3.1 Photovoltaic System PDF
3.1 Photovoltaic System PDF
3.1 Photovoltaic System PDF
PHOTOVOLTAIC HAN
PHOTOVOLTAIC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTIC
IR DR LIM BOON HAN
PV System Components
CONTENTS
PV Applications
PV Market
PV System Design
Photovoltaic Array
IR DR LIM BOON HAN 1/28/2023 6
SOLAR CELL CIRCUIT MODEL
OR
When the resistance is infinite, the current in the circuit is zero and the
voltage across the cell is at its maximum, known as open circuit voltage
(Voc).
I-V curve
ISC
I1
0 VOC
I-V curve
P1 = V1 x I1
Load line,
Slope = 1/R1
I1
0 V1
0
V2
Load line,
I3 Slope = 1/R3
P3 = V3 x I3 > P2 > P1
0
V3
IR DR LIM BOON HAN 1/28/2023 16
CURRENT-VOLTAGE (I-V) CHARACTERISTICS AND POWER CURVE
Load line,
Slope = 1/R4
I4
P4 = V4 x I4 < P3
0
V4
Load line,
Slope = 1/R5
I5
P5 = V5 x I5 < P4 < P3
0 V5
0
Vmp
IR DR LIM BOON HAN 1/28/2023 19
CURRENT-VOLTAGE (I-V) CURVE AND POWER CURVE
Example on datasheet
I-V curve Power Maximum Power Point,
curve
Since the maximum possible current is Isc and the maximum possible
voltage is Voc, IscVoc represents the desirable goal in power delivery for
a given solar cell.
• Contacts
Losses • Semiconductor
Ohmic
• Metal-SC
interface
Electrical
• Impurity
Recombination • Crystal structure
• Surface
Temperature
IR DR LIM BOON HAN 1/28/2023 29
ENERGY LOSSES IN SOLAR CELL
Electrical
• Cell and panels
Mismatch • Shading
Temperature • Inverter
Conversion
• Battery
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IRRADIANCE EFFECT
As the irradiance varies
There is an almost linear variation of the short circuit current.
The open circuit voltage, however, does not change dramatically, it increases
slightly.
The graph assumes that the cell temperature is constant ie. unaffected by the
differing irradiance.
Because the voltage remains reasonably constant under varying
irradiance solar cells are well suited for use as battery chargers
Voc2= 39.8V
Vmp2= 31.9V
Vmp3= 28.1V
Calculate Vmp, Imp, Voc, Isc and Pmp of the module at cell temperature
0℃, 50℃ and 75℃.
Show that your results are closed to that of deduced from the graph.
Assume α, β, γ as +0.04%/℃, -0.31%/℃ and -0.4%/℃, respectively
0.04
𝐼𝑚𝑝3 = 4.7 × 1 + ( )(75 − 25)
100
P.R has considered the module efficiency. It is calculated from the expected output under STC
System efficiency is usually to compare the technology, but less meaningful for project evaluation
High-efficiency technology does not ensure lower levelized cost of electricity (LCOE)
156.75 mm
IT = I1 + I2 + …
V = V1 = V2 = ..
Parallel connection
of solar cells: The
voltage is the same
in all cells while the
currents add up
I4
Sunlight ?
1000
W/m2, 25 C Rated 140 W, Rated 140
, AM1.5 Imp 5 A W, 5 A
Vmp = 28V 28V
Load = 20
ohm
Rated 140 Rated 140
W, 5A W, 5 A
28V 28V
Sunlight 1000
W/m2, 25 C ,
AM1.5 Rated 140 W, Rated 140
Imp 5 A W, 5 A 20 ohm
Shading one of the three cells: The current of the overall characteristic
curve decays by the same amount as the current of Shady
Module power
sinks drastically
in the case of
shading of a
single cell
Reducing shading
losses
Prevention of
hotspots
Hot spot
formation
Rated power of a PV
Five important
module is given at Pmp.
parameters – Voc, Isc,
So, the output will be
Vmp, Imp and Pmp
usually less than Pmp.
There are many external factors (derating factors) that cause the performance of a PV module drops from
its rated power, Pmp.
Irradiance effect – Isc is linearly proportional to the solar irradiance, voltage changes slightly at high
irradiance.
Temperature effect – Voc is negative proportional to the temperature of the solar cell under operation
Temperature coefficients are based on the type of solar cells and the design of PV module
Amorphous Si (α-Si)
Mono Crystalline
Si Ingot
Mono Si Mono C-Si Solar Cell Mono C-Si PV Module
Wafer Solar Power Plant
Poly Si
Feedstock
Multi C-Si PV
Multi Crystalline Si Ingot Multi Si Wafer Multi C-Si Solar Cell Module
HiT
Source: pv magazine
Bi-facial
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THIN FILM PV INDUSTRY SUPPLY CHAINS
Thin film production process
Electronic/electri Electrical,
Chemical / Material Science, mechanical,
cal, chemical,
Optoelectronics electronic
mechanical
Al frame
EVA encapsulate
EVA encapsulate
Junction box
Glass-to-glass structure
Glass-to-backsheet structure
IR DR LIM BOON HAN 1/28/2023 73
VARIOUS TYPES OF C-SI PV MODULES
Source: pv magazine
Flexible
IBC
Shingle
Double-glass & Bifacial
Half-cell
IR DR LIM BOON HAN 1/28/2023 74
THIN FILM PV TECHNOLOGIES
Amorphous Si
IR DR LIM BOON HAN CIGS on polymer 1/28/2023 76
VARIOUS TYPES OF EMERGING SOLAR CELLS
Dye-sensitized solar cells
Organic Photovoltaic
Quantum
Perovskite solar cells Dots
IR DR LIM BOON HAN 1/28/2023 77
III-V JUNCTION PV:
GALLIUM ARSENIDE (GAAS)
GaAs (compound semiconductor)
has a high light absorption coefficient, so only a thin layer is required.
more efficient than mono-crystalline Si cells
can operate at relatively high temperatures without the appreciable reduction
in efficiency
GaAs are substantially more expensive than Si cells.
Bypass
diode AIN
CPV
Conductor
Direct-bonded
Copper, DBC
III-V triple junction achieve 46% by Soitec and 44% by Sharp in 2014,
43.5% by Solar Junction in 2013.
GaInP/GaAs/Ge , GaInP/GaInAs/Ge , GaInP/GaAs/GaInNAs/Ge ,
InGaP/GaAs/InGaAs ….
CPV SYSTEMS
Source: http://cpvrs.com/
Source: Solar Systems Pty Ltd.
Single-cell CPV + Fresnel lens
Source: Spectrolab
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UTAR - CPVT
Dense-array CPV
+ CCPC
Source: UTAR
IR DR LIM BOON HAN 1/28/2023 84
Source: Anuhui YingTian Renewable Energy Co., Ltd. 1MW LCPV Power Plant
LOW
CONCENTRATION
PV (LCPV)
PV Array
• To convert sunlight to electricity
Inverter
• To convert DC power from solar PV panels to AC power
PV Cable
• To transmit generated electricity to a specific location
IR DR LIM BOON HAN 1/28/2023 90
PV SYSTEM COMPONENTS AND FUNCTIONS
Step-up station
• to step-up the AC voltage after inversion to the level of the grid voltage
Combiner Box
Step-up
DC Cabinet Inverter Station
Data Monitoring
Source: http://en.zkenergy.com/product/solugds/323.html
IR DR LIM BOON HAN 1/28/2023 92
STAND-ALONE (OFF-GRID) PV SYSTEM
CheetahPerc JKM315-335M-60-A2-EN
CheetahPerc JKM315-
335M-60-A2-EN
The DC is chopped into pulses of varying widths using PWM technique and
then filtered by means of low pass filters so that a 50 Hz sinusoidal voltage
is achieved
Source: Konrad Mertens 2014, “Photovoltaics: Fundamentals, Technology and Practice”
Central Inverter
String Inverter
Bi-directional Inverter
Bi-directional Inverter
CONNECTION TO GRID
Source: http://solarcombinerbox.sell.curiousexpeditions.org/
Blocking diode
MCB DC Circuit Breaker
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DC SWITCHGEAR/ SWITCH CABINET
K1 D1
DC Output, +
DC
Volt
K2 D2 mete
Connected to
r V Inverter
DC Output, -
K2 D2 Surge
5 5 Protec
tion
Device
PC
DC Switchgear
Source: http://www.smart-energy.ag/
IR DR LIM BOON HAN 1/28/2023 110
PV CABLES
600 V, 1000 V, 1500 V
2.5 mm2, 4 mm2, 6 mm2, 10
mm2, 25 mm2
Features
Double-insulated
UV, ozone, hydrolysis resistant
Halogen free
Flame retardant
High-temperature resistance
Cross-linked
Long service life, > 25 years at
• Current carrying capacity vs ohmic losses
90℃
http://www.mc-pv-portal.com/
Source: Wikipedia
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AC SWITCHGEAR
CB
AC
Output
CB CB
1
AC Grid AC
Output
2
AC 415/240, 50 Hz CB
AC
Meter Output
SPD 3
https://www.nuanceenergy.com/solar-blog/structural-overview-of-earth-anchors-for-pv-ground-mounted-arrays
http://www.ino-
via.com/index.php/en/
ground-mounting-
system
Schletter’s Uno
Infrastructure Supply
Electric Power Generation Street lighting
Smart city applications
❖ Utility
❖ Distributed Generation
• BIPV, BAPV, Ground-mounted
. Specialized
Applications
Rural Electrification Satellite power supply
Stand-alone PV. Water pumping
Domestic use
Transportation Wearable electronics power supply
E-vehicle Charging Phone/Laptop charging
Mobile electricity
TYPES OF PV PLANTS
AGRIVOLTAICS
V3Solar’s 3D
solar
Miasole Flexible PV
modules
2021: 942 GW
RM/kWh
0.25
0.2
Mean Bids 0.15
0.1
0.5 0.05
0
0.45
1
7
13
19
25
31
37
43
49
55
61
67
73
79
85
91
97
103
109
115
121
127
133
0.4 Raw Bids Mean Bid
Mean bids (RM/kWh)
0.35
0.3 LSS3 Raw Bids (5 – 100 MW)
0.25 0.4
0.35
0.2 0.3
0.15 0.25
RM/kWh
0.2
0.1 0.15
0.1
0.05 0.05
0 0
16
56
1
6
11
21
26
31
36
41
46
51
61
66
71
76
81
86
91
96
101
106
111
LSS1 LSS2 LSS3 LSS4
LSS Plants Raw Bids Mean Bid