CALENG1 Lesson 06 Slopes and Rates of Change PDF

27/02/2021
Calculus 1
Lesson 6
Slopes and Rates of Change
-Tangent and Normal Lines to a curve
-Rate of Change
-Related Rates
Tangent and Normal Lines
The normal line is defined

as the line that is
perpendicular to the
tangent line at the point of
tangency (PT).
The slope of the tangent line at PT is

y dy
mTL  lim   f x 
x 0 x dx
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Perpendicular lines – lines that the product of their
slopes is equal to -1 or the slope are negative
reciprocal of one another
m1m2  1 1
m1 
m2
Normal line
1
mNL 
mTL

Equation of a Line: Point-Slope Form
y  y1  m x  x1 
Equation of Tangent Line where PT(x1,y1)
y  y1  mTL x  x1 
Equation of Normal Line
y  y1  mNL x  x1 
y  y1  
1
x  x1 
mTL
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Example
1. Find the equations of the tangent and normal lines to
the curve y = 3x2 – 2x + 1 at P(1,2). Sketch
everything.
TL
NL
PT
Example
2. Find the point of intersection/s of the normal line to
x2  4
the curve y  where the slope of the curve is
x
2, with the line x – y = 0.
x-y=0
NL2
PT2 PT1
NL1
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Example
3. Find the equation/s of the tangent line to the ellipse
x2 + 2 y2 = 9 that is perpendicular to the line 4x – y = 6.
Sketch everything.
4x - y = 6
TL1
PT1
PT2
TL2
Seatwork
1. Find the tangent line to the curve y = x4 + 2x3 – 2x2 – 3x
+ 3 which is perpendicular to the line x – 3y = 2.
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Homework
1. Find equations of the tangent line and normal line to the
at  4, 2 
x
curve y
x 1  5
2. Find a parabola with equation y  ax  bx  c that

2
has slope 4 at x = 1, slope -8 at x = -1, and passes

through the point (2, 15).
3. Where does the normal line to the parabola y  x  x

2
at the point (1, 0) intersect the parabola a second time?

Illustrate with a sketch.
Rate of Change
∆𝒙
The Rate of Change is the ratio ∆𝒚 , which is the
average rate of change over the interval Δx.
y y2  y1 f ( x2 )  f ( x1 )
 
x x2  x1 x
If Δx → 0 , this ratio in general approaches a limiting
value, which is defined as the rate of change of y
corresponding to the given value of x or the
INSTANTANEOUS RATE OF CHANGE.
dy y
 lim
dx x0 x
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Example
1. The supply for a certain brand of
dress is S = x4 - x3 + x2 – x,
where x is the price per dress.
Find the rate of change of the
supply per peso change in the
price:
a). when the price is increased
from one peso to two pesos.
b). when the price is one peso.
S  x 4  x3  x 2  x
Example
2. Suppose a right circular cylinder
has a constant height of 10 m. If V
in m3 is the volume of the right
circular cylinder, and r is the
radius of its base, find the rate of
change of the volume with
respect to r if r changes :
a). from 5 to 5.1.
b). from 5 to 5.4.
c). when r = 5.
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Example
3. Find the rate of change of the area of an equilateral
triangle with respect to the side:
a) when the side is 4 feet;
b) when the side changes from 4 to 4.4 feet.
Related Rates
y  f x 
where: t = time and an independent variable
Therefore dy df x 

dt dt
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Example
1. A spherical balloon is being filled with gas at 10 m3/hr.
At the instant when the surface area of the balloon Is
increasing at 4 m2/hr, what is the radius of the
balloon?
Example
2. Water is leaking at the rate of 2
ft3/min. through a hole in the
vertex of an inverted conical
reservoir of height 6 ft. and
diameter of 4 ft. at the top.
a) how fast is the water level
changing when the reservoir is
1/8 full?
b) how long will it take for the dV ft 3
 2
tank to be empty? dt min
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Example
3. A kite is 40 ft. high with 50 ft. of cord out. If the kite
moves horizontally at 5 ft per hour directly away from
the boy flying it, how fast is the cord being paid out?
dx ft
5
dt min
50 ft
40 ft
Example
4. At what rate is the shadow of a 6-ft tall man shortening
as he walks at 8 ft/s on a level path toward the
streetlight that is 20 ft above the pavement? Also, find
the rate at which his head is receding from the light
when he is 20 ft from the post.
w
dx ft
 8
20 ft dt hr
x s
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Example
5. A man on the ground is watching a jet through a
telescope as it approaches at a speed of 10 km/min. At
an altitude of 7 kms., at what rate is the angle of
telescope changing when the horizontal distance of the
jet from the man is 24 km? When the jet is directly
above the man?
Example
6. A ladder 13 ft long leans against a vertical wall. If the
top slides down at 3 ft/s, how fast is the angle of
elevation of the ladder decreasing when the lower ends
is 9 ft. from the wall?
dy ft
 3
dt s
13 ft
10

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27/02/2021

Tangent and Normal Lines

The normal line is defined

The slope of the tangent line at PT is

Tangent and Normal Lines

Tangent and Normal Lines

Equation of Normal Line

2. Find a parabola with equation y  ax  bx  c that

has slope 4 at x = 1, slope -8 at x = -1, and passes

3. Where does the normal line to the parabola y  x  x

at the point (1, 0) intersect the parabola a second time?

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