PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION - communication is a process (sender, message,

Lesson 1 : NATURE, DEFINITION AND receiver, feedback)

COMPONENTS OF COMMUNICATION 7. The communication done by animals is relatively
5 MACRO SKILLS: different from humans.
listening OTHER CONCEPTS OF COMMUNICATION
speaking Allen Louis : commuication is the sum of all things.
reading Henry Kuntz : communication is the transferring
writing from one person to another wether or not she elicits
viewing that confidence.
1. Communication is a process by which we assign George Terry : Communication is the exchange of
and convey. This process requires vast repertoire ideals, feelings, and emotions between two or more
skills : persons.
Intrapersonal & interpersonal processing Keith Davis : The purpose of passing information
Listening  Questioning and understanding between two persons
Observing Analyzing TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO
Speaking Evaluating MODE - A message may be impart
2. It can be seen as processes of information through these types; verbal, non-verbal, and visual.
transmission by 3 level of semiotic rules : A. VERBAL COMMUNICATION : process of
Syntactic (using correct grammar) sending and receiving messages with words,
Pragmatic (punctual, practical) including writing and sign language.
Semantic (logical) VERBAL COMMUNICATION : ORAL
3. It is therefore a social interaction where at least - Spoken words are used
two interacting agents - It includes face-to-face conversations, speech,
4.The Oxford Advanced Learner‘s Dictionary defines telephonic conversation, video, radio, television,
communication, as voice over internet.
- the act of passing news, information Verbal Communication : Oral- Advantages
- the act of sharing or exchanging thoughts, ideas, - It brings quick feedback
feelings with others or with a group; - It is flexible and effective for all.
- the act of participating with or sharing in common, - It saves time in communication
the we-belong-to-same-feeling Verbal Communication : Oral- Disadvantages
5. Communication is derived from the Latin word - It has issues when communicating with distant
communis,‘ which means, Belonging to many or people.
equally and communico to confer with others. - Difficult for certain people to understand
6. Communication refers to the process of human
VERBAL COMMUNICATION : WRITTEN
beings responding to the symbolic behavior of other
- In written communication, written signs or symbols
persons (Adler and Rodman, 1997)
are used to communicate.
- communication is human
Verbal Communication : Written- Advantages
- Messages can be edited and revised relationship. To summarize, interpersonal
- Easy to verify relationships are an important part of the work
- Easy to preserve environment.
- Easy presentation of complex matter Lesson 2: PROCESS & ELEMENTS OF
- Permanent record COMMUNICATION : Communication as process
Verbal Communication : Written – Disadvantages is the art and process of creating and sharing ideas.
- Expensive Effective communication depends on the richness of
- Time consuming those ideas.
- Red-Taoism (to take time for approval of a project) ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION PROCESS
- Useless for illiterate person (major disadvantage in (speaking & listening)
written communication) Eugene White (1960) mentioned 8 stages in the
B. NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION: is the cycle of communication.
sending or receiving of wordless messages. (gesture, Thinking Receiving
body language, facial expression) Symbolizing Decoding
3 Elements of Nonverbal Communication Expressing Reacting
- Appearance Transmitting Monitoring
- Body language Roman Jacobson- components of communication :
- Sound Addressor (speaker) Contact
C. VISUAL COMMUNICATION: is the type of Addressee (listener) Code
communication that uses visuals to convey Context (situation) Message
information and/or messages. Body language of a Gronbeck defines model as a picture or a
speaker. representation of a thing or process that identifies the
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO key parts or elements
CONTEXT Communication Model, therefore, is a sketch that
A. INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION shows the basic elements of the communication
The Latin prefixes intra-means within or inside. process.
Intrapersonal communication then means talking to COMPONENTS OF COMMUNICATION
oneself. Some label it as self or inner talk, inner SPEAKER/SENDER
dialogue. - A person who sends the message.
Communications expert Leonard Shedletsky - A sender makes use of symbols (words or graphs or
examined intrapersonal communication through the visual aids) to convey the message and produce
eight basic components of the communication required response.
process (i.e., source, receiver, message, channel, MESSAGE
feedback, environment, context, and interference) B. - Is the key idea that the sender wants to
INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION : can be communicate.
defined as communication between two people, but - It also refers to the thoughts, ideas, or information
the definition fails to capture the essence of a that you convey to your listeners.
Verbal delivery of messages includes: ARISTOTLE’S COMMUNICATION MODEL
- Elements of voice (rate, volume, pitch, and quality) (1) - This model is more focused on public speaking
- Pronunciation than interpersonal communication. Aristotle advises
- Articulation speakers to build speech for different audience on
Verbal message consists of three variables : different time and for different effect. The
- Content Aristotelian model is SPEAKER-CENTERED
- Referential Five (5) basic elements
- Relational Speaker, Speech, Occasion, Audience, Effect.
Strucructure : the pattern of organization you follow Aristotle defined communication (called
Style : how you express your ideas RHETORIC in his time) as ―the faculty of
CHANNEL OR MEDIUM observing, in any given case, the available means of
- Is the means used to exchange or transmit the persuasion. IMPORTANT SKILLS OF
message. A SPEAKER - Logical
- The channel or medium is the language you use. reasoning skills -
RECEIVER OR LISTENER Skills in organizing or positioning his speech
- a person for whom the message is intended, aimed materials strategically
or targeted. - Skills in presenting his ideas/ messages
- The degree to which the decoder understands the - Skills in delivering his resultant speech
message is dependent upon various factors such as, SHANNON’S MODEL
knowledge of recipient, their responsiveness to the - This model argues that communication can be
message, and the reliance of the encoder on the broken down into 6 key concepts : sender, encoder,
decoder. channel, noise, decoder, and receiver.
FEEDBACK - Shanon’s Model is known as the ―mother of all
- Is the main component of the communication models‖ because of its wide popularity. The model is
process as it permits the sender to analyze the also known as ‗information theory‘ or the ‗Shannon
efficacy of the message. theory‘ because Shannon was the main person who
- It helps the sender in confirming the correct developed the theory.
interpretation of message by the decoder. SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL
NOISE - Drew, C. (2020) explains that the Shannon-Weaver
- This can be any sort of interference that affects the model follows the concept of communication in a
message being sent, received, or understood. It can be linear fashion from sender to receiver.
as literal as static over a phone line or esoteric as - Shanon’s Model is known as the ―mother of all
misinterpreting a local custom. models‖ because of its wide popularity. The model‘s
SITUATION OR CONTEXT primary value is in explaining how messages are lost
- It refers to the time and place in which and distorted in the process of communication.
communication occurs. 1. Sender (Information Source)
THE COMMUNICATION MODEL - The model starts with the sender. They are the
person who has the information to begin with. A responds to the sender in order to close the
sender can send a message in multiple different communication loop.
ways : it may be orally (through spoken word), in BERLOS’ SMCR MODEL
writing, through body language, music, etc. (S) Source : The source is situated where the
2. Encoder (Transmitter) message originates.
- The encoder is the machine that converts the idea * Communication skills – It is the skill of the
into signals that can be sent from the sender to the individual to communicate.
receiver. However, the encoder can also be a person * Attitudes – This includes attitudes towards the
that turns an idea into spoken words, written words, audience, subject and towards oneself.
or sign language to communicate an idea to someone. * Knowledge– Communicating also means that the
3. Channel person needs to be knowledgeable about the subject
- The channel of communication is the infrastructure or topic.
that gets information from the sender and transmitter * Social system – The social system includes the
through to the decoder and receiver. We sometimes various aspects of society like values, beliefs, culture,
also call this the medium. 4. religion and a general understanding of society. It is
Noise where the communication takes place.
- Noise interrupts a message while it‘s on the way * Culture: Culture of a particular society also comes
from the sender to the receiver. under the social system.
Internal noise happens when a sender makes a * Encoder: The sender of the message, from where
mistake encoding a message or a receiver makes a the message originates, is referred to as the encoder.
mistake decoding the message. Can happen during
(M) Message
encoding and decoding.
Content – The body of a message, from the
External noise happens when something external beginning to the end, comprises its content.
impedes the message. Happens at the point of Elements – It includes various things like language,
transmission through the channel. gestures, body language, etc. They constitute all the
5. Decoder elements of a particular message.
- - Decoding is the exact opposite of encoding. So, in Treatment – It refers to the packing of the message
this model, there usually needs to be a device that and the way in which the message is conveyed or the
decodes a message from binary digits or waves back way in which it is passed on or delivered.
into a format that can be understood by the receiver. Structure– The structure of the message refers to
6. Receiver (Destination) how it is arranged; the way people structure the
- The receiver is the end-point of Shannon and message into various parts.
Weaver‘s original linear framework. This is the step Code– The code of the message refers to the means
where the person finally gets the message, or what‘s through which it is sent and in what form.
left of it after accounting for noise. Hearing: The use of ears to receive the message.
7. Feedback Seeing: Visual channels, for example, Watching
-Feedback occurs when the receiver of the message television so the message is conveyed through the
scene/film.
Touching: The sense of touch can be used as a
channel to communicate. For example, we touch, buy
food.
Smelling: Smell also can be a channel to
communicate. For example, perfumes, food,
fragrances etc.
Tasting : The tongue is a muscular organ used in the
act of eat and taste food. For example, while a food is
being shared, the communication can happen
regarding its taste.
(R) Receiver: The receiver needs to think all the
contents and elements of the source, so as to
communicate/responds to sender effectively.
Berlo’s model believes that for effective
communication to take place, the source and the
receiver need to be on the same level. Only then
communication will happen or take place properly.
Hence, the source and the receiver should be similar.
Criticism of Berlo’s SMCR model of
communication: 1. There is a lack of feedback. The
effects are practically unknown.
2. It does not mention the barriers to communication.
3. There is no room for noise.
4. It is a rather complex model.
5. It is a linear model of communication.