larger antigens.
    IgA

    • IgA constitutes only 10 to 15% of the


    total immunoglobulin in serum .
    • It is the predominant
    immunoglobulin class in external
    secretions such as breast milk,
    saliva, tears, and mucus of the
    bronchial and digestive tract .
    • It exists as a monomer but
    polymeric forms are sometimes seen
    all containing a J-chain.
    IgA

    • Secretory IgA consists of a dimer or


    tetramer a J chain polypeptide and
    a polypeptide chain called secretary
    component.
    • The J-chain polypeptide in IgA is
    identical to that found in
    pentameric IgM and serves a similar
    function in facilitating the
    polymerization of both serum IgA
    and secretory IGA.
    IgE

    • The concentration of IgE in serum is


    extremely low and it was only
    identified because of its biological
    activity.
    • IgE antibodies are responsible for the
    immediate hypersensitivity
    reactions.
    • IgE binds to Fc receptors on the
    membranes of basophils and tissue
    mast cells.
    IgD

    • IgD together with my IgM is the major


    membrane bound immunoglobulin
    expressed by mature B cells, and its
    role in the Physiology of B cells is
    under investigation.
    • In B cells, the function of IgD is to
    signal the B cells to be activated.
    Antibody Production
    We will shift to MHC and T -Cells
    Then we go back to B cells and antibodies… You’ll see why.
    Major Histocompatibility
    Complex: MHC

    • It is a large genetic complex with multiple


    loci.
    • The MHC loci include two major classes of
    membrane bound glycoproteins class I and
    class II MHC molecules.
    • MHC molecules function as antigen
    recognition molecules, but they do not possess
    define specificity for antigen characteristics of
    antibodies.
    Major Histocompatibility
    Complex: MHC

    • In both class I and class II MHC molecules the


    distal regions of different alleles display wide
    variation in their amino acid sequences.
    • These variable regions formic left within which
    the antigenic peptide sits and is presented to
    T lymphocytes.
    MHC I and II
    The Function Of MHC Complex

    • In order for a foreign protein antigen to be


    recognized by T cell, it must be degraded into
    small antigenic peptides that form complexes
    with class I or class II MHC molecules.
    • The route that the antigen takes to enter the
    cell will determine which class of MHC
    molecule it appears on.
    I or II?

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