Building Element and Their Functions PDF

CIVIL ENGINEERING
INFRASTRUCTURES
CVNG 1016
INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL ENGINEERING
Why Study Engineering infrastructure
Problem
• The 21st century presents a vital challenge for Civil Engineering. As
the infrastructure grows older, the need for a strategic maintenance
plan to prolong its use becomes greater. Skilled professionals are
required to maintain ageing infrastructure, integrate new
infrastructure into existing systems and expand infrastructure.
What is an Infrastructures
• Infrastructure is the set of fundamental facilities and systems
providing commodities and services essential to enable, sustain, or
enhance societal living conditions within the built environment
• The built environment encompasses places and spaces created or modified

by people to serve their daily activities
• Infrastructure is composed of public and private physical structures such

as Buildings roads, railways, bridges, tunnels, water
supply, sewers, electrical grids, and telecommunications (including Internet
connectivity access).
BUILDING ELEMENTS AND
THEIR FUNCTIONS
CVNG 1018
Functions of buildings
• Buildings create shelter by providing a physical division between the inside and
outside environments:
• Main function of building are:
• Protection from wind, rain, solar radiation, snow and so on.
• Regulation of the indoor environment in terms of temperature, humidity,
moisture and so on.
• Privacy for occupants.
• A barrier to the transmission of noise.
• Security for occupants and the building contents.
• Safety, for example preventing the spread of fire or smoke.
Types of buildings
• Agricultural buildings
• Residential buildings
• Commercial buildings
• Educational buildings
• Industrial buildings
• Government buildings
• Military buildings
• Religious buildings
• Transport buildings
• Power plants
The classification of buildings by types of construction
Based on the type of construction buildings are classified into

five categories.
• Fire resistive buildings (Type 1A, 1B)

• Non-Combustible buildings (Type 2A, 2B)
• Ordinary Buildings (Type 3A, 3B)
• Heavy timber buildings (Type 4)
• Wood framed buildings (Type 5A, 5 B
basic elements of a building:
• The following are the basic elements of a building:
• 1. SOIL
• 2.Foundation
• 3. Walls and columns
• 4. Sills, lintels and chejjas
• 5. Doors and windows
• 6. Floors
• 7. Roofs
• 8. Steps, stairs and lifts
• 9. Finishing work
• 10. Building services.
Soils as engineering material
• Most of the civil engineering structures like building, bridge, highway,
tunnel, dam, tower, etc. are founded below or on the surface of the
earth.
• For their stability, suitable foundation soil is required.
• To check the suitability of soil to be used as foundation or as

construction materials, its properties are required to be assessed
DETERMINING THE BEST SOIL FOR
INFRASTRUCTURE
A good soil for infrastructure has the following properties:
• • balanced chemistry and neutral pH, so that building materials are
not corroded;
• • stability through wetting and drying cycles, so that expanding soil
does not crack roads or foundations;
• • strength under pressure, so that the weight of the building does not
cause it to sink into the ground; and,
• • ability to capture precipitation, so that runoff and erosion do not
damage structures
TYPES OF SOILS
Foundations
• 1. Foundation: Foundation is the lower most part of the building. It
transfers the load of the building to the ground. Its main functions
and requirements are:
• (a) Distribute the load from the structure to soil evenly and safely.
(b) To anchor the building to the ground so that under lateral loads
building will not move.
(c) It prevents the building from overturning due to lateral forces.
(d) It gives level surface for the construction of super structure.
Categories of foundation
• Broadly speaking, all foundations are divided into two categories:
• shallow foundations usually depending on types of soils(shrinkage
and swelling as well as climate zones) can vary from 0.3 m to 1.5
meters.
• deep foundations.
• deep foundations can be made at depths of (20 - 65m).
Types of the shallow foundation
Deep foundations
• Deep foundations can be used to transfer the loading to a deeper, more
competent strata at depth if unsuitable soils are present near the surface usually
at depths >3 m below finished ground level.
They include
• Piles . are relatively long, slender members that transmit foundation loads
through soil strata of low bearing capacity to deeper soil or rock strata having a
high bearing capacity.
• Piers are foundations for carrying a heavy structural load which is constructed
insitu in a deep excavation.
• Caissons are a form of deep foundation which are constructed above ground
level, then sunk to the required level by excavating or dredging material from
within the caisson.
Types of piles
• End bearing piles

• Friction piles
• Settlement reducing piles
Types of piles
End bearing piles Friction piles Settlement reducing piles
http://environment.uwe.ac.uk/geocal/foundations/Fountype.h
tm#SHALLOW accessed 2020
piles
• PILE foundations are used in the following situations:
When there is a layer of weak soil at the surface. This layer cannot support
the weight of the building, so the loads of the building have to bypass this
layer and be transferred to the layer of stronger soil or rock that is below
the weak layer.
• When a building has very heavy, concentrated loads, such as in a high rise
structure.
•
Pile foundations are capable of taking higher loads than spread footings.
There are two types of pile foundations, each of which works in its own
way.
Using piles to stabilize slopes
Pier and caisson foundation
https://www.google.com/search?q=types+of+foundations&rlz=1C1GCE
U_en-
GBTT829TT829&tbm=isch&source=lnms&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjT5aXPur
https://www.google.com/search?q=types+of+foundations&rlz=1C1GCEU_en-
GBTT829TT829&tbm=isch&source=lnms&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjT5aXPur7sAhUK01kKHeZbA60Q
_AUICygB&biw=1536&bih=754&dpr=1.25 accessed 2020
Video to watch
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GVV_9863fwE accessed 2020

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CIVIL ENGINEERING

• The built environment encompasses places and spaces created or modified

• Infrastructure is composed of public and private physical structures such

Based on the type of construction buildings are classified into

• Fire resistive buildings (Type 1A, 1B)

• For their stability, suitable foundation soil is required.

• To check the suitability of soil to be used as foundation or as

• End bearing piles

End bearing piles Friction piles Settlement reducing piles

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