TAP - Adaptation 2017
TAP - Adaptation 2017
TAP - Adaptation 2017
Report-III & IV
Government of Pakistan
Ministry of Climate Change
Islamabad, Pakistan
November-2017
Supported by:
Pakistan: Climate Adaptation Technology Action Plans & Ideas
i
TECHNOLOGY ACTION PLAN
& PROJECT IDEAS
Lead Expert:
Dr. Qamar uz Zaman Chaudhry
This publication is an output of the Technology Needs Assessment project, funded by the
Global Environment Facility (GEF) and implemented by the United Nations Environment
Programme (UNEP) and the UNEP DTU Partnership (UDP) in collaboration with the Regional
Centre, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand. The views expressed in this publication are
those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of UNEP DTU Partnership,
UNEP or the Regional Centre, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand. We regret any errors
or omissions that may have been unwittingly made. This publication may be reproduced in
whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit services without special
permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. No
use of this publication may be made for resale or any other commercial purpose whatsoever
without prior permission in writing from the UNEP DTU Partnership.
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Pakistan: Climate Adaptation Technology Action Plans & Ideas
Foreword
I am confident that the Technology Needs Assessment (TNA) project initiated by the
Ministry of Climate Change in partnership with the United Nations Environment
Program (UNEP), Climate Technology Centre & Network (CTCN) and Technical
University of Denmark (DTU) will play an effective role in increasing resilience
against climate change vulnerabilities through transfer and diffusion of prioritized
technologies in agriculture and water sectors and removing barriers in their adoption.
I am pleased to note that the entire TNA process from prioritizing sectors and
technologies, setting preliminary targets for transfer and diffusion of technologies,
identifying barriers and suggesting an enabling framework for overcoming the
barriers and now Technology Action Plan (TAP)/ Project Ideas report in this final
phase-III of the TNA project was country-driven. Being highly consultative, it involved
a number of stakeholders and experts from the government, private sector and civil
society. I strongly believe that the implementation of adaptation technologies
prioritized in TNA process and elaborated in TAP Report-III will help the country in
building resilience to the impacts of climate change.
I would like to thank the members of the TNA National Team and my colleagues in
the Ministry and experts of the Adaptation Working Group for their invaluable
contributions to the preparation of this Report.
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Preface
Climate change is one of the most daunting threats that humankind faces today. For
Pakistan, it is a colossal challenge to achieve its sustainable development goals
without compromising on its socio-economic development needs. Due to its
exposure to the recurrent episodes of drought, flooding, heatwaves, and glacial lake
outburst floods in the past few decades, the country is consistently ranked by
multiple climate change vulnerability indices as being one of the most vulnerable to
the impacts of climate change.
Building resilience and adaptation to climate change is becoming indispensible for
Pakistan. Fortunately, environmentally sound technologies are gaining a high priority
in sustainable development policy dialogue and implementing frameworks.
Technology Needs Assessment (TNA) is one of the critical steps towards identifying
and assessing climate change adaptation challenges for Pakistan in order to align its
adaptation needs and opportunities with goals and objectives of its sustainable
development. As a climate change adaptation tool this TNA would help the country
identify the needs for new equipment, techniques, practical knowledge and skills, that
are necessary to successfully pursue climate resilient development.
This report on ‘Technology Action Plan/ Project Ideas’ is a final output of the
Technology Needs Assessment project, funded by the Global Environment Facility
(GEF) and implemented by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) and
the UNEP DTU Partnership in collaboration with Asian Institute of Technology
Thailand. This TNA process in Pakistan is being undertaken since June 2015, with
the Ministry of Climate Change in lead.
This report identifies and provides a list of action needed for adoption of prioritized
adaptation technologies in climate vulnerable water and agriculture sectors of
Pakistan. The report is the result of a fully country driven, participatory process.
Views and information in this report is the product of extensive discussions with
technology expert team and stakeholders.
I extend my appreciation to all stakeholders for their constant support and valuable
comments throughout the development of this report. I hope that this assessment will
go a long way in achieving the climate resilience of country’s water and agriculture
sectors from climate change vulnerabilities.
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Pakistan: Climate Adaptation Technology Action Plans & Ideas
Abbreviations
ADP Annual Development Plan
EPD Environmental Protection Department
EWS Early warning system
FFC Federal Flood Commission
FSC&RD Federal Seed Certification and Registration Department
GCISC Global Change Impact Studies Centre
GoP Government of Pakistan
GEF Global Environment Facility
GW Groundwater
GWRF Ground Water Regulation Framework
GHG Greenhouse gases
HEIS High efficiency irrigation system
IBIS Indus Basin Irrigation System
LID Low impact development
MOCC Ministry of Climate Change
NDMA National Disaster Management Authority
PCRWR Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources
PDMA Provincial Disaster Management Authority
PIDA Punjab Irrigation and Drainage Authority
PHED Public Health Engineering Department
PMD Pakistan Meteorological Department
PSDP Public sector development program
RWH Rainwater harvesting
R&D Research and development
SCARP Salinity Control and Reclamation Program
TNA Technology needs assessment
TAP Technology action plan
UNEP United Nation Environment Programme
UNFCCC UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
WAPDA Water and Power Development Authority
WASA Water and Sanitation Authority
WB World Bank
Weights and measures
ha hectare
2
km square kilometre
3
m /yr cubic meters per year
MAF million acre foot
Mh million hectares
v
Contents
Foreword…………………………………… ……………………………………………..iii
Preface .................................................................................................................... iv
Abbreviations .......................................................................................................... v
Contents ................................................................................................................. vi
Executive Summary ................................................................................................ 1
Chapter 1: Introduction ........................................................................................... 7
Chapter 2: Technology Action Plan for the Agriculture Sector of Pakistan........ 9
2.1 Actions at sector level ................................................................................... 9
2.1.1 Sector overview ...................................................................................... 9
2.1.2 Preliminary technology targets ............................................................. 10
2.1.3 Barriers at sector level and proposed measures to overcome barriers . 10
2.1.4 Action plan at sectoral level ..................................................................... 11
2.2 Action plan for high efficiency irrigation systems (drip and sprinkler) ........... 11
2. 2.1 About the technology............................................................................ 11
2.2.2 Target for technology transfer and diffusion .......................................... 12
2.2.3 Barriers to the diffusion of technology ................................................... 12
2.2.4 Proposed action plan for the high efficiency irrigation system ............... 14
2.3 Proposed action plan for drought tolerant crop varieties ............................. 17
2.3.1 About the technology ............................................................................ 17
2.3.2 Target for technology transfer and diffusion ......................................... 18
2.3.3 Barriers to the diffusion of technology ................................................... 18
2.3.4 Proposed action plan for drought tolerant crop varieties ........................ 20
2.4 Technology: Climate monitoring, forecasting and early warning system ...... 23
2.4.1 About the technology ............................................................................ 23
2.4.2 Target for technology transfer and diffusion .......................................... 24
2.4.3 Barriers to the diffusion of technology ................................................... 24
2.4.4 Proposed action plan for climate monitoring and forecasting: Early
warning system ................................................................................................ 25
Chapter 3: Technology Action Plan for the Water Sector of Pakistan ........... 29
3.1 Actions at sector level ................................................................................. 29
3.1.1 Sector overview .................................................................................... 29
3.1.2 Preliminary technology targets .............................................................. 30
3.1.3 Barriers at sector level and proposed measures to overcome barriers .. 30
3.1.4 Action Plan at sectoral level .................................................................. 31
3.2 Action plan for surface rainwater harvesting technology ............................. 32
3.2.1 About the Technology ........................................................................... 32
3.2.2 Target for technology transfer and diffusion .......................................... 32
3.2.3 Barriers to the diffusion of technology ................................................... 33
3.2.4 Proposed action plan for surface rainwater harvesting technology ....... 34
3.3 Action plan for groundwater recharge ......................................................... 37
3. 3.1 About the technology............................................................................ 37
3.3.2 Targets for technology transfer and diffusion ........................................ 37
3.3.3 Barriers to the diffusion of technology ................................................... 38
3.3.4 Proposed action plan for the groundwater recharge system .................... 39
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Pakistan: Climate Adaptation Technology Action Plans & Ideas
vii
4.8 Possible challenges ................................................................................. 61
Project Idea-5: Improving and sustaining water security in climate vulnerable areas
of the country through rainwater harvesting from ground surfaces ....................... 62
5.1 Introduction and rational .......................................................................... 62
5.2 Purpose and objectives ........................................................................... 62
5.3 Project deliverables ................................................................................. 62
5.4 Project benefits ........................................................................................ 63
5.5 Project scope and possible implementation ............................................. 63
5.6 Project activities and timeline .................................................................. 63
5.7 Project challenges ................................................................................... 64
Project Idea-6: Climate Resilient Mountain Villages (CRMV) ............................... 65
6.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 65
6.2 Purpose and objectives ........................................................................... 66
6.3 Relationship to the country’s sustainable development priorities.............. 66
6.4 Project deliverables ................................................................................. 67
6.5 Project scope and possible implementation ............................................. 67
6.6 Budget and resource requirements .......................................................... 68
6.7 Monitoring and evaluation ........................................................................ 69
6.8 Possible challenges ................................................................................. 69
List of References ................................................................................................. 70
Annex I. List of stakeholders involved in TAP process and their contacts ...... 73
Annex-II: List of policy makers briefed and sensitized during TAP / Project
Ideas development process on one to one basis. .............................................. 77
List of tables
Table 2.1: Common barriers to the diffusion of prioritized technologies in Pakistan’s
agriculture sector…………………………………………………… 10
Table 3.1: Common barriers and measures to the diffusion of prioritized technologies
in water sector 31
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Pakistan: Climate Adaptation Technology Action Plans & Ideas
Executive Summary
Technology Needs Assessments (TNAs) are a key component of the UNFCCC
supported technology transfer framework, which was originated in Marrakesh
Conference of the Parties (COP)-7 in 2001. The TNA is a set of country-driven
activities that support developing countries Parties to the UNFCCC to determine their
climate technology priorities in order to mitigate GHG emissions or adapt to the
adverse impacts of climate change.
Pakistan started its TNA process in 2015. After following extensive consultation
processes with the sectoral stakeholder working group and other experts, it identified
water and agriculture as its two most climate vulnerable sectors along with three
prioritized climate adaptation technologies for each sector. Three top priority
technologies for water sector included rainwater harvesting, stormwater management
and groundwater recharge; for agriculture sector, the prioritized technologies
identified were high efficiency irrigation system for rainfed and irrigated areas (drip
and sprinkler), drought tolerant crops varieties, and climate monitoring and
forecasting – early warning system. In the next step, technology barrier analyses
were performed to identify different types of key barriers to the diffusion and
replication of these prioritized technologies. Based on the findings, a framework for
creating technology-enabling environment was constructed and proposed.
Subsequently, ‘Technology Action Plan (TAP) and Project Ideas (PI)’- were
developed for each technology under the prioritized sectors.
This report presents different TAPs & PIs for water and agriculture sectors of
Pakistan. TAP and PI represent third and final phase of TNA cycle, and
systematically suggests practical actions necessary to mitigate or reduce technology
related barriers identified in the earlier phases of the TNA cycle. In addition, the
report proposes six project ideas based on each of the prioritized technologies which
may attract international donor financing for the implementation of any one, or all of
these project ideas.
A brief summary of TAPs, and PIs developed for agriculture and water sectors of
Pakistan are given below:
The Chapter-2 on Agriculture Technology Action Plan, in this report, outlines a brief
description of the sector followed by a brief summary of the barriers and enabling
measures to the three prioritized agriculture sector technologies. The chapter also
identifies some preliminary targets to achieve the successful transfer and diffusion of
these technologies in the country. The proposed targets are:
1
ii. Development and promotion of new, yet high productivity drought tolerant
wheat and rice seeds varieties for the arid and semi-arid areas of the country
by 2025;
iii. Strengthen the institutional structure of water governance in the country, and
build capacity of key stakeholders, specifically farmers, through providing
training on water efficient irrigation technologies;
The proposed action plan suggest following activities: Design and adopt effective
economic and financial tools and instruments to address domestic seed market
needs and demands; improve and strengthen local policy and regulatory
environment in the country in order to promote hybrid crop adoption; create and
promote information and awareness about the necessity of and advantages of the
improved seeds varieties especially in the context of climate change; and strengthen
the institutional capacity of the agriculture research organizations in the country
through ensuring dedicated funding and creating linkages with other local and
regional research organizations.
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Pakistan: Climate Adaptation Technology Action Plans & Ideas
Some important barriers to the diffusion of this technology include: high cost of
construction and operation, limited human and technical resources and capacities,
limited research programs available at the national scale.
To overcome the above barriers, the following actions are proposed:
Pakistan is among the world’s 36 most water-stressed countries. Its per capita
surface water availability is estimated to drop to about 860 m3/yr, with a projected
demand-supply gap of approximately 83 MAF by 2025. Climate change is also
expected to have long- term severe impacts on water and food securities. The impact
will very likely not be uniform in the country, but mainly defined by variations in
demographics, agricultural practices and the nature and sustainability of fresh water
sources.
In this report, the Chapter-3 on Water Sector Technology Action Plan outlines a brief
description of the sector followed by brief summary of the barriers and enabling
measures to the three prioritized water sector technologies diffusion. The preliminary
targets to achieve the successful transfer and diffusion of these technologies in the
country are as under:
3
iv. Construction of groundwater recharge systems to improve groundwater
situation.
To mitigate these barriers, the technology action plan proposes the following
activities: i) ensure sufficient supply of dedicated funding for the government
departments involved in different key aspects of the technology design and
management; ii) build and strengthen the institutional capacity of the line ministries
and government departments; iii) raise knowledge and awareness on the usefulness
of technology; iv) Implement suitable regulatory and legislative statutes.
Despite its usefulness, the technology faces certain challenges such as weak
governance system at local and national levels due to the absence of sector policy
and strategies, lack of reliable technical information, and highly politicized nature of
the ground and surface water management issues. The proposed action plan
focuses on the following tasks and activities: i) determine priority areas for recharge,
based on technical information and measurements; ii) Devise and implement a
comprehensive policy framework and strategy on ground water recharge that is
completely aligned with and support the surface water regulations; iii) build and
strengthen the institutional capacity of the organizations dealing with water
management and monitoring at the community, regional and national level.
3 Urban stormwater management
Managing stormwater or runoff is one of the biggest and most expensive challenges
that the urban cities around the world face. In Pakistan, combined sewer system
predominates that convey both wastewaters and stormwater runoff through a single
pipe system to a receiving outlet that is commonly a stream, lake or river, and mostly
without any treatment.
Stormwater management choices are tough because they are inextricably linked to
other public services; for example, a good storm drain is essential for basic sanitation
and decent transportation. Whereas a good drainage system needs proper solid
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Pakistan: Climate Adaptation Technology Action Plans & Ideas
The most significant barrier identified to the diffusion of technology is the high initial
and O&M cost of the system, funding and capacity issues of the local government
authorities who are primarily responsible for the design and management of the
system, and lack of supporting policies and regulations such as land-use policy,
zoning codes etc.
The objectives of the proposed project are to (i) develop new drought tolerant crop
varieties especially for the rainfed areas (ii) improve availability and access to
improved drought tolerant crop cultivar seeds on mass scale for both large and small
scale farmers at the affordable price; (iii) build the capacities of the public and private
institutions involved in different stages of the technology life cycle .The proposed
project will be implemented during a period of 5-years with a total budget of US $ 5.9
million.
The proposed project aims to build up the capacity of the Pakistan Meteorological
Department in the field of early warning systems. It is expected to serve the following
important objectives: (i) intensify coverage of the hydro-meteorological observational
systems (AWS, Radars) to enhance capacities to generate timely, reliable, and
geographically relevant early warnings and weather forecasting information to
respond to and manage climate impacts; (ii) support climate vulnerability and risk
assessments as part of the process to formulate and implement National Action Plan
on climate change. The proposed project is scheduled to be implemented during a
period of 5-years with a total budget of US $ 19.80 million.
5
Project Idea 4: Strengthening groundwater resource and its governance
system in Pakistan
The project aims to achieve the following objectives: (i) improve and strengthen the
governance system of groundwater in Pakistan; (ii) promote science-based policy
and decision-making process for resource manager and users.
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Pakistan: Climate Adaptation Technology Action Plans & Ideas
Chapter 1: Introduction
Climate change is quickly becoming a reality for the world with its increasingly huge
negative impacts on societies, people and assets. The countries around the globe
are facing huge socio-economic losses due to climate induced natural disasters such
as floods, cyclones, and droughts etc. To reduce the degree of exposure to the risk
and the subsequent vulnerability, the countries have to gradually move towards
climate proofing of their assets and economy through adapting low carbon pathways
and climate-resilient approaches and technologies that would provide a substantial
support to their goal of sustainable and climate resilient development.
Understanding the climate technology needs of a country is a good starting point for
effective action on climate change. The United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC) supports developing countries to identify and assess
their needs for climate sensitive technologies through ‘Technology needs
assessment (TNA)’ process, which is a critical element of the technology transfer
framework, originated in Marrakesh Conference of the Parties (COP) 7 in 2001. The
TNA process follows a three-phase approach:
ii. Identification and analysis of different types of barriers to the diffusion and
replication of the prioritized technologies and, based on the findings,
construction of an enabling environment framework that would address these
barrier challenges by proposing some critical system reforms; and
iii. Preparation of technology action plan (TAP) and project ideas as the key
outcome of the TNA process. TAP builds upon the recommended enabling
environment framework for the uptake and diffusion of prioritized technologies
and therefore aims to facilitate identification of good technology transfer
projects with links to relevant financing sources.
Pakistan started its TNA process in 2015 under the guidance and leadership of the
Ministry of Climate Change. The process thus far has been highly adaptive and
country driven with an inclusive institutional support structure and mechanism that
ensures the direct and continued engagement and participation of the members of
the Sectoral Adaptation Expert Working Group, and other national technical experts.
During the first phase of the TNA process, with the help of key stakeholders,
Pakistan identified climate adaptation technology needs of the water and agriculture
sectors based on their contribution to the economy, relevance to development
priorities and their vulnerability to climate change. Three top priority adaptation
technologies were identified for both water and agriculture sectors. The rainwater
harvesting, stormwater management and ground water recharge were the three top
technologies for water sector While for the agriculture sector, the prioritized
technologies were high efficiency irrigation systems for rainfed and irrigated areas
(drip and sprinkler), drought tolerant crops varieties, and climate monitoring and
forecasting – early warning system.
7
The second phase of TNA focused on the identification and assessment of most
crucial barriers to the diffusion and transfer of these six adaptation technologies in
water and agriculture sectors of Pakistan. A brief description of these barriers and
the mitigation measures are also provided in the following chapters.
The Technology Action Plan (TAP) & Project Ideas constitute the final stage of the
TNA cycle which converts the specific technology strategies, identified during the
need assessment phases earlier in the cycle, into implementable actions on the
ground. TAP can further support integrating environmentally-friendly technologies
into national development plans, climate actions under the Paris agreement, as well
as adaptation technology inclusive programs and projects.
The process followed for the development ‘TAP and Project Ideas’ was similar to the
process following during development of first two phases of TNA process. It was also
country driven and participatory. Brief methodology followed in the third phase of
TNA process –TAP and Project Ideas- is explained as under:
A small committee of MoCC identified the stakeholders for this final phase.
Extensive literature review, brainstorming and meeting with experts to identify
potential feasible measures and actions.
Screening and validation of important actions through extensive consultation
during Stakeholders/experts group workshop
Selected policy makers briefing and sensitization of TNA process through
one-to one meeting.
Preparation of ‘TAP/Project Ideas Report’ by a lead adaptation expert
followed by its extensive review by UNEP-DTU and AIT Thailand experts and
finally approved by MoCC.
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Pakistan: Climate Adaptation Technology Action Plans & Ideas
The future climate projections for Pakistan indicate that, by the end of this century,
both temperature and precipitation patterns are likely to change with winters getting
warmer and precipitation decreasing in most parts the country (Chaudhry, 2017).
This change in rainfall and temperature will have profound impact on the productivity
of the agriculture sector ultimately. It is estimated that by 2040, the agricultural
productivity will decline by 8 to 10 percent because of projected temperature
increase (Dehlavi et al., 2015). Apart from economic impacts on the farmers’ income,
it is predicted that indirectly various socioeconomic and agronomic factors will also
play role in enhancing the vulnerability of the sector. These factors include water
availability, pesticides, labour supply, the household characteristics, and their
experiences of the past extreme events (Gorst et al., 2015).
The agriculture sector stands as one of the biggest greenhouse gas (GHG) emitter in
the country in the past 3 three decades. According to the national GHG inventory of
Pakistan for the year 2011–2012, the agriculture sector emissions stood at 44.8
percent of country’s total emissions, which was second to the energy sector with
emission share standing at 45.9 percent (Mir and Ijaz, 2016). The preliminary
projections for the total GHG emissions of the country under the business as usual
scenario show a rise of the emission levels by 14 times by the year 2050, compared
to the base year GHG emissions of 2011 (Khan et al., 2011). This continued rise in
emissions levels in the future reinforces the need for adoption of environmentally
friendly technologies that will improve the resilience of the sector against the worst
impacts of climate change in the coming decades.
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During the early technology identification and assessment phase of TNA, the three
technologies identified and prioritized in agriculture sector were rainwater harvesting,
drought tolerant crops, and climate monitoring and forecasting-early warning system.
Many key barriers to the dissemination and replication of these technologies are
identified in the second phase of TNA and discussed briefly in the next section
(2.1.2).
2 Develop and promote new but high productivity drought tolerant crop varieties
for the arid and semi-arid areas of the country by 2025;
4 Up-grade and strengthen the existing agriculture R&D centres and research
culture in each province;
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Pakistan: Climate Adaptation Technology Action Plans & Ideas
Efficient use-of water in agriculture: All efforts should be made to ensure efficient
use of water and reduction in irrigation water loses in the agriculture sector of
Pakistan.
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and higher crop yields can be obtained with these methods. The technology provides
many adaptation benefits such as efficient use of water supply, decreasing the
probability of onset of plant diseases such as fungus through liquid fertilization.
Moreover, the technology functions under a wide array of topographic and soil
conditions with an exception of heavy clay soil.
TAP target: The target is to install drip/ sprinkler irrigation system on 5 million
hectares of land in the next 5 years.
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Pakistan: Climate Adaptation Technology Action Plans & Ideas
Market failure and imperfection is identified as another key barrier to the diffusion of
HEIS in the country. The current domestic HEIS market is small, under-developed,
and non-competitive resulting in high technology cost and low efficiency. Due to this
small market size, there are only a few large technology suppliers in the market, but
mostly they are concentrated in some specific regions of the country and therefore it
becomes difficult for them to meet the growing demands of local markets located
outside their supply and distribution networks. Considering the supply chains, in
particular, it is fragmented and highly inefficient due to many factors, including low
scale of production and quality issues, capacity of technology suppliers and dealers,
efficiency and sophistication of business processes in the country, and poor access
to technical information. The result of this inefficient market performance is the high
cost of technology, which is generally unaffordable by small landholders.
Likewise, limited institutional capacity is identified as one of the key barrier to the
HEIS technology diffusion in Pakistan. The barrier includes many important factors
such as: lack of trained technical staff to design and install or supervise technology
installation in the field, low availability of credible information on the optimum
technology performance under various climatic situations, weak coordination among
technology handling organizations, and poor communication policies and
mechanisms among the involved government agencies and private actors.
Lastly, the existing social, cultural and behavioural practices, attitudes and faith
promote risk-aversion behaviour among farmers when it comes to water
conservation technologies such as HEIS. The farmers generally bear a false
perception of having low crop productivity and hence income, should they adopt the
technology. An underlying reason under this behaviour is lack of credible technology
performance information in different agro-ecological zones of the country. As such,
this barrier creates a false and unrealistic perception of risks associated with HEIS
adoption in the field and masks both the socio-economic and the environmental
benefits of technology to the farmers.
ii. Increase private investment in the market, offer various incentives such as
subsidy, low tariff rates etc., improve marketing and distribution networks
connected with local rural markets;
iii. Invest in R & D activities and programs, build and strengthen both the
horizontal and vertical linkages of key organizations in order to improve
coordination and communication mechanisms;
13
2.2.4 Proposed action plan for the high efficiency
irrigation system
In view of providing an enabling environment to encourage public and private actors
to adopt and promote micro-irrigation to improve efficient water use and overall
agricultural productivity, it is important to take the following actions:
Sector: Agriculture
Action1: Introduce various economic and financial incentives for the technology users.
Justification for the action: To encourage behaviour and attitude change towards adopting
innovative water conservation and management practices and techniques.
1.2 Investment in agricultural Medium Ministry of 0-5 - National and Success: Rate of
research and on-farm pilot National Food years International technology
projects for field Security & climate adoption capacity
demonstrations of the Research, funding/int’l Risk- Lack of
technology Provincial donors funding &
Agriculture insufficient
Departments. - US$ per institutional
demonstration capacity
project US$
50,000
Action 2: Design and implement formal agriculture and water policies with complete
ownership from the government and other stakeholders across various sectors and
governance levels
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Pakistan: Climate Adaptation Technology Action Plans & Ideas
Justification for the action: To strengthen policy support to the technology adoption and
diffusion in water and agriculture sectors of the country so that cross-sector integrated
resource management approaches are promoted and adopted in the long-term
Action 3: Build a strong, competitive and diversified domestic market for agriculture
technologies, in particularly HEIS, with inclusion of rural markets
Justification for the action: To improve affordability, acceptance, and adoption of innovative
water saving technologies (including HEIS) among farmers.
15
Design, implement and High Provincial 0-5 National Funding Risk:
strictly maintain the quality of Agriculture years - Limited
technology products through Departments / US$ 0.5 million incentives for
the use of product standards, Irrigation private
codes, certification, and/or Departments investors to
annual licensing system etc. participate
- Limited
number of
technology
3.3 manufacturers
and suppliers
Action 4: Build the capacity of catalytic actors and organizations through the exchange of
information, training programs, and investment in research and development activities
Justification for the action: To enhance the institutional capacity and to overcome the
shortage of professional in the area of technology development, management and
implementation.
Action 5: Design and implement effective technology information and awareness programs
for the technology users
Justification for the action: To improve the social acceptance of the technology among
farmers and other technology beneficiary groups that would build the momentum for the
technology adoption and replication in the sector
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Pakistan: Climate Adaptation Technology Action Plans & Ideas
Pakistan has developed many local hybrid varieties of important crops, including
wheat, rice and maize, and some fodder crops and vegetables. The local research
institutions have paid much attention to wheat due to its prime importance as a staple
food. However, the value of additional wheat, produced from various hybrid wheat
varieties in use by the farmers in Punjab province alone, is estimated at Rs. 43 billion
annually from 2000-2014 (Tabassum, 2016). In spite of this profit gain, the market
share for the hybrid seeds is still relatively small and limited. Many reasons are
identified such as, limited funding, small number of research institutions and of
trained staff, lack of crop performance monitoring and evaluation system at farm level
and weak marketing mechanisms among others. These challenges are feeding into
many misconceptions about the productivity performance of these plants among the
farming community, which ultimately is contributing towards making farmers more
17
risk aversion when it comes to the adoption of hybrid crop varieties at the bigger
scale. The information about drought and heat tolerant crop varieties, in particular, is
patchy and scattered that is a key reason for placing this technology very low on
agriculture sector development goals and priority agendas.
The research on the development of drought resistant crop seed varieties is an on-
going process in the country. Some such seed verities have already been developed,
while the research work and field trial on the others are in process. But it is important
that such developed seeds be used by farmers on large scale especially in arid and
in semi-arid areas of the country. At the same time farmers may be encouraged to
sow crops needing less water in these areas.
The preliminary target for the transfer and diffusion of drought resistant crop varieties
is to introduce the technology to 20 million farmers by the year 2020.
Under the original Seed Act of 1976, the private institutions including plant breeders
and Seed Corporation were legally denied right to the direct participation in new crop
variety development, investment, and claiming of individual property rights. As such,
the policy offered no incentives to the private sector to invest in hybrid research
programs in the country. To amend this situation, two legislative pieces namely
“Seed (Amendment) Bill, 2015” and “the Plant Breeder’s Rights Bill, 2016” were
approved from both the legislative houses of Pakistan in 2016. The bills in their
current status allow private sector to participate in research and development of new
crop verities including genetically modified crops. The amendment also forces
farmers to buy seeds from a licensed seed company or its agency every time they
have to cultivate a new crop.
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Pakistan: Climate Adaptation Technology Action Plans & Ideas
The Seed Amendment Acts of 2015 and 2016 present a very difficult situation in
regard to the seed industry development and expansion in Pakistan and thus root
cause of many barriers and challenges to the diffusion of hybrid crop technology in
the country. The foremost challenge is setting the clear boundaries of the legal
authority and power among the federal and provincial governments. Constitutionally,
the provinces bear the supreme right over the federal government to any legislation
and amendments related to natural resources and its management including
agriculture, environment, energy and water among others. However, the Seed Acts
are approved by the Federal government with no participation and consent of the
provinces on these acts. Furthermore, the bills have raised strong opposition from
the farming communities and allied beneficiaries on possible seed market monopoly
by the giant international seed corporations.
The domestic seed market in the country is small with weak supply chains and
distribution mechanisms and networks. Market imperfection and failure is therefore
identified as another important barrier to the hybrid crop technology in the country.
The market is largely unregulated by the government, so hence are the high prices
for the tested, good quality seeds in the market. This is particularly a critical issue for
small farmers in the rainfed and other irrigated areas with limited access to water
resources who are already struck hard by poverty, their land quality is poor, and
access to water resources is hard for them and hence they have to spend a high
portion of their earnings on land preparation and crop cultivation. Resultantly, the
standard agronomic practices of the farmers in such areas determine their risk
aversion behaviour and social practices, which ultimately discourage the farmers to
prefer and adopt hybrid seed varieties.
Other related barriers include lack of information and awareness on the advantages
and benefits of the use of drought tolerant crops, low pool of technical knowledge on
various aspects of the technology development, marketing and distribution, limited
number of technicians, scientists, and other support staff in public research
institutions and seed quality testing laboratories operating at the provincial scales.
The research institutions face severe capacity issues due to lack of funding and
grants available for development, delivery and monitoring of R & D activities.
ii. Market failure and imperfection/ policy, legal and regulatory measures:
Review existing laws and acts related to hybrid crop production and
distribution and revise the conflicting segments of the proposed amendment
bills with consensus to all key stakeholders; to build a strong, competitive
market, invest in building public private partnership; create, strengthen and
link the networks of technology producers with technology suppliers, investors
and users.
19
2.3.4 Proposed action plan for drought tolerant
crop varieties
Based on the identified barriers and proposed measures, the following action plan is
proposed to stimulate the adoption and diffusion of drought tolerant crop varieties in
Pakistan.
SECTOR: AGRICULTURE
Action 1: Design and adopt effective economic and financial tools and instruments to
address the seed market needs and demands
Justification for the action: To encourage farmers to adopt and practice this
technology while ensuring immediate, accessible, and need based finance for
agriculture sector
1.1 Review the current High Ministry of National 0-2 Government and Success: Readily
subsidy and taxation Food Security & years Development available cost
plan for the agriculture Research / Ministry of funding partners estimation for the
sector specifically seed Finance technology.
industry and make a & Provincial Finance /
detailed cost estimation Agriculture US$ 0.15 Risk: Inadequate
for development, transfer Departments million funding
and diffusion of the
drought tolerant crop
varieties with inclusion of
subsidies and/or low
taxes instruments
1.2 Provide subsidy to the High Ministry of National 0-5 Government and Success: Readily
price of the input Food Security & years Development available subsidy
services e.g. seed, Research / Ministry of funding partners.
irrigation etc. for transfer Finance US $ 1.0 million Risk: Inadequate
and diffusion of the funding
technology
1.3 Review and increase High Ministry of National 0-10 Government and Success: Readily
budgetary allocation for Food Security & years Development available seeds
agricultural research to Research / Ministry of funding partners. varieties
R&D centres for the Finance US $ 4.5 million
development of hybrid & Provincial Finance / Risk:
crop varieties Agriculture
Departments - Inadequate
funding
-Human &
technical capacity
Action 2: Develop and strengthen the domestic seed market with special attention to
the hybrid crop seeds
20
Pakistan: Climate Adaptation Technology Action Plans & Ideas
Justification for the action: Strong seed market would encourage participation of
private sector, and ensure easy access to low cost, but high quality seeds for the
farmers
2.1 Develop necessary High-to- Ministry of National Food 0-2 Government and Success: User-
legislation and Medium Security & Research / years Development friendly laws and
regulations to support & Provincial Agriculture funding partners. regulations.
and regulate seed Departments US$ 100,000
market Risk: Lack of
political and
administrative
support and
inadequate
stakeholders
consultations.
2.2 Encourage Medium Ministry of National Food 0-3 Government and Success:
participation of private Security & Research / years Development Increase in
sector in building and Ministry of Finance, funding partners investment
expansion of seed Provincial Agriculture amount by
market through Departments US$ 250,000 private sector
reducing cost of doing
business Risk: Lack of
political will and
legislative
support,
Frequent
changes in
economic and
monetary
policies,
Action 3: Improve and strengthen policy and regulatory environment in the country to promote
hybrid crop adoption and replication
Justification for the action: The action is intended to promote regulatory efficiency and
effectiveness, improve business environment, and encourage private sector participation
3.1 Review and update Medium Ministry of National Food 0-3 Government and Success:
seed laws and acts to Security & Research/ years Development Consumer
make them more Provincial Agriculture funding partners. friendly laws and
consumer friendly and Departments regulations.
protect the rights of
small farmers US $10,000 Risk: Lack of
political and
administrative
support,
Inadequate
stakeholder
consultations
3.2 Strengthen the role of Medium Ministry of National Food 0-3 Government and Success:
seed certification Security & Research years Development Availability of
authority to monitor funding partners. quality seeds
and evaluate the
quality of seeds in Risk: Lack of
market trained staff,
US$ 500,000
Lack of or
inadequate
legislative
support
Action 4: Create and promote information and awareness about the necessity and advantages
of the improved seeds varieties, in particular, drought tolerant crop varieties in water stressed
and dryland areas
21
Justification for the action: To increase the social acceptance of the technology among
farmers and other technology beneficiary groups that would ultimately build the momentum for
a rapid technology adoption and replication
4.1 Design and strengthen High Provincial 0-5 Government and Success: Increase in
extension education to Agriculture years Development demand of and share
boost farmer’s Departments funding partners. of hybrid seed market,
awareness of climate including Increase in area of
change and benefits of Extension Wings, land under hybrid
adaptation technologies Public Research US$ 100,000 crop cultivation,
Institutions
Risk: Programmes
not designed to the
needs of farmers,
Weak policy support
4.2 Design and conduct High Provincial 0-5 Government and Success: Number of
field demonstration Agriculture years Development field-testing projects
projects under different Departments, funding partners. implemented during
agro-ecological zones Public Research five years.
in the country Institutions,
Private seed US$ 400,000 Risk: Limited funding
companies to do required pilots in
different agro-
ecological zones;
Demonstration
projects do not work
because of mismatch
between seed types
and agro-ecological
zones
5.1 Hire additional technical High Ministry of National Food 0-5 Government and Success:
experts in relevant key Security & Research/ years Development Increase in
R&D institutions PARC/ Agriculture funding partners. number of new
Departments in hybrid crop
Universities varieties,
US$ 500,000
Risk: Lack of
funding,
retention of
experts for a
longer period,
lack of technical
resources
5.2 Up-grade research High Ministry of National Food 0-3 Government and Success:
laboratories with latest Security & Research/ years Development Availability of
technologies PARC/ Agriculture funding partners. state of the art
Departments in labs.
Universities
Risk:
Technology
US$ 800,000 performance
risks & lack of
funding.
22
Pakistan: Climate Adaptation Technology Action Plans & Ideas
5.3 Build technical capacity Mediu Ministry of National Food 0-10 Government and Success:
of local staff m Security & Research/ years Development Availability of
development through PARC/ Agriculture funding partners. required trained
specialized training and Departments in staff.
workshops Universities
US$ 400,000 Risk: Low
quality training
programs &
lack of funding.
5.4 Promote knowledge Mediu Ministry of National Food 0-5 Government and Success:
transfer through m Security & Research/ years Development Increase in
collaboration and expert Public research funding partners. collaborative
exchange programmes institutions initiatives and
with regional and programs
International research
institutions Risk: Non-
US$ 400,000 supportive
organizational
culture, Human
performance
risks & lack of
funding
5.5 Survey the current Low Ministry of National Food 0-3 Government and Success:
status of seed storage Security & Research/ years Development Sufficient
houses, and build new PARC/ Agriculture funding partners. storage
if necessary Departments in US$ 100,000 capacity.
Universities
Risk: Lack of
political and
administrative
support
23
(ii) Assessing potential risks and integrating risk information into warning
messages;
(iii) Dissemination of timely, reliable and understandable warning messages to
authorities and public at-risk;
(iv) Community-based emergency planning, preparedness and training
programmes focused on eliciting an effective response to warnings to reduce
potential impact on lives and livelihoods.
The following are some of the key preliminary targets set for the transfer and
diffusion of climate monitoring-forecasting and early warning system to achieve
above objectives are as under:
There are many barriers to the expansion of this technology. A key barrier is the
availability of technical experts and physical resources such as research labs,
equipment etc., This weakness inevitably translates into limited research and
development in the area of weather and climate change science that in turn impedes
24
Pakistan: Climate Adaptation Technology Action Plans & Ideas
efforts in disaster risk reduction for various specific at-risk communities in the
country. Similarly, the institutions, both at national and sub-national scales, suffer
from low institutional capacity and inflexibility, which generally results in poor
communication and coordination among the government agencies, private sector
organizations, hazard prone communities and individuals.
To mitigate or reduce these barriers and create an enabling environment for the
diffusion of EWS technology in the country, the following measures are proposed:
i. Increase and ensure funding for the modernization, expansion, and up-
gradation of climate monitoring, forecasting, and early warning system in the
country;
ii. Build and improve technical and human capacities of the concerned national
and local institutions working in the field of emergency preparation and
response;
iii. Strengthen and expand the existing early warning communication and
dissemination mechanism with emphasis on clear, concise and ‘authoritative’
warning messages for the to-be-affected communities;
iv. Create close cooperation with other relevant international institutions for
sharing knowledge, data and other necessary information that would help to
strengthen the technology in the country.
SECTOR: AGRICULTUE
Justification for the action: Reliable early warning information and trained
knowledge based human resources would support informed decisions for emergency
planning, response and in managing disaster risks
25
1.1 Conduct High PMD, GCISC, 0-4 ADP and Success:
continuous cycles NDMA, donors Availability of
of need-based PDMA years funding. qualified
trainings for professionals
professional staff of US$ 50,000
meteorological, Risk: Human
climate change and
resources
DRM related
performance risks,
national
institutions. lack of funding,
poor training
quality
1.2 Conduct quality High PMD, GCISC 0-3 ADP and Success:
risk assessments years donors Availability of
to generate new funding. reliable
and credible localised risk
location - US$ 38,000 information
based risk data
and information Risk: Lack of
funding, lack
of trained staff
1.3 Training and staff Medium PMD, GCISC, 0-4 ADP and Success:
development NDMA, PDMA, years donors Availability of
through specialized funding. well-trained
training workshops qualified
US$ 10,000 professionals
Risk: Low
quality training
program
Justification for the action: To ensure improved forecast & warning products for use
in efficient disaster risk reduction planning and management mechanisms.
2.1 Increase budgetary High PMD 0-5 years ADP and Success:
allocations for the donors Upgraded
EWS relevant functional EWS
funding.
departments to build
Risk:
their capacity US$ 1.0 Low funding,
million
2.2 Establish new High PMD 0-4 years ADP and Success:
meteorological donors Expanded
observatories in funding. network of
hazard-prone districts observatories
US$ 0.5 Risk: Poor
million maintenance,
lack of funding
26
Pakistan: Climate Adaptation Technology Action Plans & Ideas
2.3 Installation of 200 new High PMD 0-4 years ADP and Success: Fully
Automatic Weather donors functional
Stations Network
including its
funding. technology
communication system.
US$ 6.0 Risk: : Limited
million maintenance,
lack of funding
2.4 Up-gradation/ High PMD 0-3 years ADP and Success: Fully
automation of 50 donors functional
existing observatories funding. technology
2.5 Establishment of Glacial High PMD 0-4 years ADP/GCF Success: Fully
Lake Outburst Floods funding. functional
warning stations in GB technology
and upper KP. US$ 3.5
million Risk: Technology/
human
performance risks
2.6 Establishment of Flash High PMD 0-5 years ADP and Success: Fully
Flood Forecasting & donors functional
Warning System at five funding. technology
vulnerable areas in first
phase. US$ 10.0 Risk: Technology/
million human
performance risk
2.7 Installation of weather Medium PMD 0-10 ADP and Success: Fully
surveillance radars at donors functional
strategic location in years funding. technology
the country for
monitoring and US$ 20.0 Risk: Technology
forewarning million / human
disastrous weather performance risks
events
Justification for the action: To secure more human lives through improving the
disaster response timings of to-be-affected communities and disaster management
authorities
3.1 Identify and engage Medium PMD, 0-5 ADP and Success: Fully
the existing active NDMA, years donors functional community
community groups NGOs funding. groups
to participate in
emergency US$ 35,000 Risk: Poor training
preparation drills quality, lack of
funding
3.2 Dedicate funding Medium PMD, 0-5 ADP and Success: Fully
for resources and NGOs years donors trained volunteer
training of the funding. groups
volunteer groups
US$ 10,000 Risk: Inadequate
funding
27
3.3 Engage media Mediu PMD, 0-2 ADP and Success: Fully
particularly m Media years donors involved media
social media funding. groups
networks and US$
platform to create 10,000 Risk: Inapt media
awareness on campaigns,
disasters
Action.4: Enhance and improve coordination and collaboration with other relevant
regional and international institutions.
Justification for the action: Close cooperation with relevant international institutions
for sharing knowledge, data and other necessary information would help to strengthen
the knowledge and technology base in the country
4.1 Promote transfer of Medium PMD, 0-5 ADP and Success: New
knowledge through GCISC, years donors collaborative
building research funding. international
Met. Dept.
collaborations in research
among experts at US$ 35,000 initiatives
Universities
regional and
international Risk: Lack of
meteorological funding , geo-
research political
institutions conditions
influencing
technology
transfers
28
Pakistan: Climate Adaptation Technology Action Plans & Ideas
The recent climate projections for Pakistan indicate complex and mixed patterns of
precipitation and temperature change mainly due to diversity in topography and
climate of the country. For the Indus basin area, for example, increase in
precipitation is expected in the upper Indus basin areas, however a greater degree of
uncertainty is observed for the other parts of the Indus Basin areas. In terms of
extreme rainfall events, a decrease in the number of rainy days is projected over the
southern parts of the basin with an exception of the northern part, where extreme
rainfall events will be more frequent causing sudden flash floods (Sheathe et al.,
2017).
The climate model projections for temperature change in the upper Indus area show
increase between 10C to 2.20C by 2050, with a considerable certainty, compared to
the baseline period of 1998-2007. The Indus is dominated by temperature-driven
glacial melts but the projected trends in glacial melt indicate only a small decrease of
20 to 28 percent in the total glaciated area. It is important to note that due to its large
glaciated area, the absolute loss is likely considered to be the greatest in this basin
(ibid).
The impact of these projected changes on water availability will very likely not be
uniform in the country, but mainly defined by variations in demographics, agricultural
practices and the nature and sustainability of fresh water source (ibid). Furthermore,
any change in temperature will induce a shift in seasonality of water flows that has
29
major implications for regional food security, especially when timing of peak flows
and growing seasons do not coincide.
The Water Vision 2025, as a water sector policy roadmap document, identified some
key sector priorities that included generation and expansion of hydroelectricity
network, prevention of water shortages and drought in the country through
construction of water storages such as medium and small dams (WAPDA, 2003).
Pakistan approved the National Drinking Water Policy in 2009 that aimed at providing
safe and clean drinking water to the entire population by 2025 (GoP, 2009). The
National Water Policy was drafted in 2016 that still awaits its final approval and
implementation (GoP, 2016). The Policy considers various challenges of water sector
to the changing climate and its ensuing impacts on water dependent sectors such as
agriculture, energy, and industry. The document identifies regional cooperation on
cross-basin water management as a major challenge for the sector.
During the first phase of TNA in the country, with consensus from CC Adaptation
Expert Working Group members and other important stakeholders, a set of six
adaptation water sector technologies were identified and finally three technologies
were prioritize. The prioritized technologies were surface run-off rainwater
harvesting, groundwater (aquifer) recharge and urban stormwater management.
3. Introduce and set standards for low impact development (LID) infrastructure
in 10 major cities/towns as an approach for urban stormwater management
by 2022;
30
Pakistan: Climate Adaptation Technology Action Plans & Ideas
This section looks into the barriers common to the diffusion of water sector prioritized
technologies, and an attempt has been made to find some common measures that
would create an enabling environment for the sustainable diffusion and replication of
these technologies in the sector.
Table 3.1: Common barriers and measures to the diffusion of prioritized adaptation
technologies in water sector of Pakistan
Economic & -High capital and maintenance costs -Provision of adequate and
financial dedicated funding
-Limited financial allocation
-Provision of subsidy or loans
-Inadequate donor funding
-Attract more donor funding
Policy, legal and -Lack of comprehensive cross- -Approve water sector policy with
regulatory sector policies for resource consensus and government
protection, development and ownership
management of water resources
-Devise and implement strong
legislative and regulatory
measures for surface and
groundwater protections
31
ii. Ensuring the sustainable use of underground water resources or aquifers so
that the high abstraction in the over-exploited areas of the country are
controlled, and recharged, and sustained for the benefits of economically
important sectors, communities and individuals.
In Pakistan, RWH is commonly practiced either by collecting rainfall from the ground
surfaces utilizing ‘micro-catchment’ to divert or slow runoff for storage purposes, or
harvesting floodwater flows from a river, stream, or other natural watercourses
through construction of earthen or other structures to dam the watercourse and form
a small reservoir. The technology is widely practiced in arid and semi-arid areas of
Pakistan where a permanent or ephemeral surface water body (such as river, or
spring) is not present, and seasonal rainfall is the only major source of water for
irrigation, livestock and various domestic purposes.
Pakistan has the world’s largest indigenous rainwater harvesting system commonly
called spate irrigation system. This system irrigates around 0.3 mha of cultivated
land in the country, while the potential area to bring under this system is estimated to
be around 6.935 mha (Ahmed and Steenbergen, 2010).
The technology offers many benefits during seasonal dry periods and droughts
especially in the face of climate change that is projected to increase the variability
and intensity of rainfall in the long run. Rainwater collection also helps to stabilize the
depleting groundwater level, while the storage infrastructure can reduce land erosion
and flood inflow to major rivers. It acts as a convenient source of stored water that
could enhance agricultural productivity, decrease travel time for rural women to
remote water resources, resulting in better health and time for social activities.
The preliminary proposed target for the transfer and diffusion of RWH technology is
to construct 2,000 community and public-run surface rainwater harvesting reservoirs
by 2015, each with a capacity between 25,000 m3 to 50,000 m 3 depending on the
water requirement of the community and other local physical conditions such as size
of catchment area, slope angle, soil and vegetation types etc.
32
Pakistan: Climate Adaptation Technology Action Plans & Ideas
In case of indigenous spate irrigation systems, the local water and land ownership
rights are quite ambiguous due to weak, or sometimes non-existent, regulatory and
legislative statutes governing water management and distribution at the local levels.
The absence of or low understanding of water rights directly translates into an
inequitable distribution of water among farmers and other water beneficiary groups at
the community level creating some serious conflicts among the community members.
The concerned government departments and line ministries typically offer limited
external support to the community water managers who already suffer from severe
capacity issues.
ii. Design and implement various strong policy instruments to deal with various
regulatory and legislative issues concerning RWH technology. A key starting point
could be the review of and necessary amendments in water and land rights in order
to support swift and sustainable technology adoption;
iii. Start awareness campaign on the future negative impacts of climate change
on our water resources and how it would affect the productivity of key sectors of
agriculture, energy and industry, and the resilience of individuals and the society in
the long-term future;
iv. To improve ownership of the technology at the national and local levels, the
participation and engagement of local community should be held mandatory during
the key stages of decision-making processes by government officials;
v. Increase financial support to relevant R&D institutions in order to enhance
their technical capacity.
It is expected that the successful implementation of the proposed technology action
plan will help in its wider and swifter adoption and diffusion in the society, as well as
would ensure easy access to water and improve the overall resilience of the
households and communities in the face of climate change.
33
3.2.4 Proposed action plan for surface rainwater
harvesting technology
SECTOR: WATER
Action 1: Ensure sufficient yet dedicated supply of funding for the government
departments involved in different key aspects of the technology
Justification for the action: This will help mitigate or reduce various economic and
financial barriers arising from high cost of project feasibility studies, construction and
maintenance of water reservoirs and/or its linked conveyance systems, and engagement
of local communities or water user groups
1.4 Provide financial Medium Provincial 0-5 ADP and Success: Number
and technical Agriculture and years donor of farmers adopting
assistance on Irrigation funding technology on self-
priority bases to Departments specially help bases
farmers harvesting ADB
RW Risk: Lack of funding
US$
550,000
34
Pakistan: Climate Adaptation Technology Action Plans & Ideas
Justification for the action: Current relevant institutions are lacking in terms of
human resources and technical expertise
2.4 Adopt flexible Medi Ministry of Climate 1-3 ADP and Success:
Communication um Change, Provincial years donor Increased
strategy to Development, funding. coordination.
promote inter- Agriculture and US$
agency Irrigation Departments 100,000 Risk: No
coordination appreciable
risk
2.5 Promote transfer High Ministry of Planning & 1-5 ADP and Success:
of knowledge Development; Years donor Increased
(specifically Provincial funding. research
indigenous one) Development, US$ collaboration.
through building Agriculture and 300,00
research Irrigation Departments 0 Risk: No
collaborations appreciable
among experts at risk identified
regional and
international
organization
working on the
same issues
35
Justification for the action: This action will add towards the sustainability of the
systems because of enhanced information, training, or guidance
Justification for the action: The lack of policy and regulations makes it
challenging to design efficient rain harvesting techniques
4.1 Develop and implement High Ministry of Water & 1-3 ADP Success:
technology support Power; Provincial yea and Development
policy and necessary Development, rs donor of technology
regulations Agriculture and funding supporting
Irrigation . regulations
Departments US$
250,000 Risk: Lack of
political and
administrative
support
4.2 Develop regulations on Medium Ministry of Water & 0-3 ADP and Success:
the role and Power; Provincial years donor Development
responsibilities of Development, funding. of technology
stakeholders in Agriculture and US$ supporting
management, utilization Irrigation Departments 150,000 regulations
and operation of rainwater
Risk: Lack of
reservoirs.
political and
administrative
support
36
Pakistan: Climate Adaptation Technology Action Plans & Ideas
Apart from replenishing groundwater level, the technology offers some other
important cross-sector co-benefits, such as conservation or disposal of flood water,
control of saltwater intrusion in areas below sea level and with frequent exposure to
sea currents, storage of water to reduce pumping and piping cost and water quality
improvement (Asano, 1985). The technology has many major applications, such as,
in wastewater disposal and treatment, crop development, stream flow augmentation
and prevention of land subsidence, among others (Oaksford, 1985).
1
Karez is an indigenous under-ground water conveyance system, which is present only in the province
of Balochistan. The system however is not functional anymore in the most parts of the province due to
the critically low water tables and the prevalent extreme dry conditions.
37
The main target group for this technology is those communities in dryland areas of
the country with high risk of water shortages and face critical challenges in accessing
clean water for domestic purposes, livestock and irrigation use.
ii. Undertake detailed feasibility studies for the selection of suitable sites for
various groundwater recharge structures such as check-dams, delay action
dams and injection wells etc.;
38
Pakistan: Climate Adaptation Technology Action Plans & Ideas
To improve the groundwater recharge condition in the country and mitigate or reduce
these barriers, some key approaches are identified and proposed:
ii. Promote and regulate conjunctive use of available surface water (canal or
runoff water) with groundwater to manage water quality and cost for the
irrigation purposes;
iii. Adopt whole-aquifer approach for R&D activities; a good starting point could
be developing and maintaining a comprehensive database of information on
groundwater users, various types of uses, groundwater abstraction quantity,
aquifer conditions, water table depth and groundwater quality;
SECTOR: WATER
Action 1: Determine priority critical areas for groundwater recharge using the available
technical information and measurements with constant up-gradation in case of new set of
available information
Justification for the action: Identifying the region-based critical areas will provide a focus
for the policy makers to design pertinent water management solutions
39
1.2 Determine priority High PCRWR, 0-3 ADP and Success: Widely
recharge areas with Provincial years donor available reliable
critical blocks based on irrigation & funding. groundwater
the “quantified” artificial Agriculture US$ information.
recharge potential Departments 800,000
Risk: Lack of
funding and
technical expertise,
lack of political
support
Action 2: Devise a holistic policy framework on ground water recharge that is completely
aligned with, and supports the surface water regulations and strategies
Justification for the action: This will help to employ a conjunctive use of surface and
groundwater in the irrigation sector and will bring a multitude of stakeholders on one
platform for a collective action on water management
2.1 Coordinate, Medium PCRWR, Provincial 0-2years ADP and Success: Well
harmonize, irrigation & donor defined roles of
synergize roles and Agriculture funding. the departments
functions of some Departments US$
key government 100,000 Risk: Lack of
departments political and
involved in administrative
groundwater/surface support
water management
2.2 Approve plans for Medium PCRWR, Provincial 0-3 ADP and Success:
the recharge of irrigation & years donor Detailed
groundwater Agriculture funding. approved plans of
resources with an Departments US$ 70,000 groundwater
emphasis on a recharge.
balanced utilization
of surface and Risk: Lack of
groundwater. political
2.3 Place a special water Medium PCRWR, 0-5 ADP and Success: Well
conservation cell Provincial years donor functioning
with advisory role to irrigation & funding. special water
the government on Agriculture US$ conservation cell.
conflicting policies/ Departments 200,000
action plans on Risk: No
surface and appreciable risk
groundwater. identified
Action 3: Build and strengthen the institutional capacity of the organizations dealing with
water management and monitoring at the community, regional and national levels
Justification for the action: To ensure efficient integrated planning and management
among various agencies, departments and private sector in order to enhance resource use
efficiency
40
Pakistan: Climate Adaptation Technology Action Plans & Ideas
3.2 Connect water Low PCRWR, PMD, 0-3 ADP and Success: Strong
organizations with Provincial irrigation years donor institutional
weather/ climate & Agriculture funding. networking
monitoring Departments, water US$ 50,000
organizations user associations Risk: Lack of
such as PMD administrative
support.
3.3 Promote transfer Medium PCRWR, PMD, 0-3 ADP and Success: Strong
of knowledge Provincial irrigation years donor institutional
through building & Agriculture funding. networking.
research Departments, water US$
collaborations user associations 100,000 Risk: No
among experts appreciable risk
in various identified
organizations
Managing stormwater is one of the biggest and most expensive challenge that the
urban cities around the world face today. Regardless of high construction and
maintenance costs of the system, stormwater management is quickly becoming a
high development priority for local government authorities in regions where high
intensity rainfalls or cyclones frequently inundate the local properties and other
important infrastructures or unleash flash floods resulting in unexpected yet high
socio-economic damages.
In Pakistan, cities and towns typically utilise a combined sewer system that convey
both domestic and industrial wastewaters and stormwater runoff through a single
pipe system to a receiving outlet, that is commonly a stream, lake or river, and mostly
without any prior treatment for contaminations or pollutants. Due to this poor
management of the system, the waste drainage pipes are frequently choked,
resulting in overflows in the surrounding areas, and finally infiltrating groundwater
sources. This situation is of high concern in areas where groundwater is a drinking
water source and the infiltrated pollutants may cause various human health issues.
41
Because of high costs of managing conventional stormwater systems, cities currently
around the world are looking for and experimenting with new innovative and low cost
techniques, such as Low Impact Development or LID practices. LIDs manage
stormwater by minimizing impervious cover and by using natural or man-made
systems to capture, filter, and recharge stormwater into the ground, replenishing
groundwater supplies for future use. Roads, parking lots, and other types of
impervious cover are the most important contributor to stormwater runoff (EPA,
2009). Some examples of LID practices are measures such as green roofs, rain
gardens, vegetated areas, pocket wetlands, curb extensions, permeable pavements,
reforestation, protection and enhancement of riparian buffers and floodplains (ibid).
The most significant barrier identified for this technology is high initial and O&M cost
of the system needed for undertaking construction or repair of a citywide existing
stormwater drainage infrastructure. The water and sanitation related services
primarily falls under the jurisdiction and authority of local government authorities,
which typically face funding and capacity issues in order to design and implement
such high cost projects. Moreover, there is uncertainty over costs as well as cost-
effectiveness of system, specifically in case of LIDs. In the absence of concrete and
comprehensive land use and water policies at the local government scale, the
government officials generally find weak regulatory power to develop, or increase, or
enforce stormwater fees on the users that would generate local revenue for them to
go ahead with their local programs projects.
SECTOR: WATER
Justification for the action: The policy will support integrated water resource
management, as well as green growth in the urban centres building towards the
resilience of communities in the future
42
Pakistan: Climate Adaptation Technology Action Plans & Ideas
1.1 Prepare urban planning High Ministry of 0-3 years ADP Success:
policy with integrated Planning and funding. Urban policy
elements of support Development, US$ enacted.
from other sectors such concerned 50,000
as water, waste provincial Risk: Lack of
management, departments political
transportation, and support
and/or city
environmental quality
development
authorities
1.2 Identify focus areas and Medium Provincial and 0-2 years ADP Success:
specific actions through local government funding. Action plans
linking it with other departments US$ implemented
existing policies, 35,000
strategies such as green (per city) Risk: Lack of
growth policy, political
sustainable support, lack
development plan, or of funding,
local watershed
management plans
1.3 Develop and/or update Medium Provincial and 0-3 years ADP Success:
the urban zoning plans, local government funding. Updated
master plans of departments US$ urban plans
transportation, 50,000
watershed restoration Risk: lack of
plans (Per city) funding, lack
of technical
experts
1.4 Establish and implement Medium Provincial and 0-3 years ADP Success:
comprehensive set of local government funding. LID tools
Low Impact departments US$ established
Development (LID) tools 50,000 Risk: Lack of
tailored to different land (per city) technical
use types experts, lack
of funding
1.5 Design and implement Medium Local government 0-5 years ADP Success:
pilot projects in various departments or funding. High visibility
cities with focus on city development US$ 0.5 of the LIDs
existing urban authorities million for Risk: Lack of
infrastructure facilities to each city technical
determine their expertise
significance to achieve
stormwater neutrality
Action 2: Ensure sufficient and dedicated funding for the technology through taking
integrated approach in its design and implementation
Justification for the action: Availability of funds will handle high cost of project that is
one of the key barriers to the implementation of storm water management projects in
urban centres around the country
43
2.2 Perform climate High Local government 0-10 ADP Success:
change risk & departments/ city years funding. Improved
vulnerability development US$ 0.1 climate resilient
assessments for the authorities million for urban
future urban each city infrastructure
infrastructure
development projects Risk: Lack of
funding and
technical
expertise
2.3 Develop and practice Local government 0-2 years ADP Success:
robust planning Low departments/ city funding. Robust planning
procedures to ensure development US$ 0.3 procedures
green infrastructure authorities million for
priorities are included each city Risk: Lack of or
in on-going and future weak legislative
infrastructure plans and regulatory
and programs support
2.4 Identify public and Local government 0-2 years ADP Success:
private financing High departments/ city funding. Sources of
sources such as development US$ 10.000 funding
grants, loans, tax- authorities identified
sharing agreements,
bonds, community Risk: No
development tools appreciable risk
etc. to fund identified
stormwater
management projects
2.5 Build partnerships Medium Provincial and 0-2 years ADP Success:
with local and local government funding/ Strong
regional organizations departments/ city US$ 0.1 partnership
to ensure support in development million network
innovative research authorities
and future Risk: Lack of
implementation of funding
green infrastructure
improvements
Action 3: Develop and implement a community outreach and communication plan with
continuous follow-up evaluation and adjustments to meet the needs of target audience
Justification for the action: To ensure efficient integrated planning and management
among various agencies, departments and private sector in order to enhance resource
use efficiency
44
Pakistan: Climate Adaptation Technology Action Plans & Ideas
45
Report-IV
46
Pakistan: Climate Adaptation Technology Action Plans & Ideas
47
Climate change impacts on the country are real and it has already seeing some of its
negative consequences threatening water security of the country.
The implementation possibility is quite high as HEIS projects have been constantly
part of resource development and management projects and programs in all the four
provinces in the past few decades. In fact, the government of Punjab is running one
of the largest HEIS diffusion program in the country under Punjab Irrigated-
agriculture Productivity Improvement Project (PIPIP) since 2011 with financial
assistance from the World Bank. The project aims to install HEIS on 13,991 acres by
the end of the project in 2017. An important component of this project is the
identification of qualified HEIS companies, registering them with the Punjab
Agriculture Department, and using their services to design and install HEIS system
for farmers along with a provision of constant support services for the next two years
of the technology life (Government of Punjab, n.d.).
48
Pakistan: Climate Adaptation Technology Action Plans & Ideas
agriculture by 20 percent, and reducing the size of food insecure population from 60
percent to 30 percent. This efficiency in water use in agriculture sector can be
achieved successfully through the use and expansion of HEIS technology in the
country. Similarly, some other key policy documents such as the National Climate
Change Policy (2012) and its Implementation Framework (2014) also acknowledge
the importance of HEIS in the context of climate change (GoP, 2012).
49
stakeholder organizations
2.0 Improve financial incentives: 0-5 years US$ 6.0 Ministry of Finance
Enhance availability of financial million and provincial
resources such as grants, Finance
subsides, loans or other forms of Departments
assistance to install and maintain
HEIS
Improve investment risk insurance
3.0 Market strengthening and 0-2 years US$ 0.6 MNFSR and
expansion million Provincial
-Conduct market situation analysis Agriculture
-Design and implement HEIS Departments
product certification and quality
assurance procedures
-Design and implement a HEIS
product manufacturing training
programs
-Support enforcement of product
monitoring and regulation policies,
laws and regulations.
50
Pakistan: Climate Adaptation Technology Action Plans & Ideas
51
(PMD, 2015). This projection calls for a serious attention of policy and decisions
makers to hybrid drought crop varieties in order to ensure food & livelihood securities
of households and individuals in the future.
52
Pakistan: Climate Adaptation Technology Action Plans & Ideas
recommended in the National Climate Change Policy (2012) and it’s Implementation
Framework.
53
5 Provision of subsidies to ensure 0-3 years US$1.0 Provincial Agriculture
easy and cost-effective availability million Departments and Extension
of these seeds to farmers Services
6 Farmers’ awareness raising and 0-4 years US$0.1 Provincial Agriculture
sensitization programs about the million Departments and Extension
usefulness of these improved seeds Services
7 Strengthen federal and provincial 0-3 years US$0.4 Provincial Agriculture
seed councils to develop and million Departments and Extension
commercialize improved seeds at Services
affordable rates
8 Capacity building of private sector 0-5 years US$0.5 Provincial Agriculture
seed companies and public sector million Departments & seed
seed inspectors to improve overall companies
quality and seed marketing
processes.
iii. Capacity building of all the stakeholder groups may be a challenge for the
implementing agency or department, if it has severe capacity issues;
54
Pakistan: Climate Adaptation Technology Action Plans & Ideas
It is expected that this scaling up of EWS will Improve the coverage of the hydro-
meteorological observational systems to generate timely, reliable, and geographically
55
relevant early warnings and weather forecasting information to respond to and
manage climate impacts. This will also support climate vulnerability and risk
assessments as part of the process to meet the objectives of the National Climate
Change Policy and help its mainstreaming in sector specific plans and strategies.
56
Pakistan: Climate Adaptation Technology Action Plans & Ideas
year 2022. The plan mandates to review the plan after every five year. The initial
short to medium term projects emphasizes on the rehabilitation and new installation
and/or establishment of new equipment, facilities, and systems including community-
based risk management (NDMA, 2012).
This plan became the initial stimulus for the formulation of the first National Disaster
Risk Reduction Policy in 2013. The Policy aims to build the resilience of Pakistan
against both natural and man-made hazards with a sense of urgency. One of the
major policy objectives is to “create multi-hazard warning capacity while building
upon existing systems and emphasizing the information and warning needs of
vulnerable and end-users” (NDMA, 2013).
Similarly, The National Climate Change Policy (2012) also identifies and
acknowledges the strong linkages of climate change and disaster risk reduction for
the sake of climate resilient development. Therefore, disaster preparedness and
management appears as one of the focal climate policy area that the Policy urges
the government to consider in building the adaptive capacity of the communities in
the face of climate variability.
57
3.8 Project activities and timeline
Sr. Time Budget Relevant
No. Activity Frame Implementation
Agency
1 Strengthening human resources 2-5 years US$ 2.0 million PMD
and institutional structure of the
organization including its research
arms
2 Establishment of meteorological 2-years US$3.0 million PMD
observatories in 20 districts of the
country
3 Installation of 200 Automatic 2-3 years US$ 0.80 million PMD
Weather Stations Network including
its communication system
58
Pakistan: Climate Adaptation Technology Action Plans & Ideas
59
iii. To improve knowledge of innovative recharge technologies through
setting up 8 pilot demonstration projects in critical recharge areas.
ii. A groundwater atlas is available which shows the critical recharge areas
region-wise;
iv. Training curricula available on training and skill development of the staff
involved in integrated water resource management.
60
Pakistan: Climate Adaptation Technology Action Plans & Ideas
61
Project Idea-5: Improving and sustaining water
security in climate vulnerable areas of the
country through rainwater harvesting from
ground surfaces
5.1 Introduction and rational
Pakistan is a semi-arid country where most of the areas receive less than 200mm
annual rainfall, except for the high altitude northern mountains. Water therefore is a
precious commodity and the most crucial factor in determining the source of
livelihood for the people in dry arid and semi-arid areas (ASAL) of the country.
Pakistan has the world’s largest indigenous rainwater harvesting system commonly
called as the spate irrigation system. The system irrigates around 0.3 million hectare
(mha) of cultivated land in the country while the potential area to bring under this
system is estimated to be around 6.935 mha (Ahmed and Steenbergen, 2010). To
sustain and expand the system, there is a need to ensure water security through its
conservation and utilization of rainwater.
There are many barriers to the replication of technology such as high cost of
construction and maintenance, inadequate technical capacity, lack of policy and
regulatory support. The purpose of this project is to address some of the key barrier
elements and through implementation of various activities, create an enabling
environment to replicate this technology successfully in climate vulnerable areas of
the country.
62
Pakistan: Climate Adaptation Technology Action Plans & Ideas
63
government departments, Planning,
technology suppliers and users. Development,
Arrange need-based trainings Ministry of Climate
on climate change education, Change; Pakistan
awareness and behaviour Meteorological
Department, GCISC
64
Pakistan: Climate Adaptation Technology Action Plans & Ideas
65
surface rainwater harvesting, groundwater recharge, high efficiency irrigation systems, drought
tolerant crops varieties, and climate monitoring and forecasting – early warning system.
66
Pakistan: Climate Adaptation Technology Action Plans & Ideas
67
manage the resilient practices in their respective villages. The researchers will only provide
some resources and technical input on to villagers. Importantly, during this phase, the pilot farm
will start serving as a Learning Centre for the other farmers and villages in the area. Formal (i.e.
orientation events, exposure visits, demonstration workshops etc.) and informal visits of the
formers to the pilot villages will provide good exposure and better understanding to the visiting
farmers. It will ultimately lead to an out-scaling of the technology in the vicinity of the RMVs.
Frequent visits of government officials and experts will also be arranged to provide a visual
evidence of successful operations of the technologies.
6.5.5 Evaluation phase (1st half of 5th year)
The researchers will monitor the operations and management of the introduced technology, and
its influences on resilience of agricultural practices to climate change, production, income, food
security and livelihoods of the villagers. Finally, they will collect the end-line information of the
RMVs.
6.5.6 Out- and up-scaling phase (2nd half of 5th year)
During the previous phase, if researcher’s assessment (impact assessment report) reveal that
there are significant positive changes in the climate resilience of villages, their farm production,
income, food security and livelihoods, it will open the doors of large scale spreading of the
intervention technologies and the idea of RMVs in other hilly and mountain areas with similar
topographical, biophysical and hydrological characteristics. Visits of government officials and
experts during third phase together with positive assessment report will be so helpful up scaling
of the technology.
Interventions in RMV
Cost of intervention technologies 50,000 5 years
5 years
Implementation and monitoring cost (by If local Department or Centre of the government
15,000
local NGO) implements and monitors the interventions, this cost
may also be used for additional technologies.
Coordination & Logistics
Other costs (Coordination, logistics, field
10,000 5 years
trips etc.)
Total cost per RMV for 5 years 75,000 -
68
Pakistan: Climate Adaptation Technology Action Plans & Ideas
ICIMOD has offered to provide technical support to this initiative if some government or donor
funding is made available.
Acknowledgments: The technical team of this TNA project want to put on record the
contributions of particularly two individuals Mr. Imran Khan Head of TNA Technical Support Unit
MoCC and Ms. Masooma Hassan, Climate Change Expert, for their deep professional
involvement without which the timely completion of this report may not have been easy.
69
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Pakistan: Climate Adaptation Technology Action Plans & Ideas
7 Mr. Raiz Ahmed Khan Former Federal Secretary, Ministry of One to one
Water & Power
8 Dr. Muhammad Javed Tareen, DG Agriculture Research Institute, One to one
Research Balochistan, Quetta. 081-2470079
Jdtn69@yahoo.com
9 Mr. Waqar Hussain Phulpoto, Environmental Protection Agency, One to one
Director (Technical) Government of Sindh, EPA Complex,
Korangi Industrial Area, Karachi
10 Masoud Ahmed Baloch, DG Agriculture Extension Balochistan One to one
Agriculture Extension Balochistan 081-9211500,
Email:masoud_baloch2000@yahoo.c
om
11 Mr. Irfan Tariq Ministry of Climate Change, One to one &
Director General Islamabad round table
discussion
12 Mr. Seerat Asghar Jaura, Former Ministry of Food Security & Research One to one
Federal Secretary
13 Dr. Arshad M Khan Former Global Change Impact Study Centre Round table
Executive Director (GCISC), discussion
drarshadmkhan@yahoo.co.uk
14 Dr. Muhammed Hanif Director, Pakistan Meteorological Round table
Department hanifwxc@hotmail.com discussion
15 Mr. Javed Ali Khan Former DG Environment Round table
dg.moenv@gmail.com discussion
16 Ms. Hina Lotia, General Manager LEAD Pakistan hlotia@lead.org.pk Round table
discussion
73
17 Dr. Arshad Ali, Land Resources Research institute Round table
Director, National Agriculture Research Centre discussion
(NARC), Islamabad
18 Dr. Moshin Iqbal Former Member Global Change Impact Study Centre Round table
Agriculture, (GCISC) drmoshiniqbal@gmail.com discussion
19 Mr. Munir Shaikh, Former Member Global Change Impact Study Centre Round table
Climate Science (GCISC) mmunirsheikh@yahoo.com discussion
21 Dr. Hafiz Muhammad Akram, Climate Change Research Centre, Round table
Convener, Climate Change Ayub Agriculture Research Institute, discussion
Research Centre Faisalabad.
Akramhm62@gmail.com
22 Mr. Abbas Ali Gill Climate Change Research Centre, Round table
Ayub Agriculture Research Institute, discussion
Faisalabad
abbassgil@gmail.com
23 Mr. Ghazanfar Ali, Former Member Water Section, , Round table
Global Change Impact Study Centre discussion
(GCISC), ghazanfaar.ali@gmail.com
24 Dr. Shahina Tariq Chairman, Head of Department of Round table
Meteorology, COMSATS University, discussion
shahinatariq@comsats.edu.pk
25 Dr. Akram Kahlown, Former Chairman Pakistan Council Round table
Research on Water Resources discussion & One
(PCRWR) kahlown@hotmail.com to one interview
74
Pakistan: Climate Adaptation Technology Action Plans & Ideas
40 Mr. Mian Shaukat Shafi, Asian Development Bank( ADB), Round table
Islamabad mshafi@adb.org discussion
41 Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rahman Hashmi, Head, Water Resources & Glaciology Round table
Section, Global Change Impact Study discussion
Centre (GCISC),
E-mail:ziahashmi77@gmail.com
42 Ms. Javeria Afzal, Advisor DRR & Climate Change, Round table
Oxfam Novib, Islamabad discussion
javeria.afzal@oxfamnovib-
pakistan.org
43 Mr. Muhammad Arif Goheer, Head, , Global Change Impact Study Centre Round table
Agriculture & Coordination Sections (GCISC), discussion
E-mail: arifgoheer@gmail.com
44 Dr. Arshad Ali, Director Land National Agriculture Research Centre One to one
Resources Research Institute (NARC). (arshadalinarc@gmail.com
45 Dr. Munir Ahmed, Director Climate Alternate Energy and Water Round table
Change Resources Institute, National discussion
Agriculture Research Centre (NARC),
(munir.wrri@gmail.com
46 Muhammad Zubair, Deputy Water and Soil Conservation Unit Round table
Director General Planning and Development discussion
Department, Government of Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa
47 Dr. Mahmood-ul-Hassan, Senior Land Resources Research Institute, Round table
Scientific Officer, National Agriculture Research Centre discussion
(NARC), Islamabad
(mmh@comsats.net.pk)
48 Mr. Khadim Hussain Supplier, Micro Drip (Pvt) Ltd F- One to one
178/3, Kehkashan, Block 5, Clifton, interview
Karachi-Pakistan
49 Ms. Nazima Shaheen Action Aid Pakistan. House 42A, Round table
Orchard Scheme, Murree Road, discussion
IslamabadNazima.shaheen@actionai
d.org
50 Engr. Khurram Khaliq Khan Procurement Consultant, World Bank, Round table
Islamabad kkkhaliq@yahoo.com discussion
75
ChangeFaiqaaziz14@gmail.com
55 Mr. Amir Hussain, Director HASHOO FOUNDATION, St-2, H-8/1, Round table
Programs Islamabad, o51-2273621 discussion
amirhussain@hashoofoundation.org
56 Mr. Arif Rahman Sr. Manager, HASHOO FOUNDATION, St-2, H-8/1, Round table
Environment & Climate Change & Islamabad, 0303-8989526 discussion
DRR arifrahman@hashoofoundation.org
57 Mr. Hammad Raza, General LEAD Pakistan, F-7, Islamabad Round table
Manager hraza@lead.org.pk discussion
58 Mr. Ibad ur Rehman, General NEC Consultants (Pvt) Ltd. No.55, Round table
Manager Aslam Business Square, E-11/2, discussion
Islamabad. 051-2305590
ebad.environment@gmail.com
76
Pakistan: Climate Adaptation Technology Action Plans & Ideas
77
Ministry of Climate Change, Government of Pakistan
78