THIRD YEAR B.

TECH MINI-PROJECT REPORT

“MONITORING AND ANALYSIS OF AMBIENT AIR POLLUTANT
AT MIT CAMPUS, AURANGABAD”
Submitted by

SHOBEN K SABU 1373

PRADIP B. AGE 1357

DHEERAJ D. RASKAR 1323

Under the Guidance

Asst. Prof. Ashwin Chavan

In partial fulfillment for the award of

Bachelor’s of Technology Degree in Civil Engineering

of

Dr. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR MARATHWADA UNIVERSITY

AURANGABAD (M. S.)

Department of Civil Engineering

Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Aurangabad

Accredited with “Grade A” by NAAC Affiliated to Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada

University, Aurangabad Maharashtra state, India(A.Y. 2021-22)
 CERTIFIED BY STUDENT

This is to certify that the project report entitled “Monitoring and analysis of ambient air pollutant”,

which is being submitted to Maharashtra Institute of Technology, affiliated to Dr. Babasaheb

Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra State, Supervision and Guidance of

Asst. prof. Ashwin Chavan.

The work embodied in this report has not formed earlier for the basis of the award India in the faculty

of Civil Engineering in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of ‘Bachelor of

Technology’ in ‘Civil Engineering’. This is the result of the original work and contribution under

supervision and guidance of Dr. Rashmita Srinivasan of any degree or compatible certificate or similar

title of this for any other diploma /examining body or university to the best of knowledge and belief.

Submitted by

SHOBEN K SABU 1373

PRADIP B. AGE 1357

DHEERAJ D. RASKAR 1323

Place: Aurangabad Date:

 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the mini project report entitled “Monitoring and analysis of Ambient Air

Pollutant” which is being submitted to Maharashtra Institute of Technology, affiliated to Dr.

Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra State, India in the faculty of

Civil Engineering in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of ‘Bachelor of Technology’

in ‘Civil Engineering’.

This is the result of the original work and contribution under my supervision and guidance. The work

embodied in this report has not formed earlier for the basis of the award of any degree or compatible

certificate or similar title of this for any other diploma examining body or university to the best of

knowledge and belief.

Submitted by

SHOBEN K SABU 1373

PRADIP B. AGE 1357

DHEERAJ D. RASKAR 1323

Asst. Prof. Ashwin Chavan Dr. Rashmita Srinivasan Dr. Santosh Bhosale

Guide HOD principal

 MINI PROJECT-I APPROVAL SHEET

The following Students have done the appropriate work for the award of Bachelor of Technology in

Civil Engineering as a part of curriculum of Maharashtra Institute of Technology affiliated to Dr.

Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University Aurangabad, Maharashtra State, India.

Name of Student:

SHOBEN K SABU 1373

PRADIP B. AGE 1357

DHEERAJ D. RASKAR 1323

Guide

Asst. Prof. Ashwin Chavan

Date :- _________

Place :-Maharashtra Institute of Technology

Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India-431010

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am very happy for the completion of this mini project. I would like to express my special thanks to

our guide Asst. Prof. Ashwin Chavan, who gave us the golden opportunity to do this wonderful mini

project and his valuable guidance and constant support with all necessary help in our work. I am also

thankful to all my teachers and college staff who have helped us to complete this mini project.

We are grateful to Dr. Rashmita Srinivasan. Head of the department Civil engineering for giving the

support and encouragement that was necessary for completion of the mini project.

Secondly, I would also like to thank my parents who helped a lot by encouraging me to give thanks

again to all my friends, my group members and those who directly or indirectly helped me during this

project.

SHOBEN K SABU 1373

PRADIP B. AGE 1357

DHEERAJ D. RASKAR 1323

 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
Tables Page
1.1 SWOT Analysis 6
4.2 Air Quality Range Wise Result 38
4.3 AQI levels and Connected Health Impacts 39
Figures Page
3.2 Proposed System Architecture 19
3.3 Circuit Diagram 20
3.4 Block diagram for proposed model of the system 21
3.5 Flowchart for the Proposed System 22
3.6.1Arduino Uno microcontroller 24
3.6.2Gas sensor MQ135 26
3.6.3 LCD (16x2) 28
3.6.4Buzzer 28
3.6.5 ESP8266 Wi-Fi Device 29
3.6.6 Arduino A-B Cable (0.5m)
30 3.6.7 Jumper wire (M to F, M to M, F to F) 30
3.7 Setup the Hardware 31
4.2 Running the System 36
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AEG: Air Excellence Guide

AQI: Air Quality Indicator
PPB: Parts Per Billion
PPM: Parts Per Million
IoT: Internet of Things
LPG: Liquefied Petroleum Gas

IDE: Integrated Development Environment

LED: Light Emitting Diode
LCD: Liquid Crystal Display
GSM: Global System for Mobile communication
OEMs: Original Equipment Manufacturers
CCSA: China Communications Standards Association
API: Application Programming Interface
MCU: Micro Control Unit
IDE: Integrated Development
 ABSTRACT

Nowadays air pollution has turned out to be one of the significant issues because of the
increase in the quantity of vehicles and during the time spent industrialization and
urbanization. This expansion in the level of contamination brings about destructive
consequences for prosperity. This project explains the depiction and execution of an Air
Pollution detection system. The innovation grasped here, is a hands-on execution of the idea
of Internet of Things. This detailed work is an exploration of the possibilities of consumption
of this innovation, in this world, where natural well-being is turning into a genuine risk. The
work is actualized utilizing the microcontroller board of Arduino. In this project I am going
to make an IoT based Air Pollution Detection Monitoring System in which I will monitor the
Air Quality over a web server using ESP8266 Wi-Fi device and will a trigger alarm when the
air quality goes down a certain level means when there is amount of harmful gases is present
in the air like CO2. It will show the air quality in PPM (Parts Per Million) as like “Fresh Air”,
“Poor Air”, “Danger Air” on LCD and webpage so that I can monitor it very easily.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page

Certificate by student ii
certificate iii
mini project approval sheet iv
List of Tables and Figures v
List of Abbreviations vi
Acknowledgements vii
Abstract viii
Chapter 1 Introduction and Background 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Purpose of the Project
2 1.3 Objectives of Monitoring Air Quality 2
1.4 Air Quality Parameters 3

1.5 Importance of Air Pollution Monitoring System 4

1.6 Benefits and Beneficiaries 5
1.6.1 Benefits 5
1.6.2 Beneficiaries 5
1.7 SWOT Analysis 6
1.8 Advantages of Proposed Project 7
1.8.1 Portability 7
1.8.2 Safety 7
1.8.3 ost 7
1.8.4 Simple Maintenance 7
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEWS 8
2.1 Introduction 8
2.2 Opportunity, Status & Capability of IoT 8
2.2.1 rtunity of IoT 8
2.2.2 Status of IoT 9
 2.2.3 Capability of IoT
9 2.3 Motivation and General Description 10
2.4 Open and General IoT Architecture 11
2.5 Challenge & Prospect of IoT 12
2.5.1allenge of IoT 12
2.5.2Prospect of IoT 15
2.6 Conclusion 17
CHAPTER 3 PROPOSED SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE 18
3.1 Introduction 18
3.2 Proposed System Architecture 19
3.3 Circuit Diagram 20
3.4 Block diagram for proposed model of the system 21
3.5 Algorithm & Working Process 22
3.6 Implementation Technologies 23
3.6.1Arduino Uno 23
3 6.2 Gas sensor MQ135 26
3 6.3 LCD (16x2) 28
3 6.4 Buzzer 28
3.6.5 ESP8266 Wi-Fi 29
3.6.6 Arduino A-B Cable (0.5m)
30 3.6.7 Jumper wire (M to F, M to M, F to F) 30
3.7 Setup the Hardware of this Project 31

CHAPTER 4 CODDING ANALYSIS & RESULT 32

4.1 Code Explanation 32
4.2 Results 36
4.3 Result Analysis 39
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK 40
5.1 Conclusion 40
5.2 Future Scope 40
Reference 41
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
1.1 Introduction
The Air Excellence Guide (AEG) may be a common indicator of air quality. The Air Quality
Indicator (AQI) is calculated and supported on air pollutants like CO and NO2 compounds
that consume opposing possessions happening the atmosphere and human health. The Air
Quality Indicator may be a range that represents the very finest meditation of a specific air
unused matter at a particular time. I propose an air quality as well as air pollution monitoring
system that allows us to monitor and check live air quality as well as air pollution in an area
through Internet of Things (IoT). It uses air sensors (Gas Sensor MQ135) to sense presence of
harmful gases/compounds in the air and constantly transmit this data. In addition, system
keeps measuring air level and reports it. The sensors interact with Arduino Uno
(Microcontroller) which processes this data and transmits it over the application. This allows
authorities to monitor air pollution in different areas and act against it [1]. In addition,
authorities can keep a watch on the air pollution near schools, and hospitals areas. Normally,
little concentrations area unit measured exploitation ppb (parts per billion), that represents
units of mass of a material per one billion units of total mass. Parts per million (ppm) may be
similar and unremarkable used unit to measure concentrations of pollutants. It determines the
requirements of a new system and analyze on product and resource requirement, which is
required for the successful system. The product requirement contains input and output
requirements it gives the wants in term of input to produce the required productivity. The
resource requirements define in brief about the hardware that are needed to achieve the
required functionality. In this project I am going to make an IoT based Air Pollution
Detection Monitoring System in which I monitor the Air Quality over a web server using
ESP8266 Wi-Fi device and a trigger alarm when the air quality goes down a certain level
means when there is amount of harmful gases is present in the air like CO2. It shows the air
quality in PPM (Parts Per Million) on LCD and webpage so that I monitor it very easily.
1.2 Purpose of Project
The project is an implementation of IoT (Internet of Things) Based Air Pollution Monitoring
System Using Arduino. Air pollution is a growing issue and it is necessary to monitor air
quality for a better future and healthy living for all. IoT is getting popular day-by-day and
standards are on its way. Therefore, collection of air quality information is easier. Analysis of
monitoring data allows us to assess how bad air pollution from day to day. According to the
recent survey, Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh is the third in the list of most air-polluted
city. Thus because of this expansion in the quantity of vehicles contamination is developing
quickly and it influencing people groups wellbeing too. This air contamination makes disease
and harm safe, neurological, regenerative and respiratory framework. In extraordinary cases,
it can likewise cause passing. As indicated by overview 50000 to 100000 unexpected losses
occurred to us only because of air contamination [2]. Along these lines, there is a requirement
for checking air quality and to monitor it. IoT is the system of physical gadgets, vehicles,
home apparatuses, and different things implanted with hardware, programming, sensors, and
availability which empowers these articles to associate and trade information. IoT permits
articles to be noticed or controlled. In this paper, I am proposing and going to piloting a
model which IoT to screen air contamination.

1.3 Objectives of Monitoring Air Quality

The air quality monitoring program design dependent upon the monitoring specific objectives
specified for the air quality management in the selected area of interest. Defining the output
influence, the design of the network and optimize the resources used for monitoring. It also
ensures that the network is specially designed to optimize the information on the problems at
hand. There might be different objectives for the development of the environmental
monitoring and surveillance system. Normally, the system has to provide on-line data and
information transfer with a direct /automatically/ on-line quality control of the collected data.
Several monitors, sensors and data collection systems to be applied to make on-line data
handover and control likely. The main objectives stated for the development of an air quality
measurement and surveillance program might be to facilitate the background concentration(s)
measurements, monitor current levels as a baseline for assessment, check the air quality
relative to standards or limit values, detect the importance of individual sources, enable
comparison of the air quality data from different areas and countries, collect data for the air
quality management, traffic and land-use planning purposes, observe trends (related to
emissions), develop abatement strategies, determine the exposure and assess the effects of air
pollution on health, vegetation
or building materials, inform the public about the air quality and raise the awareness, develop
warning systems for the prevention of undesired air pollution episodes, facilitate the source
apportionment and identification, supply data for research investigations, develop/validate
management tools (such as models), develop and test analytical instruments and to support
legislation in relation to the air quality limit values and guidelines. The relationships between
the data collected and the information to be derived from them must be taken into account
when a monitoring program is planned, executed and reported. This emphasizes the need for
users and potential users of the data to be involved in planning surveys, not only to ensure
that the surveys are appropriate to their needs but also to justify committing the resources.

1.4 Air Quality Parameters

The important parameters that are considered in the proposed framework include: Carbon
Dioxide (CO2) – CO2 is colorless, odorless gas and non-combustible gas. Also, it is measured
under the category of smother gases that have ability of interfering the availability of oxygen
for tissues. Carbon Dioxide is a gas vital to life in the world, because it is one of the most
vital elements evolving photosynthesis process, which converts solar into chemical energy.
The concentration of CO2 has amplified due mainly to massive remnant fuels boiling. This
increase makes plants grow rapidly. The rapid growth of undesirable plants leads to the
increase use of chemicals to eliminate them [3].

Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) - Sulphur Dioxide is a colorless gas, detectable by the distinct odor
and taste. Like CO2, it is mainly due to fossil fuels boiling and to manufacturing processes. In
high attentions may cause breathing problems, especially in sensitive groups, like asthmatics.
It contributes to acid rains.

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) – Nitrogen Dioxide is a brownish gas, easily detectable for its odor,
very corrosive and highly oxidant. It is produced as the result of fossil fuels burning.
Frequently NO terrified to the atmosphere is converted in NO2 by chemical processes. In high
absorptions, NO2 may principal to respiratory problems. Like SO2, it contributes to acid rains.

Smoke - About 1 million people are in custom of tobacco smoking globally of which
majority population is from rising countries. Every year nearly 4.9 million people expired due
to smoking allow to 2007 report. In addition, second hand smoke is serious threat to the
health of people of all age’s causes 41000 deaths each year.

LPG - Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is an odorless and colorless liquid which evaporates
readily into a gas. Leakage is generally noticed by adding an odorant into it. It is considered
under the category of highly flammable gases and it can be classified as a carcinogen and
mutagen if Butadiene content is more than 0.1%. LPG may escape in the form of a gas or a
fluid. If it escapes in the form of a liquid, it vanishes quickly and will eventually form large
cloud of gas in air, which is relatively thicker than air thus drops to the ground. Whereas,
LPG vapors travel along the ground for a long distance and gets collected in drains or
basements. Gas principals to burn or detonate after getting in touch with a source of ignition.

Temperature and humidity- Quantity of temperature is an important for safety of people and
affects our life skills. Greenhouse outcome can be observed by measuring temperature and
comparing temperature changes from historical to present time especially since the industrial
revolution using climate data. Humidity is a type of gas that guards us from UV rays from the
sun and helps trick heat on Earth, thereby making the climate on Earth, a pleasant one for
living. However, as humidity increases, the warmth on Earth also increases which makes our
life uncomfortable. Humidity is essential for various storage and food processing facilities.

1.5 Importance of Air Pollution Monitoring System

Air is one of the most basic and important elements for human being to survive. Clean and
Sound air is the key to a good and healthy life. But now days in city life it has become the
most threatened factor. Pollution of air has become the most concerned and affected issue
now for us. A diversity of air pollutants has known or suspected injurious effects on human
health and the atmosphere. In most areas, these toxins are principally the products of
combustion from space warming, power generation or from motor vehicle traffic flow.
Pollutants from these sources may not only prove a problem in the immediate locality of
these sources but can travel long distances. Generally, if someone is young and in a good
state of health, moderate air pollution levels are unlikely to have any serious short term
effects. However, higher levels and long term exposure to air pollution can lead to more
serious symptoms and conditions causing human health. This not only affects the respiratory
and inflammatory response systems, but can also lead to more serious conditions such as
heart disease and cancer. People with lung or heart situations to be more vulnerable to the
effects of air pollution. Air pollution has also been recognized by doctors as one of the
world’s greatest 10 killers seeing some 29,000 premature deaths in UK and 430,000
worldwide in one year. Air pollution can cause both short term and long term effects on
health and many people are concerned about pollution in the air that they breathe. These
people may include:
 ● People with heart or lung situations, or other breathing problems, whose health to be
exaggerated by air pollution.
● Parents, careers and healthcare professionals who look after someone whose health is
sensitive to pollution.
● People who want to know more about air pollution, its causes, and what they can do
to help reduce it.

Monitoring air quality is essential for local authorities as well as for major public and private
industries to understand and prevent air pollution and measure emission sources, in order to
reserve health and donate to the fight against the greenhouse influence. Industrial operatives
use air quality monitoring apparatus to cost effectively monitor and manage emanations on
their perimeter, which helps them recover relationships with controllers and communities.
With air quality rule shifting the burden from publicly funded monitoring to observing funded
by industry, it has been progressively important for businesses to obtain their individual
quality monitoring equipment. To get the best results from the environment about the
pollution level of air, toxicity and harmfulness for human, air quality monitoring device is
vastly used. An air quality monitor is an expedient that actions the level of common air
toxins. Displays are available for both indoor and outdoor locations. Indoor air quality
monitors are naturally sensor based tools. Some of them are able to quantity ppb levels and
come as either varied gas or moveable units. Sensor based tools and air quality monitoring
systems are used widely in outdoor ambient claims.

1.6 Benefits and Beneficiaries

1.6.1 Benefits
1. Achievement of proper facility to ensure pollution free environment
2. Reduction of health risk in day-to-day life

1.6.2 Beneficiaries
1. Society People
2. Special Care Units in the hospitals
3. Urban and Rural planning sector and green building management system
1.7 SWOT Analysis
Most of the time we see that the use of Arduino techniques for doing business add value
either by the reducing transaction cost or by creating some type of network effect, or by a
combination of both. In SWOT analysis, the acronym is short for Strengths, Weaknesses,
Opportunities and Threats; here we try to find out the strengths and weaknesses of our project
in respect of Arduino technology. Then I try to recognize opportunities presented by that
environment and the threats posed by that environment. As shown in the following, figure
which shows the questions that an analyst would ask in conducting a SWOT analysis.

Strength Weakness

1. Cost saving 1. Capacity may not fulfill the

2. Collection of air quality information exact requirement of any adverse
will be easier situation
3. Utilization of digitalized equipment
4. Smart way to solve the problem

Opportunity Thread

1. Possibility of incorporation with high 1. Wrong or misinterpretation or

capacity air purifier anomaly in data or wrong
2. Ability to choose right environment to assumption can cause failure to
provide appropriate facility detect absolute / correct result

Table 1.1 SWOT Analysis

1.8 Advantages of Proposed Project
1.8.1 Portability
It is a compact device which consists of many sensors including cloud which are all
combined by using internet of things (IoT).
1.8.2 Safety
One can avoid from going to particular location by redirecting themselves or by taking safety
protections such as wearing mask and can reduce over dumped wastages in a particular
locality area [4].
1.8.3 Cost
Compared to others it’s efficient and low cost because sensor is clubbed by using internet of
things (IoT) and Arduino microcontroller.
1.8.4 Simple Maintenance
As the Project deals with the software embedded C, so maintenance will be easy and this can
also be installed in Arduino (arduino-1.8.10-windows.exe).
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEWS

2.1 Introduction
This chapter reviews some of the past works in processing and understanding IoT based air
pollution detection monitoring system. Air pollution is not only natural medical matters
impact on creating nations alike. The strong effect of air pollution on wellbeing are extremely
mind blowing as there are a broad area of sources and their particular influence differ from
one another. The synthetic substances reason an assortment of mankind and natural medical
issues enlarge in air contamination impacts on condition also on human wellbeing. The
proposed framework unit incorporates an Arduino, MQ135 Gas sensor, LCD and ESP8266
Wi-Fi Device. Almost all the past and recent works in IoT based on methods that implement
these steps sequentially and independently.

2.2 Opportunity, Status & Capability of IoT

2.2.1 Opportunity of IoT

The IoT create a huge network of billions or trillions of “Things” communicating each other.
The IoT is not dissident revolution over the existing technologies, it is comprehensive uses of
existing technologies, and it is the creation of the new communication modes. The IoT blends
the virtual world and the physical world by transporting different concepts and technical
components together: pervasive networks, reduction of devices, mobile communication, and
new ecosystem. In IoT, applications, services, middleware components, networks, and end
nodes to structurally planned and used in entire new ways. IoT proposals a means to look into
complex procedures and dealings. The IoT implies a symbiotic communication between the
physical and the digital worlds: physical entities have digital complements and virtual
illustration; things become context aware and they sense, communicate, interact, and
exchange data, information, and knowledge. New chances meet business requirements, and
new services to be created based on real-time physical world data. All from the physical or
virtual world possibly be connected by the IoT. Connectivity between the things to be
available to all with low cost and cannot be owned by private objects. For IoT, intelligent
learning, fast placement, best information understanding and interpreting, against fraud and
malicious attack, and privacy protection are vital requirements [5].
2.2.2 Status of IoT
The IoT regarded as an extension of existing interaction between people and applications
through a new dimension of “Things” for communication and integration. The IoT
development process is a multifaceted large-scale technological novelty process. The IoT is
developing from the vertical application to polymeric application. At the early stage of IoT
placement, driving of domain specific requests is the main development approach. A domain-
specific application might be an industrial control system with its own industry features. The
application can provide various enterprise management services being combined with the
industry manufacture and business processes. Polymeric requests are cross-industry
applications founded on public information service stages. These requests provision both
home users and industry users. The application is provided and promoted by communication
operators and solution providers with large scale. For example, a vehicle integrated with
sensor networks, a global positioning system (GPS), and radio communication technology
provide inclusive detection, navigation, entertainment, and other information services. By
preserving such information through the public service platform, consumers, original
equipment manufacturers (OEMs), maintenance providers, and vehicle organization agencies
can share this information and segment services to improve the vehicle, the vehicle
component design, and the fabrication process through the vehicle growth management.

2.2.3 Capability of IoT

In summary, the IoT applications have the following capabilities. Location Identifying and
Sharing of Location Info: The IoT system can gather the location information of IoT stations
and end nodes, and then offer services based on the collected location information. The
location information includes geographical position information got from the GPS, Cell-ID,
RFID, etc., and complete or relative position information between things. More
representative IoT applications include at least the following.
Mobile asset tracking: This application track and display the status of product using the
position sensing device and statement function installed on the commodity.
Fleet management: The manager of the fleet schedule the vehicles and drivers established on
the business supplies and the real-time position information collected by the vehicles.
Traffic information system: This application gets traffic information such as road traffic
conditions and congested locations by tracking the location information of a large number of
vehicles. The system thus contributions the driver to select the most efficient route.
Environment Sensing: The IoT system collect and process all kinds of physical or chemical
environmental parameters via the locally or widely organized terminals. Typical
environmental information includes temperature, humidity, noise, visibility, light intensity,
spectrum, radiation, pollution (CO, CO2, etc.), images, and body pointers. Representative
applications include at least the following.

Environment detection: IoT systems offer environmental and ecological, such as forest and
glacier, checking; disaster, such as volcanoes and seismic, monitoring; and factory
monitoring. All are automatic alarm systems using environmental parameters collected by
large number of sensors.

Remote medical monitoring: IoT analyze the recurring indicator data collected from the
device placed on patients’ body and provide the users with health trends and health advice.

Remote Controlling: IoT systems control IoT terminals and execute functions based on
application commands combined with information collected from things and service
requirements.

Appliance control: People remotely control operating status of appliances through IoT system.

Disaster recovery: Users remotely start disasters treatment facilities to minimize losses
caused by disasters according to the monitoring mentioned before.

Ad Hoc Networking: IoT system have rapidly self-organized networking capability and can
interoperate with the network/service layer to provide related services [7]. In the vehicle
network, in order to transfer the data, the network between vehicles and/or road
infrastructures rapidly self-organized.

Secure Communication: IoT system further establish secure data transmission channel
between the application or service platform and IoT terminals based on service requirements

2.3 Motivation and General Description

As seen in the previous overview to the current IoT, most IoT applications in China were
domain-specific or application specific solutions. The architectures of these IoT systems are
split and cannot correlate and integrate the data from different storage tower; these isolated
IoT keys use private protocols and cause much difficulties in information sharing, technology
multiplexing, network managements, and advancement. All these problems are delaying the
development of IoT. In order to decrease the total IoT cost and share information, I need to
integrate multiple functions and capitals into a larger system. IoT thus needs to be intended
with an open and generic IoT architecture with open borders and resources, considering
different business scenarios, application-based requirements, and current technologies. I have
thus seen the motivation to express a standard for IoT integration in order to reduce the total
cost of money and time from devices, developments, and deployments. An open and basic
IoT architecture is an integrated solution with interoperability. It has the following
characteristics. Standard Interface and Protocol: By comparing various private IoT systems, a
generic IoT structure has the same hardware and software interfaces, and protocols.

Public and Operating: A general IoT architecture is organized to take over public IoT
applications with open operating competence. A public IoT system integrate multiple IoT
requests into one architecture.

Open, Scalable, and Flexible: An open IoT architecture with open resources, open standards,
and open interfaces easily extend its functionality and the scale of performance. It adapts to
different requirements including technical growths flexibly.

2.4 Open and General IoT Architecture

China Communications Standards Association (CCSA) planned a reference model for the
IoT, which consists of sensing layer, network and business layers, and application layer.
Fulfilling with this reference model, its open and general architecture, which is layered, open,
and elastic. The architecture includes three functional stages as follows.
Sensing and Gateway Platform: This platform connects sensors, controllers, RFID readers,
and location detecting device (e.g., GPS) to IoT network layer. Modularization of hardware,
data format, and software edge is proposed for IoT terminal, IoT Gateway, and angle node.
IoT terminal, IoT gateway, and tip node can include flexible modules combined with control
module, common interface module, and communication module. Joint interface module
collects physical interfaces of various sensors into a shared interface. Common control
module can connect sensors, controllers, GPS, and RFID booklovers with a common
connection protocol. The software and application parameters of an IoT terminal and IoT
gateway ought to be able to self-configure and self-adapt. Modularization, shared interface,
intelligent operation, self-adaption, and self-configuration are important characteristics of this
stage.

Resource and Administration Platform: Network and service layer includes backbone
networks and resource administration stages. The backbone network contains 3G, 4G,
internet, optical fiber network, Ethernet network, satellite networks, and private network. The
resource and
administration stage provides common capabilities which can be used by different IoT
applications, such as data processing, data storage, security management, and application
supporting. These abilities may also be invoked by specific IoT application support
capabilities, e.g., to build other specific IoT application support capabilities. This stage also
provides relevant control functions of network connectivity, such as access and transport
resource control functions, mobility management, or authentication, authorization, and
accounting for IoT terminals, services, applications, users, and developers.

Open Application Platform: Modularization design in this application stage provides common
function and open application programming interface (API). An IoT application provider
develop its application using these APIs. Meanwhile, this stage supports application
managements. Various applications can be obtainable to the application stage and users get
application information and subscribe applications through this platform. Suitable and easy
deployment, distribution, and flexible application environment are the characteristics of this
stage.

2.5 Challenge & Prospect of IoT

IoT trends to be unified, seamless, and pervasive. Largescale service deployment needs to be
framed within a set of standards. However, IoT involves many manufacturers, spans multiple
industries, and it differs widely in application scenarios and user requirements, which
consequently gives impacts on large-scale commercial deployment of related services. The
development of IoT is a step-by-step process. There are still many problems to be solved,
such as low power nodes and computing, low cost and low latency communication,
identification and positioning technologies, self-organized distributed systems technology,
and distributed intelligence.

2.5.1 Challenge of IoT

The IoT provides many new chances to the industry and end user in many application fields.
Currently, however, the IoT itself lacks theory, technology architecture, and standards that
integrate the simulated world and the real physical world in an integrated framework.
Following key challenges are thus recorded.
Architecture Challenge: IoT encompasses a life-threatening wide range of technologies. IoT
involves a cumulative number of smart interconnected devices and sensors (e.g., cameras,
biometric, physical, and chemical sensors) that are often nonintrusive, transparent, and
invisible. As the communications among these devices are predictable to happen anytime,
anywhere for any related services, generally, these communications are in a wireless,
autonomic, and ad hoc manner. In addition, the services become much more mobile,
regionalized, and complex. In IoT, data integrations over different environments are thus
tough and to be supported by modular interoperable components. Infrastructure solutions
require systems to combine volumes of data from various sources and control relevant
features, to interpret data and show their relationships, to compare data to ancient useful
information, and support decision-making. Single position architecture cannot be a blueprint
for all applications. Heterogeneous situation architectures have to coexist in IoT.
Architectures should be open, and following standards, they should not limit users to use
fixed, end-to-end solutions. IoT architectures should be flexible to cater for suitcases such as
identification (RFID, tags), intelligent devices, and smart objects (hardware and software
solutions).

Technical Challenge: IoT technology to be complex for variety of reasons. First, there are
legacy heterogeneous architectures in the present networking technologies and applications,
e.g., different applications and environments need different networking technologies, and the
ranges as well as other features of cellular, wireless local area network, and RFID
technologies are much unlike from each other. Second, communication technologies,
including fixed and mobile communication systems, power stripe communications, wireless
communication, and short-range wireless communication technologies, for both fixed and
mobile devices, either simple or complicated, should be low cost and with reliable
connectivity. At last, there are thousands of unlike applications; it is in natural to have
different requirements on what parties need to communicate with each other, what kind of
security solutions are appropriate, and so on. To recap, complexity and alternative
technologies may introduce problems; unnecessary competition and deployment barriers in
markets may also introduce problems; systems and communication mechanisms with
needless dependencies may block the relocation of IoT systems to the most economic and
efficient stages. All the above may block IoT to join as many “Things” as possible.

Hardware Challenge: Smart devices with improved inter-device communication will lead to
smart systems with high degrees of intelligence. Its independence enables rapid deployment
of IoT applications and creation of new services. Therefore, hardware researches are focusing
on designing wireless recognizable systems with low size, low cost yet sufficient
functionality. As the bandwidth of IoT terminals could vary from kbps to mbps from sensing
simple value to video stream, supplies on hardware are diverging. However, two requirements
have been nevertheless the basics: one is the extremely low power consumption
other is ultra-low cost. Suppose the snoozing time over active time is one million, the escape
power of an IoT terminal at least be one million time less than that of active. It is so far
incredible when an IoT terminal is snoozing and receiving RF signals. It difficult when using
advanced CMOS silicon with relatively more leakage power. Hardware and protocol code sign
for snoozing has been thus the first hardware challenge of IoT. Billions of IoT terminals used;
the cost of an IoT terminal necessity be ultra-low. Though, so far, there is no low cost locating
solution for IoT, especially the positioning precision of a short-range IoT terminal must be high.
Low energetic power is also a contest for low-cost terminal. Traditionally, low cost equals to
lower presentation or longer process latency. Longer treating latency ends up to higher energy
consumption. As the range resource is very limited at the lower part in L band, IoT may use
higher RF such as the frequency bands higher than 5 GHz. The higher the RF, the more power
feasting from RF PA will be. In another way, not yet used very narrow spectrum band between
two used bands have to be used by future IoT. To use very narrow band with strong power
neighbors, the cost of passive component not be low and that will definitely be a potential
challenge in the future.

Privacy and Security Challenge: Compared with outdated networks, security and privacy
issues of IoT become more prominent. Much information includes privacy of users, so that
defense of privacy becomes an important security issues in IoT. Because of the mixtures of
things, services, and networks, security of IoT needs to cover more administration objects and
levels than traditional network security. Existing security architecture is intended from the
perception of human communication, may not be suitable and directly applied to IoT system.
Using existed security instruments block logical relationship between things in IoT. IoT needs
low- cost- and M2M-oriented technical solutions to assurance the privacy and the security. In
many use cases, the security of a system has been considered as a general feature. Related
research shall focus on privacy control. Low cost, low latency, and energy-efficient
cryptography algorithms and related supple hardware to be essential for sensor or device.

Standard Challenge: Standards play a significant role in forming IoT. A standard is important
to allow all actors to equally access and use. Developments and coordination of standards and
proposals promote efficient development of IoT infrastructures and applications, services,
and devices. In general, standards developed by cooperated multi parties, and information
models and protocols in the standards, shall be open. The standard development process shall
also be open to all participants, and the resulting standards publicly and freely available. In
today’s network world, global standards are naturally more relevant than any local
arrangements.
Business Challenge: For a mature application, its business model and request scenario are
clear and easy to be mapped into technical necessities. So the developers do not need to spend
much time on business-related aspects. But for IoT, there are too many potentials and
uncertainties in business models and application states. It is inefficient in terms of
business-technology alignment, and one solution not fit possibilities for all. The IoT is a
stimulating traditional business model. Although small-scale applications have been lucrative
in some industries, it is untenable when extended to other industries. In the early stage of IoT
development, business aspects should be careful to reduce the risk of failure.

2.5.2 Prospect of IoT

With the development and adulthood of distributed intelligent information processing
technologies, IoT systems make intelligent sensing widely available through information
sharing and teamwork. The gradual founding and improvement of the standards system
inescapably bring IoT into our daily life. The IoT creates an opportunity for the web-based
services, thus attractive the commercial and social potential future of IoT. The growth of IoT
keeps going forward along scale, collaborative, and intelligent. Promoted by technology,
standardization, and application experiences, IoT applications expand the scale in the
different industries, and more initiatives to be attracted to come in.
Interoperability: Information interoperability take place among unlike things, unlike
enterprises, unlike industries, and unlike regions or countries; application models change
from closed to open and the globalization of IoT application system helping different
industries and fields to be constructed. Interoperability is the essential issue for adventure
layers of physical, device, communication, function and application. These levels usually are
built with different languages and protocols. Level and domain clear languages and protocols
are, therefore, needed. A rounded approach is required in addressing and solving the
interoperability of IoT devices and services at several layers.

Intelligent System: The IoT bring seamless business and social networking over fast reliable
and protected networks into our society. System intelligence important for the development of
IoT and the key point context awareness and inter-things information exchange. Therefore,
increasing and familiarizing the intelligence at the device level will be a focus of research,
such as the integration of sensors and actuators, high efficiency, multi standard and adaptive
communication subsystems, and adaptable antennae. Intelligences can be presented using
micro control unit (MCU) on upper layers. However, physical layer so far has been far behind
the mandatory intelligent level, for example, to adapt IoT devices under different radio
infrastructures. Four parts in physical layer must be further advanced to adapt to and/or to
form an intelligent IoT device, which are as follows. Programmable baseband processor used
to adapt to different modulation algorithms, different error correction algorithms, different
channel bandwidths, and diverse channel scenarios. Software-controlled RF essential for
transceiver to adapt to the local radio frequency necessities. Fully digital RF PA the
indispensable device to consume less low power and offer programmability for PA to adapt
radio transmission requirements. Finally, controllable integrated passive components an
essential glue to connect intelligent semiconductor components into a sensor node with low
cost, low size, and low power.

Energy Sustainability: In the future, energy-efficient and self-sustainable systems key

enhancing issues to the IoT. The ways to harvest energy from surroundings must be
developed. Efficiency in dispensation and communication must also be increased through
new circuits, new programming paradigms, and the further growth of energy-efficient
protocols and smart antennae. The expansion of new, efficient, and compact batteries, fuel
cells, as well as new energy generation devices join energy transmission methods or energy
harvesting the key factors for the roll-out of autonomous wireless smart systems. Charging of
global IoT terminals, power consumption of global IoT access points and gateways, as well
as the power consumption of IoT data processing in IoT substructures one of the dominant
power consumers in the future world. Mechanical energy harvests sufficient for body network
as a part of IoT. Solar or wind energy is a provisional energy sources which may not be
dependable. It used for battery charging.

2.6 Conclusion

The IoT incorporates several technologies such as information technology, cognitive

sciences, communication technology, and low-power electronics. IoT creates a newer
information society and information economy. But the trials from research, industries, and the
government will keep pushing and investing. The expansion of IoT depend on technological
advances in silicon scaling and energy-efficient devices, in getting the information from
mixed sources, in reducing costs, and in refining efficiencies. The development of the IoT
exposed many new challenges including the lack of essential theory supporting, unclear
architecture, and undeveloped standards. To meet these challenges, I give a three-layer
architecture including three platforms. The proposed acting standard can confidently balance
desires from different parties, can open the door for future important theory development,
and can eventually
stimulate/regulate IoT development. Recent years, Chinese government is pushing the
expansion of the IoT. Following the Chinese 12th Five-Year Plan for IoT Development,
China has skillful a number of demonstration application projects such as the smart city and
the intelligent transportation system in public IoT applications, intelligent coal mine, and the
IOFs in industry claims. The future of IoT will be predictable to be unified, seamless, and
pervasive. Large-scale service deployment needs to be enclosed within a set of standards.
Thus, the developments of IoT as a brainy system can be proceeding with interoperability,
energy sustainability, privacy, and security. IoT have become a predictable trend of
development of information industry, which certain to bring new changes to our lives.
 CHAPTER 3
PROPOSED SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

3.1 Introduction
The paper aims at designing an air pollution monitoring system which can be installed in a
specific locality and to enhance the system from the previously developed systems beating
the earlier disadvantages by developing an android app available for the public. This app can
be used by anyone to get in live updates about the pollution in their region. It uses Arduino
integrated with individual gas sensors like carbon monoxide, ammonia along with particulate
matter, humidity, and smoke which measures the concentration of each gas separately. The
collected data is uploaded to the cloud using thing speak platform at regular time intervals.
Ethernet shield is used for connecting Arduino and cloud. Pictorial or graphical
representation of values can be shown in Thing speak The users can install an android
application through which they get the recent updates and graphical content up to date [6].
The average concentration of each gas is analyzed using matlab. Then certain time control is
assigned based on the standard level of each gas measured and the result can be viewed in
android application. The architecture of air pollution monitoring and awareness creation
system. The concentration level of each gas can be viewed both as a graph and in numerical
format. Based on these values the air quality index value is calculated and the nature of the
air quality in that area is determined which is also displayed through the app. Along with this,
the health effects for the corresponding air quality is displayed to create awareness among the
public. Additionally, they could also get to know the temperature and weather in that region.
The users will not get disturbed with irrelevant data as the values displayed are location
specific and help them stay tuned to the current status of air pollution.
3.2 Proposed System Architecture
Internet of Things (IoT) mainly deals with connecting smart devices to internet by joining the
advantage of OSI layered Architecture. In the context of this work we propose a cluster of Air
Quality Monitoring Gas Sensor MQ135 motes, which are used to measure the concentration
of Air pollutants in the air. The Gas Sensors MQ135 is interface with a tiny entrenched
platform equipped with other [7]. We have mainly used the Arduino UNO which is an open
source development boards with ESP8266-12E chips. MQ135 Gas Sensor is used to collect
gas concentration measurements. This sensor data would be captured and sent to the Arduino
UNO for IoT (Internet of Things) based data acquirement.

Fig 3.2 Proposed System Architecture

3.3 Circuit Diagram
I connect the ESP8266 with the Arduino. ESP8266 runs on 3.3V and connect the VCC and
the CH_EN to the 3.3V pin of Arduino. The RX pin of ESP8266 works on 3.3V and it
communicate with the Arduino when I connect it directly to the Arduino. So, I have to make
a voltage divider for it which convert the 5V into 3.3V. This can be done by connecting three
resistors in series like I did in the circuit. Connect the TX pin of the ESP8266 to the pin 8 of
the Arduino and the RX pin of the esp8266 to the pin 9 of Arduino. ESP8266 Wi-Fi module
gives my projects access to Wi-Fi or internet. Then I connect the MQ135 sensor with the
Arduino. Connect the VCC and the ground pin of the sensor to the 5V and ground of the
Arduino and the Analog pin of sensor to the A0 of the Arduino. Connect a buzzer to the pin 7
of the Arduino which start to beep when the condition becomes true. In last, I connect LCD
with the Arduino [8]. The connections of the LCD are as follows

Connect pin VCC to the 5V of the Arduino; Connect pin GND to the GND of the Arduino;
Connect pin RS to the pin 12 of the Arduino; Connect pin RW & GND (Read/Write) to used
Jumper pin; Connect pin E to the pin 11 of the Arduino; The following four pins are data pins
which are used to communicate with the Arduino; Connect pin D4 to pin 5 of Arduino;
Connect pin D5 to pin 4 of Arduino; Connect pin D6 to pin 3 of Arduino; Connect pin D7 to
pin 2 of Arduino.

Fig 3.3 Circuit Diagram

3.4 Block diagram for proposed model of the system
The major components of my project have been mentioned in the above section. Here I
explain the architecture. Gas sensor & Wi-Fi Device are connected to the Arduino board.
Also LCD connected to the Arduino board for displaying information. I am monitor the Air
Quality over a serial monitor & LCD using Gas sensor and trigger an alarm when the air
quality goes down beyond a certain level, means when there is sufficient amount of harmful
gases are present in the air like CO2, smoke, alcohol, benzene and NH3. It is shown the air
quality in PPM on the LCD as well as serial monitor so that I can monitor it very easily [9]. I
have used MQ135 sensor which is the best choice for monitoring Air Quality as it can detect
most harmful gases and can measure their amount accurately. In this Internet of Things (IoT)
project, I can monitor the pollution level from anywhere using computer.

Fig 3.4 Block diagram for proposed model of the system

3.5 Algorithm & Working Process

Fig 3.5 Flowchart for the Proposed System

I have connected the MQ135 gas sensor and ESP8266 Wi-Fi device with the Arduino.
Connected the VCC and the ground pin of the sensor to the 5V and ground of the Arduino
and the Analog pin of sensor to the A0 of the Arduino. Connected a buzzer to the pin 7 of the
Arduino which is start to beep when the condition becomes true. The MQ135 sensor can
sense NH3, NOx, alcohol, Benzene, smoke, CO2 and some other gases, so it is faultless gas
sensor for our Air Quality Observing Detection Project. When I connect it to Arduino then it
senses the gases, and I get the Pollution level in PPM (parts per million). MQ135 gas sensor
gives the output in form of voltage levels and I need to convert it into PPM. Sensor is giving
us value of
0.1 when there is no gas near it and the safe level of air quality is 0.5 PPM and it is not
exceeding 0.5 PPM. When it exceeds the limit of 0.5 PPM, then it starts cause Headaches,
sleepiness and stagnant, stale, stuffy air and if exceeds beyond 1 PPM then it can cause
increased heart rate and many other diseases [10]. When the value is being less than 0.5 PPM,
then the LCD and serial monitor is displayed “Fresh Air”. Whenever the value is increased
0.5
PPM, then serial monitor is displayed “Poor Air, Open Windows”. If it is increased 1 PPM,
then the buzzer is kept beeping and the LCD is displayed “Danger! Move to fresh Air”. After
uploading the code, I am connected to the Wi-Fi of my ESP8266 device, the serial monitor
has opened and it is showing the IP address like shown below (192.168.43.57). If I have
typed mentioned IP address in my browser, it is shown the output as below. I have to refresh
the page again if I want to see the current Air Quality Value in PPM. After uploading code,
the value is being less than 0.5 PPM, then the LCD and Web Browser is displayed “Fresh
Air”. After uploading code, the value is increased 0.5 PPM, then the LCD and web browser
are displayed “Poor Air, Open Windows”. After uploading code, When the value is increased
1.00 PPM then the buzzer is kept beeping and the LCD and Web Browser are displayed
“Danger! Move to fresh Air”.

3.6 Implementation Technologies

It’s a device that takes data from the environment that has been selected for our research
purpose. The device is built with various sensors and they take data by sensing from the
environment. The sensors take analog data from the environment which later is converted
into digital with the help of Arduino and then sent to the server where all the data are stored
[11]. This device is consisting of the following components:

i. Arduino Uno
ii. Gas sensor MQ135
iii. ESP8266 Wi-Fi Device
iv. 16x2 LCD
v. Buzzer
vi. 0.5m Arduino A-B Cable
vii. Jumper wire

3.6.1 Arduino Uno

Arduino is the core of our model.
Arduino is an open source devices
stage in light of simple to operate
equipment and programming. Arduino
comprise of both physical
programmable circuit
board(microcontroller) and bit of
programming or IDE (Integrated
Development Environment) that keeps running on our PC, used to compose and transfer PC
code to the physical board [12]. An Arduino stage has turned out to be very well known with
individuals simply beginning with gadgets and for good reasons. Arduino can communicate
with catches, LED, engines, speakers, GPS units, cameras, the web and even our advanced
cell or our TV. Arduino Uno is the model board for getting started with electronics, through
entertaining and attractive hands-on projects. This board is our entry to the unique Arduino
experience: great for learning the basics of how sensors and actuals measurement and an
essential tool for our rapid prototyping needs. Arduino Uno is the maximum used and
documented board in the Arduino intimate. Cheers to the lively and helpful civic surrounding
the Arduino Uno, no one will find themselves without provision. Arduino Uno is a
microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P, an 8-bit microcontroller with 32KB of
Flash memory and 2KB of RAM. It comprehends everything needed to support the
microcontroller; basically connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a
AC-to-DC adapter or battery to become started. The Uno panel is the first in a series of USB
boards and it is the orientation model for the Arduino stage.

Fig 3.6.1 Arduino Uno microcontroller

This device is intended to provide the user with a cost-efficient means of determining air
quality. Our sensor attentions on the five components of the Eco-friendly Protection Agency's
Air Quality Index: ozone, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrous
oxide. This device detects all of these pollutants except sulfur dioxide. The device also
contains a civic gas sensor to alert the operator to gas leaks or the presence of combustible
gases. Also, a temperature and humidity sensor is involved as these situations can influence
the performance of the gas sensors. We have yet to fully calibrate our device, but we have
extracted data from sensor data sheets to make some preliminary estimations. The sensors
used are moderately low- cost and vary importantly from component to component so they
essential to be calibrated with known attentions of the target gasses. I have not yet had the
chance do so. It is the maximum flexible hardware platform used based on ATmega328P
which can be planned according to the purpose where it is to be used. It has 6 analog inputs,
14 digital input/output pins (6 pins of these can be used as PWM outputs), a USB connection,
a 16 MHz quartz crystal, SPI, serial interface, a reset button, a power jack and an ICSP
header. The Arduino microcontroller is not only for technical spectators but is intended for
inventors and artists as well because of its focus to usability based on its design which helps
to achieve the proposed goal. It is the primary component of the framework. In accumulation,
it is an open source microcontroller device with easily reachable software/hardware platform
and is well-matched with many sensors available. All needed for its working is present on the
board; we only require a USB cable to straight connect it to the computer or provide power
using battery source or AC to DC adapter to get started. Similarly, it is not expensive and can
be measured with free authoring software i.e. IDE (integrated development environment).
With the availability of a large no. of source codes over the internet, the programming of
Arduino becomes relaxed. The online rising community backing Arduino involves of
programmers like us that segment their examples for others to make it a more dependable
platform. It is principally used in RF and IR circuits. These interpreters are mainly used for
remote control applications like intruder alarm, car door alarm, security system etc. The
chosen pair of encoder and decoder for communication should have same number of address
and data bits.
3.6.2 Gas sensor MQ135
MQ-135 gas sensor can be implementation to detect the smoke and other harmful gases. It
has potential to detect different harmful gases, including NH3, NOx, alcohol, benzene, smoke
and CO2. MQ135 gas sensor has high sensitivity to Ammonia, Sulfide and Benzene steam,
also sensitive to smoke and other harmful gases. This Module makes use of the MQ-135 air
quality detector and hazardous gas detector chip. Other circuit
components such as the LM393 analog comparator chip on
this module makes it easy to integrate this module into a
project that can detect hazardous gases. The Module requires
a 5V power supply and provides a digital Logic output (1 or
0) and an analog level output (0-4V). The digital logic output
is LOW (0)
when no gas is detected but goes HIGH (1) when hazardous gas concentration in the
environment reaches the set threshold set via a potentiometer on the module. The analog
level output provides an output voltage within the range of 0 to 4V based on the
concentration of the hazardous gas in the environment; 0V for lowest concentration, 4V for
maximum concentration.

Fig 3.6.2 Gas sensor MQ135

This Module makes use of the MQ-135 air quality detector and hazardous gas detector chip.
Other circuit components such as the LM393 analog comparator chip on this module makes it
easy to integrate this module into a project that can detect hazardous gases. The Module
requires a 5V power supply and provides a digital Logic output (1 or 0) and an analog level
output (0-4V). The digital logic output is LOW (0) when no gas is detected but goes HIGH
(1) when hazardous gas concentration in the environment reaches the set threshold set via a
potentiometer on the module. The analog level output provides an output voltage within the
range of 0 to 4V based on the concentration of the hazardous gas in the environment; 0V for
lowest concentration, 4V for maximum concentration. You can use it detects hazardous gases
such as Ammonia, Nitrogen Oxide, Alcohol, Benzene, Smoke (Carbon Monoxide), Carbon
Dioxide and other air contaminants in our DIY project. The MQ-135 device on this module
uses a heating element. After initial power ON, please wait at least 20 Seconds before reading
outputs to ensure data validity. The Sensitive material used in MQ135 gas sensor is SnO2.
The conductivity of this material is lower in clean air. The sensor conductivity increases with
the increasing concentration of target pollution gas. MQ135 can monitor different kinds of
toxic gases such as sulphide, ammonia gas, benzene series steam and CO2. The detection
range is 10-10,000 ppm with the voltage rate of about 5.0V±0.1V AC or DC The important
features are long life span, low cost, simple driver circuit and good sensitivity to toxic gases.
MQ 135 gas sensor is widely used in industrial gas alarm, portable gas detector and domestic
gas alarm as shown in Fig.6. MQ-135 is used in this framework for monitoring CO2 in air.
The amount of CO2 present in the atmosphere is 400.7 ppm according to which the sensor is
calibrated.

3.6.3 16x2 LCD

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range of
applications. A 16x2 LCD display is a very basic module and is very commonly used in
various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments and other
multi-segment LEDs [4]. The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily programmable;
have no limitation of displaying special & even
custom characters (unlike in
seven segments), animations
and so on. A 16x2 LCD means
it can display 16 characters per
line and there are 2 such lines.
In
this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers,
namely, Command and Data. The command register stores the command instructions given to
the LCD. A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing
it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register
stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be
displayed on the LCD. Click to learn more about internal structure of a LCD.
 Fig 3.6.3 LCD (16x2)

3.6.4 Buzzer
Buzzer is also known as Piezo Speakers (buzzers). You want to generate sound in our project
you can use this simple magnetic buzzer. This is the same buzzer we have used in our
development boards. This one generates a continuous beep usually when supplied with power
but you can generate any tone as you wish by interfacing it with a microcontroller with
proper coding.

Fig 3.6.4 Buzzer

A "piezo buzzer" is basically a tiny speaker that you can connect directly to an Arduino.
From the Arduino, you can make sounds with a buzzer by using tone. You have to tell it
which pin the buzzer is on, what frequency (in Hertz, Hz) you want, and how long (in
milliseconds) you want it to keep making the tone.
3.6.5 ESP8266 Wi-Fi Device
The ESP8266 is a low-cost Wi-Fi microchip with full TCP/IP stack and microcontroller
capability. The chip first came to the attention of Western makers in August 2014 with the
ESP-01 module, made by a third-party manufacturer Ai-Thinker. This small module allows
microcontrollers to connect to a Wi-Fi network and make simple TCP/IP connections using
Hayes-style commands. However, at first there was almost no English-language
documentation on the chip and the commands it accepted. The very low price and the fact
that there were very few external components on the module, which suggested that it could
eventually be very inexpensive in volume, attracted many hackers to explore the module,
chip, and the software on it, as well as to translate the Chinese documentation. The ESP8285
is an ESP8266 with 1 MiB of built-in flash, allowing for single-chip devices capable of
connecting to Wi-Fi.

Fig 3.6.5 ESP8266 Wi-Fi Device

3.6.6 Arduino A-B Cable (0.5m)
Standard USB 2.0 cable. Use it to connect ArduinoUno, Genuino Uno, Genuino Mega 2560,
Genuino 101 or any board with the USB female A port of our computer. Cable lenght is
approximately 50cm.

Fig 3.6.6 Arduino A-B Cable (0.5m)

3.6.7 Jumper wire

A jump wire is an electrical wire, or group of them in a cable, with a connector or pin at each
end, which is normally used to interconnect the components of a breadboard or other
prototype or test circuit, internally or with other equipment or components, without soldering.

Fig 3.6.7 Jumper wire (M to F, M to M, F to F)

3.7 Setup the Hardware of this Project
ESP8266 Wi-Fi device is connected with the Arduino; VCC and the CH_EN is connected to
the 3.3V pin of Arduino; TX pin is connected to the pin 8 of Arduino; RX pin is connected to
the pin 9 of Arduino; GND is connected to the pin GND of Arduino;

MQ135 Sensor and Speaker is connected with the Arduino; VCC pin is connected to the pin
5 v of the Arduino; GND pin is connected to the GND of the Arduino; AO is connected to the
A0 of the Arduino; The pin of speaker is connected to the GND & the pin 7 of the Arduino;
LCD is connected with Arduino; VCC & GND pin is connected to the 5 V & GND of the
Arduino; RS pin is connected to the Arduino pin 12; E pin is connected to the Arduino pin
11; D4, D5, D6 & D7 pin are connected to the Arduino pin 05, 04, 03 & 02

Fig 3.7 Setup the Hardware

 CHAPTER 4
CODDING ANALYSIS & RESULT

4.1 Codding Explanation

At first, I need to connect my Wi-Fi module to Wi-Fi router for network connectivity. Then I
configure the local server, send the data to web and finally close the connection [13]. This
process and commands have been explained in below steps:

1. First I need to test the Wi-Fi module by sending AT command, it revert back a
response containing OK.

2. After this, I need to select mode using command AT+CWMODE=mode_id , I have

used Mode id =3. Mode ids:

1 = Station mode

(client) 2 = AP mode

(host)

3 = AP + Station mode (Yes, ESP8266 has a dual mode!)

3. Now I need to disconnect my Wi-Fi module from the previously connected Wi-Fi
network, by using the command AT+CWQAP, as ESP8266 is default auto connected with
any previously available Wi-Fi network

4. After that, user can reset the module with AT+RST command. This step is optional.

5. Now I need to connect ESP8266 to Wi-Fi router using given

command AT+CWJAP=” wifi_username”,”wifi_password”

6. Now get IP Address by using given

command: AT+CIFSR

It returns an IP Address.

7. Now enable the multiplex mode by using AT+CIPMUX=1 (1 for multiple connection
and 0 for single connection)Now configure ESP8266 as server by using AT+CIPSERVER=1,
port_no (port may be 80). Now your Wi-Fi is ready. Here ‘1’ is used to create the server and
‘0’ to delete the server.
8. Now by using given command user can send data to local created

server: AT+CIPSEND =id, length of data

Id = ID no. of transmit connection

Length = Max length of data is 2 kb

9. After sending ID and Length to the server, I need to send data like:
Serial.println(“mursil.seip@gmail.com”);

10. After sending data I need close the connection by given

command: AT+CIPCLOSE=0

Now data has been transmitted to local server.

11. Now type IP Address in Address Bar in web browser and hit enter. Now user can see
transmitted data on webpage.

// //

//Include Software Serial Library for allow serial communication on PIN no. and declare some
variables and strings.
#include<SoftwareSerial.h>
SoftwareSerial client(2,3); //RX, TX
String webpage="";
int i=0,k=0;
String
readString; int
x=0;
boolean
No_IP=false;
String IP="";
char temp1='0';
//After this, I have to define some functions for performing my desired tasks.
In Setup () function, I initialize inbuilt serial UART communication for ESP8266 as
client. begin (9600); at the baud rate of 9600.
void setup ()
{
 Serial.begin(9600);
client.begin(9600);
wifi_init ();
Serial.println("System Ready...");
}
//In wifi_init () function, I initialize the Wi-Fi module by sending some commands like reset,
set mode, connect to router, configure connection etc. These commands have also been
explained above in description part.
void wifi_init ()
{
connect_wifi("AT",100);
connect_wifi("AT+CWMODE=3",100);
connect_wifi("AT+CWQAP",100);
connect_wifi("AT+RST",5000);
//In connect_wifi() function, I send commands data to ESP8266 and then read response from
ESP8266 Wi-Fi module.
void connect_wifi(String cmd, int t)
{
int temp=0,i=0;
while(1)
{
Serial.println(cmd);
//sendwebdata( ) function is used for sending data to Local Server or Webpage.
void sendwebdata(String webPage)
{
int ii=0;
while(1)
{
unsigned int l=webPage.length();
Serial.print("AT+CIPSEND=0,");
client.print("AT+CIPSEND=0,");
//void send() function is used for sending data strings to sendwebdata() function. That it is further
sent to webpage.
void Send()
{
webpage = "<h1>Welcome to IoT based Air Pollution Detection Monitoring
System</h1><body bgcolor=f0f0f0>";
sendwebdata(webpage);
webpage=name;
webpage+=dat;
//get_ip() function is used for getting IP address of Local created server.
//In void loop () function, I send instruction to user for refreshing the page and check whether
the server is connected of not. When user refresh or request the webpage, data automatically
transmitted to the same IP address [14].
void loop()
{
k=0;
Serial.println("Please Refresh your Page");
while(k<1000)
4.2 Result
The MQ135 sensor can sense CO2 and some other gases, so it is perfect gas sensor for my
Air Quality Monitoring Detection System Project. When I connect it to Arduino then it
senses the gases, and I get the Pollution level in PPM (parts per million). MQ135 gas sensor
gives the output in form of voltage levels and I need to convert it into PPM [15]. So for
converting the output in PPM. Sensor is giving me value of 0.1 when there was no gas near it
and the safe level of air quality is 0.5 PPM and it is not exceeding 0.5 PPM. When it exceeds
the limit of
0.5 PPM, then it starts cause Headaches, sleepiness and stagnant, stale, stuffy air and if
exceeds beyond PPM then it can cause increased heart rate and many other diseases. When
the value less than 0.5 PPM, then the LCD and webpage will display “Fresh Air”. Whenever
the value increase 0.5 PPM, then the LCD and webpage will display “Poor Air, Open
Windows”. If it increases 1 PPM, then the buzzer keeps beeping and the LCD and webpage
will display “Danger! Move to fresh Air”.

Fig 4.2 Running the System

After uploading the code, I am connected to the Wi-Fi of my ESP8266 device, the serial
monitor has opened and it is showing the IP address like shown below (192.168.43.57).

Type this IP address in your browser, it shows the output as shown below. I have to refresh
the page again if I want to see the current Air Quality Value in PPM. After uploading code
[16], When the value less than 0.5 PPM, then the LCD and Web Browser will display “Fresh
Air”.
when the value increase 0.5 PPM, then the LCD and web browser display “Poor Air, Open
Windows”.

when the value increase 1 PPM then the buzzer keeps beeping [17] and the LCD and Web Browser
display “Danger! Move to fresh Air”.

MQ135 Sensor Air Quality Value Display

Detect (AQV) Result

CO2 AQV<0.5 PPM Fresh Air

CO2 AQV>0.5 & AQV<1 PPM Poor Air

CO2 AQV>1 PPM Danger

Table 4.2 Air Quality Range Wise Result

4.3 Result Analysis
This table shows that the air quality health and its risk through a 0.1-1.0 base scale. It is
divided into three parts like as Fresh Air, Poor Air & Danger Air. It detects the air pollution
level and indicates the risk through this scale. When the updated data compared to the base
data then it shows the result accordingly to this scale [18]. The compared data is between
0.1-0.5 it shows that health risk is low and indicate open window, when it rises up to 0.6-1.0
it shows that the pollution in the air is considered dangerous for human being and I take some
steps quickly.

Air Quality Indicator

Result Health Impacts
Range (PPM)

0-0.5 Fresh Air Minimal impact

May cause minor breathing

0.6-0.9 Poor Air
discomfort to sensitive
people.

May cause breathing discomfort to

people with lung disease such as
1 to above Danger Air asthma, and discomfort to people
with heart disease, children and older
adults.

Table 4.3 AQI levels and Connected Health Impact

 CHAPTER 5
Conclusion

5.1 Conclusion

The system to monitor the air of environment using Arduino microcontroller, IoT Technology
is proposed to improve quality of air. With the use of IoT technology enhances the process of
monitoring various aspects of environment such as air quality monitoring issue proposed in
this paper. Here, using the MQ135 gives the sense of different type of dangerous gas and
Arduino is the heart of this project. Which control the entire process, Arduino module
connects the whole process to LCD and serial monitor is used for the visual Output.

5.2 Future Scope

The future scope is that device which we are having can be done in a compact way by
reducing the size of the device for further implementation or the modifications which can be
is that detecting the vehicles amount of pollution which can be determined. In future the
range can be made increased according to the bandwidth for the high range frequencies.
Further research can be made by making the people in the right direction for their welfare.
Therefore, there is another beneficiary by using this device in an app so the all can be used in
an GSM mobile phones for their daily updates by increasing their range.
 Reference

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[12] Hardware components
Link: https://www.arduino.cc/
[13] ESP8266 Web Server with Arduino IDE
Link: https://randomnerdtutorials.com/esp8266-web-server-with-arduino-ide/
[14] Send AT commands to ESP8266 from Arduino Uno via a Software Serial port
Link: https://arduino.stackexchange.com/questions/18575/send-at-commands-to-esp8266-
from-arduino-uno-via-a-softwareserial-port
[15] Interfacing of MQ135 Gas Sensor with Arduino
Link: https://microcontrollerslab.com/interfacing-mq-135-gas-sensor-arduino/
[16] Arduino Smoke Level Detector using MQ-135 Sensor with Alert Alarm
Link: https://how2electronics.com/arduino-smoke-level-detector-using-mq-135-sensor/
[17] How Does the Arduino Speaker Work
Link: https://maker.pro/arduino/projects/arduino-speaker
[18] How to Interface Esp8266 Wi-Fi Module with Arduino
Link:http://microcontrollerproject.com/esp8266-arduino-send-data-to-web-server
- tutorial-with-example/