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    O. Probability Random Variables

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    Brian Garcia
    This document contains exercises from a statistics and probability book. It covers topics such as random variables, probability distributions, normal distributions, and sampling. For discrete random variables, it discusses probability mass functions and provides examples of defining random variables for experiments like coin tosses and dice rolls. It also gives examples of representing probability mass functions in tabular and graphical form. The exercises include problems involving calculating probabilities of events and determining probability mass functions for random variables.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    O. Probability Random Variables

    Uploaded by

    Brian Garcia
    22 views31 pages
    This document contains exercises from a statistics and probability book. It covers topics such as random variables, probability distributions, normal distributions, and sampling. For discrete random variables, it discusses probability mass functions and provides examples of defining random variables for experiments like coin tosses and dice rolls. It also gives examples of representing probability mass functions in tabular and graphical form. The exercises include problems involving calculating probabilities of events and determining probability mass functions for random variables.

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    O.-Probability-Random-Variables

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    This document contains exercises from a statistics and probability book. It covers topics such as random variables, probability distributions, normal distributions, and sampling. For discrete random variables, it discusses probability mass functions and provides examples of defining random variables for experiments like coin tosses and dice rolls. It also gives examples of representing probability mass functions in tabular and graphical form. The exercises include problems involving calculating probabilities of events and determining probability mass functions for random variables.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    22 views31 pages

    O. Probability Random Variables

    Uploaded by

    Brian Garcia
    This document contains exercises from a statistics and probability book. It covers topics such as random variables, probability distributions, normal distributions, and sampling. For discrete random variables, it discusses probability mass functions and provides examples of defining random variables for experiments like coin tosses and dice rolls. It also gives examples of representing probability mass functions in tabular and graphical form. The exercises include problems involving calculating probabilities of events and determining probability mass functions for random variables.

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    STATISTICS

    AND PROBABILITY
    Random variables
    and Probability Distribution

    1. Understanding Random Variables


    2. Discrete Probability Distribution
    3. Mean and Variance of Discrete
    Probability Distribution
    4. Applied Problems involving the Mean
    and the Variance of a Discrete
    Probability Distribution
    Normal Distribution

    1. Exploring the concepts of Normal


    Probability Distribution
    2. Understanding z-scores
    3. Identifying Regions of Areas Under
    Normal Curve
    4. Determining Probabilities
    5. Locating Percentiles Under the Normal
    Curve
    6. Applying the Normal Curve Concepts in
    Problem Solving
    Sampling
    and Sampling Distribution

    1. Sampling Distribution of Sample


    Means
    2. Finding the Mean and Variance of
    the Sampling Distribution of Means
    3. Solving Problems Involving
    Sampling Distribution of Sample
    Means
    RANDOM VARIABLES
    AND PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

    Random Variable

    Discrete Continuous

    Mean Variance

    Standard Deviation
    Random Variables

    Statistical Experiments
    - processes that generate a set
    of data.
    Random Experiments
    - experiments whose outcomes
    cannot be predicted. Example:
    tossing a coin, tossing a die
    Sample Space
    - the set of all possible
    outcomes of an experiment
    Sample Point
    - element of a sample space.
    EXAMPLE 1.
    Determine the sample space for
    the given experiments
    1. tossing two coins
    2. tossing a die
    3. tossing a coin and a die
    4. choosing a card from an
    ordinary deck of playing cards.
    EVENTS AND PROBABILITY

    Event – a subset of a sample space.

    Simple events – contain only one


    sample point
    Empty set / Null set – no sample
    point
    Probability – measure of how likely a
    particular event will occur.

    n - number of sample points in event A


    N - number of sample points in the
    entire sample space.

    Note: 0≤P(A) ≤1
    EXAMPLE 2.
    1. In tossing two coins, what is the
    probability of getting exactly one head?
    2. In tossing a die, what is the probability of
    obtaining a number less than 5?
    3. In tossing a coin and a die, what is the
    probability of getting a head?
    4. In choosing a card from an ordinary deck
    of playing cards, what is the probability of
    getting a card from the heart suit?
    5. A bag contains 7 blue balls and 3 red balls.
    If a ball will be picked at random, what is
    the probability of getting a red ball?
    ADDITION RULE OF PROBABILITY

    Two events are mutually exclusive


    if they cannot occur at the same time;
    they have no common outcomes.
    P(A⋃B)=P(A)+P(B)
    When two events are not mutually
    exclusive, one of the probabilities of the
    common outcomes must be subtracted
    since it has been calculated twice.
    P(A⋃B)=P(A)+P(B)-P(A⋂B)
    U S
    A B A B

    A B
    Mutually exclusive events Nonmutually exclusive events
    EXAMPLE 3.
    1. In tossing a die, what is the
    probability of obtaining an
    even number or an odd
    number?
    2. In drawing a card from an
    ordinary deck of cards, what is
    the probability of getting a
    heart card or a king card?
    EXAMPLE 4.
    In a bag containing 3 red
    balls, 4 orange balls, 6 green
    balls, 5 yellow balls, and 2
    blue balls, 1 ball will be
    chosen at random. What is the
    probability of getting a red,
    blue or yellow ball?
    COMPLEMENT OF AN EVENT
    A’
    A

    Union of the events A and A’ is the entire


    sample space S is 1.
    P(A)+P(A’) = 1
    Probability of the complement event A’
    given the probability of the event A.
    P(A’) = 1 – P(A)
    EXAMPLE 5.
    Suppose that the probability of
    choosing a grade 11 student
    from the senior high school
    division in a certain school is
    0.67. What is the probability of
    choosing a student who does not
    belong to grade 11?
    DISCRETE AND CONTINUOUS
    RANDOM VARIABLES

    Random Variable – a function that


    assigns a real number to each element
    of the sample space. It is denoted by
    uppercase letters.

    The realizations or the possible


    values of these random variable are
    denoted by the corresponding lowercase
    letters.
    EXAMPLE 6.
    Determine the realizations of the
    following random variables.
    1. W = the number of heads that may be
    obtained in tossing a coin and a die.
    2. X = the number of dots on the
    upturned face of a tossed die.
    3. Y = the number of king cards in
    getting 5 cards from an ordinary deck
    of playing cards.
    4. T = the lifetime of a newborn baby.
    Discrete random variable – only a
    finite or countable number of
    possible values.
    Continuous random variable –
    takes on an uncountable number
    of values from a given finite or
    infinite set of values.
    EXAMPLES OF RANDOM VARIABLES
    Experiment Random Realizations Classification
    Variable (x) of (x)

    Inspect 20 Number of Discrete


    deliveries of defective cellular
    x = 0, 1, 2,
    cellular phones phones 3, ……. 20
    Observe the cars Number of over Discrete
    that pass by an speeding cars
    x = 0, 1, 2
    intersection passing an ……..
    intersection
    Get some rice Weight of rice (in Continuous
    from a 20 kg sack kg)
    0≤x≤20

    Read a book Time it takes to Continuous


    finish reading the
    x≥0
    book
    PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
    OF A DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE
    - designates probabilities to the
    possible values of a random variable.

    DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE


    - the probability distribution is
    defined by a probability mass function
    denoted by:
    P(X=x)
    The probability mass function is a
    table, a formula, or a graph showing
    the possible values of the random
    variable together with their
    corresponding probabilities.

    The possible values of the random


    variable are called mass points.
    EXAMPLE. Tossing a die.
    Let the random variable X be
    defined as the number of dots
    shown on the upturned face of the
    die.
    The probability mass function of X,
    written using a formula, is given by
    EXAMPLE. Probability Mass
    Function of X, where X is the
    number of dots on the upturned
    face of a die.
    x 1 2 3 4 5 6

    P(X=x)
    EXAMPLE. Graphical representation
    of a probability mass function of X,
    where X represents the number
    showing on the upturned face of a
    die.
    The probability mass function are as
    follows:
    EXAMPLE 7. Two coins are
    tossed. Let X be the number of
    heads. Obtain the probability
    mass function of X. (Express the
    answer in tabular and histogram
    representation.)
    EXAMPLE 8. Suppose that the
    probability mass function is defined
    by the following formula.

    Make a tabular representation of the


    probability mass function.
    ANSWER.
    Statistics and Probability Book.
    Exercises. Page 7-8, Items 1-4
    BOYS – odd numbers
    GIRLS – Even numbers

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