LEA 3 – COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING SYSTEM

HANDS OUTS 3

EFFECT OF GLOBALIZATION

The effect of globalization on state-based human rights violations and other

violations will depend on the type of the state and its history. In newly democratizing
countries with weak institutions and elite-controlled economics (Russian, Latin, and
Southeast Asia), the growth of global markets and economic flow tends to destabilize
coercive forces but increase crime, police abuse and corruption

Effects of Globalization on human rights

The impact of globalization on state-based human rights infringement will rely upon the
sort of the state and its history. In recently democratizing nations with frail foundations and first
class controlled financial matters (Russian, Latin, and Southeast Asia), the development of
worldwide markets and monetary stream will in general destabilize coercive powers yet builds
wrongdoing, police misuse and debasement.

The framework and standards are classified in a generally supported arrangement of universal
endeavors:

1. The "Worldwide Bill of Human Rights" (Universal Declaration of Human Rights),

a) Rights to opportunity of articulation

b) Freedom from torment and abuse
c) Rights to instruction
d) Adequate lodging and other financial, social and social rights.

2. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and International Covenant on

Social and Economic Rights;

3. Phenomenon-explicit settlements on atrocities (Geneva Convention), destruction, and

torment

4. Protection for weak gatherings, for example, the UN Convention on the Rights of the
Child and the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women.

5. International discourse on human rights has delivered a differentiation between three

"ages" of human rights, named for their recorded development.
 LEA 3 – COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING SYSTEM
HANDS OUTS 3

6. Security rights envelop life, substantial trustworthiness, freedom, and some of the time
related privileges of political cooperation and equitable administration.

7. Social and monetary rights, featured in the eponymous International Covenant, involve
both negative and positive opportunities, instituted by states and others: noticeably, rights to
food, social insurance, training, and free work.

Economic, social and cultural rights a broad category of human rights guaranteed in the
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural and other legally binding international
and regional human rights treaties. They include:

a) Rights at work, especially just and reasonable states of business, assurance against
constrained or necessary work and the option to frame and join worker's guilds.

b) The right to instruction, including guaranteeing that essential training is free and
mandatory, that instruction is adequately accessible, available, satisfactory and adjusted
to the person.

c) Cultural privileges of minorities and Indigenous Peoples.

d) The right to the most elevated feasible norm of physical and psychological well-being,
including the privilege to solid everyday environments and accessible. Available, worthy
and quality administrations.
e) The right to sufficient lodging, including security of residency, insurance from
constrained ousting and access to moderate, livable, very much found and socially
satisfactory lodging.

f) The right to food, including the privilege to opportunity from yearning and access
workmanship all occasions to satisfactory nutritious food or the way to acquire it.

g) The option to water-the privilege to adequate water and disinfection that is accessible,
available (both truly and financially) and safe.

Threat of the Globalization of Crimes

The Current State of the Globalization of Crimes The present status of offenses perpetrated by
outside nationals visiting Japan shows that the "globalization of violations" has become a
genuine danger to open security that can't be completely caught just by factual figures, for
example, the quantity of cases cleared and the quantity of far off nationals captured.
 LEA 3 – COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING SYSTEM
HANDS OUTS 3

Offenses by unfamiliar nationals visiting Japan in the past likewise included cases that
compromised open security, for example, "attempt at manslaughter" offenses by far off nationals
who visited Japan with the visa status for short remain and got back following the execution of
wrongdoings and offenses carried out by criminal gatherings of visiting outsiders united together
by local or direct relations. Notwithstanding, late offenses by outside nationals visiting Japan are
totally not quite the same as for the most part irregular offenses found in the early long stretches
of the Heisei time frame, and are of more genuine extents because of their trademark highlights
of the infiltration into Japan of criminal associations that work on a worldwide scale, global
enrollments of criminal associations and the worldwide spread of criminal offenses

(1) Globalization of Drug-Related Offenses and Money laundering offenses

(2) Drug-Related Offenses by Foreign nationals (drug smuggling).
(3) Firearm smuggling
(4) Cybercrime, etc.

Globalization of Drug-Related Offenses and Money laundering offenses

What is illegal drugs?

A medication is a substance that influences the manner in which the body capacities. On the off
chance that a medication is delegated 'illicit', this implies it is illegal by law. Distinctive unlawful
medications effects affect individuals and these impacts are affected by numerous components.
This makes them capricious and risky, particularly for youngsters.

Money laundering is the illicit procedure of hiding the causes of cash got unlawfully by going it
through an intricate grouping of banking moves or business exchanges. The general plan of this
procedure restores the "perfect" cash to the launderer in a dark and roundabout manner.

One issue of crimes is representing the returns without raising the doubt of law implementation
organizations. Extensive time and exertion might be placed into procedures that empower the
protected utilization of those returns without raising undesirable doubt. Actualizing such systems
is for the most part called tax evasion. After cash has been washed, it very well may be utilized
for real purposes.

Criminal systems traffic a scope of medications including cannabis, cocaine, heroin and
methamphetamine. As worldwide fringes become progressively permeable, worldwide
maltreatment and openness to drugs have gotten progressively across the board.

This universal exchange includes cultivators, makers, dispatches, providers and sellers. It
influences practically the entirety of our part nations, subverting political and financial security,
 LEA 3 – COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING SYSTEM
HANDS OUTS 3

demolishing the lives of people and harming networks. The end-clients and addicts are
frequently the casualties of an amazing and manipulative business.

Medication dealing is regularly connected with different types of wrongdoing, for example,
illegal tax avoidance or defilement. Dealing courses can likewise be utilized by criminal systems
to move other illegal items.

s lawbreakers devise perpetually innovative methods of masking illicit medications for transport,
law implementation faces difficulties in recognizing such hid substances. What's more, new
manufactured medications are created with normality, so police need to consistently know about
new patterns and items on the unlawful market.

Drug-Related Offenses by Foreign nationals (drug smuggling).

Illicit Trafficking. – The illicit development, culture, conveyance, organization, administration,
fabricate, deal, exchanging, transportation, dissemination, importation, exportation and
ownership of any risky medication as well as controlled forerunner and basic substance.

One-hundred-and-twelve outsiders were captured in the Philippines in 2016 for medicate

offenses, said specialists.

"Far off nationals captured for tranquilize related offenses across the nation dramatically
increased to 79 six months into the administration's war against drugs. During the main semester
of 2016, 33 outsiders were at that point caught," Director General Isidro Lapena of the Philippine
Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) said in an announcement gave on Sunday.

A ventured up enemies of medications activity had been one of the foundations of President
Rodrigo Duterte's enemy of culpability technique, which relies on wiping out medication
pushers. The President has been broadly scrutinized abroad for his eccentric way to deal with
improving harmony and request, yet results talk about an improvement in the misgiving of
lawbreakers selling and circulating medications.

An extraordinary number of the medications that can be sourced in the nation are from abroad.

Far off nationals were seen as significantly engaged with the spread of illicit medications in the
nation. In 2016, a sum of 112 far off nationals were captured for infringement of Republic Act
9165, or the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002," said Lapena.

Among the outsiders secured, Chinese nationals head the rundown with 44, trailed by Taiwanese
at 29, and seven Hong Kong nationals and seven Koreans. The rest are different Asians,
Americans, Europeans and African nationals.
 LEA 3 – COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING SYSTEM
HANDS OUTS 3

In view of PDEA records from 2010 to 2016, a sum of 473 far off nationals were captured for
disregarding the counter medication law: 112 out of 2016, 38 out of 2015, 67 of every 2014, 77
out of 2013, 65 out of 2012, 45 of every 2011 and 69 of every 2010.

"Out of the outsiders captured over the most recent seven years, 227, or 48 percent, were Chinese
nationals. They were either pushers, owners, messengers, producers and lenders," Lapena called
attention to.

To address the convergence of Chinese nationals engaged with the nation's medication exchange,
PDEA and the Narcotics Control Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security of the People's
Republic of China (PRC) marked a Protocol on Cooperation on October 20, 2016 in Beijing,
China.

The convention, which will be compelling for a long time, plans to successfully stifle and control
tranquilize violations between the two countries.

"PDEA has ventured up its crusade to seek after outsiders answerable for the multiplication of
hazardous medications in the nation. This prompted their inevitable capture through high-sway
tasks, including the disassembling of covert research centers utilized in the assembling of shabu,
concoction distribution centers, counteraction of medication dealing with air terminals and
seaports, and high-volume seizures through purchase bust activities.

Since July 2016, networks in the Philippines have been exposed to a vicious across the country
police crackdown on unlawful medications, which has pursued global judgment and incited a
potential examination to be opened by the International Criminal Court. The Philippine chief,
Rodrigo Duterte, who got to work as president in June 2016, rose to political force on the rear of
vows to end the nation's 'sedate emergency'.

The illegal medication economy of the Philippines exists – and flourishes – inferable from the
complicity of law-requirement specialists, legislators and the military with the medication
exchange systems. Amusingly, the very individuals who are entrusted with handling the nation's
illegal medication exchanges are rather conspiring and helping out medication brokers for their
own monetary profit. Cops, warriors and legislators of all positions have collected a defensive
net around the nation's medication markets for their own financial advantage, in what has
become a profoundly enmeshed narco-political web. The head of the Philippines National Police
(PNP) has asserted that more than 300 of his officials are schemers in the medication business,
while the leader of the Philippines, Duterte, in 2016 named five police commanders as assuming
a focal job in supporting the medication exchange. The sheer size of this arrangement drove a
few individuals from the security segment to remark: 'When the [drug war] crusade began, we
understood that the issue was greater than anticipated, with numerous parts of the political
framework profoundly dug in the medication exchange.'

Firearm smuggling
 LEA 3 – COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING SYSTEM
HANDS OUTS 3

Firearm refers to any handheld or portable weapon, whether a small arm or light weapon, that
expels or is designed to expel a bullet, shot, slug, missile or any projectile, which is discharged
by means of expansive force of gases from burning gunpowder or other form of combustion or
any similar instrument or implement. For purposes of this Act, the barrel, frame or receiver is
considered a firearm

Arms Smuggling. –The penalty of reclusion Perpetua in the Philippines shall be imposed upon
any person who shall engage or participate in arms smuggling as defined in this Act.

Arms trafficking, also known as gunrunning, is broadly defined as the illicit trade of
contraband small arms and ammunition, which constitutes part of a broad range of illegal
activities often associated with transnational criminal organizations. The illegal trade of small
arms, unlike other organized crime commodities, is more closely associated with exercising
power in communities instead of achieving economic gain. Scholars estimate illegal arms
transactions amount to over US$1 billion annually.
To monitor imports and fares of a few of the most hazardous deadly implement classes, the
United Nations, in 1991, made a Register for Conventional Arms, anyway investment isn't
mandatory and needs complete information in locales outside of Europe. Africa, because of a
pervasiveness of degenerate authorities and approximately upheld exchange guidelines, is a
locale with broad unlawful arms action. In a goal to supplement the Register with legitimately
restricting commitments, a Firearms Protocol was consolidated into the UN Convention on
Transnational Organized Crime, which expects states to improve frameworks that control dealt
ammo and guns.
Where do illegal guns in the Philippines come from?
Illicit weapons have figured conspicuously in infamous prominent medication heists, brutal
fanatic exercises, slaughters, murders, and thefts in the Philippines. Practically 99% of the
weapons utilized in wrongdoings are free guns.

In 2014, Filipinos possessed an expected 3.9 million guns. Some 2.1 million, or half of these,
are illicit. Conversely, the Philippine National Police and the Armed Forces of the
Philippines possessed not exactly a million weapons. State powers are obviously outgunned.

Cybercrime
What is cybercrime?

Cybercrime is crime that either targets or uses a PC, a PC arrange or an organized gadget.

Most, yet not all, cybercrime is carried out by cybercriminals or programmers who need to bring
in cash. Cybercrime is completed by people or associations.
 LEA 3 – COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING SYSTEM
HANDS OUTS 3

Some cybercriminals are composed, utilize propelled procedures and are exceptionally in fact
gifted. Others are beginner programmers.

Infrequently, cybercrime means to harm PCs for reasons other than benefit. These could be
political or individual.

Types of cybercrime

 Here are some specific examples of the different types of cybercrime:

 Email and internet fraud.
 Identity fraud (where personal information is stolen and used).
 Theft of financial or card payment data.
 Theft and sale of corporate data.
 Cyberextortion (demanding money to prevent a threatened attack).
 Ransomware attacks (a type of cyberextortion).
 Cryptojacking (where hackers mine cryptocurrency using resources they do not own).
 Cyberespionage (where hackers access government or company data).

Most cybercrime falls under two main categories:

 Criminal activity that targets

 Criminal activity that uses computers to commit other crimes.
 Cybercrime that targets computers often involves viruses and other types of malware.

Cybercriminals may infect computers with viruses and malware to damage devices or stop them
working. They may also use malware to delete or steal data.

Globalization is one among the threats in law enforcement due to:

1. Increasing volume of human rights violations;
2. The underprivileged gain under unfair access to global mechanisms on law enforcement
and security;
3. Conflict between nations;
4. Transnational criminal networks for drug trafficking, money laundering, terrorism, etc.

However, if Globalization provides threats for law enforcement, it likewise,

provide opportunities; such as:
1. Creation of international tribunals to deal with human rights problems;
2. Humanitarian interventions that can promote universal norms and link them to the
enforcement power of states;
3. Transnational professional network and cooperation against transnational crimes;
4. Global groups for conflict monitoring and coalitions across transnational issues.
 LEA 3 – COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING SYSTEM
HANDS OUTS 3

How can the police or law enforcement agencies safeguard life and human
dignity on global scene?
1. International Bill of Human Rights (Universal Declaration of HR; International Covenant
on Civil and Political Rights; International Covenant on Social and Economic Rights)

2. Geneva Conventions (treaties on war crimes, genocide and torture)

3. UN Convention on the Rights of Child and the Elimination of Discrimination against

Women (protection of vulnerable groups: children and women)