RWMA TITLE*QRUN 83 MM 7698558 0000789 8 a | ‘QUICKIE’ | REFERENCE WELDING MANUAL Th "RESISTANCE — - WELDER -MANUFACTURERS’ _ MERSEIATY Pies $1.50 RWMA Eee the Seal of QualityCopyright bythe Resistance Welder Manufacturers Association Pri May 09 06:32:46 1997 RUNA TITLEXGRUM 83 MM 7698558 OO00790 4 mm INDEX What Is a Resistance Weld Importance of Water Deflector Tubes Important Welding Hints Effect of Changing Electrode Tip ‘Areas on Welding Weld Defects and Possible Causes Resistance Welding Do's Resistance Welding Don'ts Resistance Welding of H.S.L.A. Steels Welding Schedule Spotwelding Low Carbon Steels Welding Schedule Spotwelding Galvanized Coated Steels Welding Schedule Seam Welding Low Carbon Steels Welding Schedule Projection Welding Low Carbon Steels Projection Welding Design Data Types of Projection Welds Portable Spot Welding Guns Types of Spot Welds Diagram of Flash Welder Types of Flash Welds Conversions Page 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23RUMA TITLExQRUM 83 MM 7698558 000079] & ml “QUICKIE” REFERENCE WELDING MANUAL Published by THE RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS’ ASSOCIATION © Resistance Welder Manufacturers’ Association 1983 Copyright bythe Resistance Welder Manufacturers Association Pri May 09 D6.33:47 1997RUNA TITLE*QRUN 83 MM 7698558 0000792 3 mm pyright by the Resistance Welder Manufacturers Association Pri May 09 06:33:47 1997 This booklet is designed for the operator of a resistance welding machine, and for his super- visor. It is intended as a handy, pocket-size reference manual, Included are basic information on resis- tance welding, important “do's” and “don'ts”, common weld defects and their probable causes, and various charts including sample weld schedules, While this booklet contains important safety tips, it is NOT a safety manual. Nor is it an operator's manual or a maintenance manual. It cannot take the place of any of these. Similarly, it is not an industry standard and does not replace any existing industry standards, Its sole purpose is to help you, the operator, make better and more consistent welds, and to make you and your company more productive. We hope this Quickie Reference Welding Manual is useful to you. The members of our association stand ready to help you solve any of your resistance welding problems. The assistance of Chrysler Corporation in the prep- aration of this manual is gratefully acknowledged, Resistance Welder Manufacturers Association 1900 Arch Street Philadelphia, Pa. 19103 (216) 564-3484RUMA TITLE*QRUM 83 MM 7698558 0000793 T mm Copyright bythe Resistance Welder Manufacturers Association Pri May 09 06:33:48 1997 WHAT IS A RESISTANCE WELD? It is the fusion of metal due to heat and pressure. High current, passed thru the metal to be welded, causes local fusion. Air or hydraulic pressure is ap- plied to the weld through the electrodes, Force Upper Electrode ‘Current Resistance to flow of electric current gen- erates heat quickly causing a weld Material Being Welded Lower Electrode Force HOW IS A RESISTANCE WELD MADE? The weld is made by passing a very high current through a small area in two or more pieces of metal that are held in intimate contact by force applied by the welding electrodes. The welding electrodes serve three functions: 1) They hold the parts under pressure,RUMA TITLE*@RUM 83 MM 7698558 0000794 1 mm Copyright bythe Resistance Welder Manufacturers Association Pri May 09 06:33:48 1997 2) They provide a path for the welding current into and out of the work, 3) They cool the outer surface of the work. This permits the inner surfaces to get hot enough to fuse without welding the work to the electrodes. IMPORTANCE OF WATER DEFLECTOR TUBES One of the most common errors in cooling welding electrodes is to overlook the importance of the water deflector tubes and their effect on water pas- sage in the electrodes. Following is shown the con- ventional water circuit for cooling a standard weld- ing electrode. Although the location of each part may be different with various types of holders, the principle is the same. “Point Wear" {Allowance J net anes correctly in tip. Cold, fresh water strikes the hottest part of the tip first Water Outlet Water InletRUMA TITLEXGRUM 83 MM 7698558 0000795 3 mm pyright by the Resistance Welder Manufacturers Association Pri May 09 06:33:49 1997 IMPORTANT WELDING HINTS Use only welding electrodes of the specified type and shape and see that they are clean when installed. Electrodes meeting R.W.M.A. Class specifications are the most suitable for spot welding, Avoid using electrodes that are of unknown material. Use straight electrodes wherever possible. Only use offset electrodes when nothing else will do the job. Always check the location of the deflector tubes when installing electrodes, see that they go well up into the electrode cooling recesses. Always check the flow of cooling water to the electrodes, transformer, Ignitron, and S.C.R contactor before welding. Always use the correct size hose to supply cooling water to these parts. When for any rea- son hoses must be removed from the water connections, look into the ends before reassem- bling to ensure against loose material that may partially block the hose. When an electrode holder will not be used for several days, remove the welding electrodes to prevent them from freezing Into the holder due to corrosion. Use fine emery cloth to dress welding elec trodes. If the electrodes have deteriorated to a point where such methods are Inadequate re- move them for machine dressing. If you in- struct a mechanic on how to machine-dress electrodes, tell him to remove a minimum a- mount of metal. Resistance welding electrodes are made from valuable alloys that should not be wasted by removing more metal than abso- lutely essential. The use of files is not recom- mended for dressing electrodes. Certain contour files designed for this purpose-may be used with discretion.RUMA TITLE*QRUM 83 MM 7698558 000079 5 mm 7, NEVER, NO NEVER STRIKE A CONDUCT- ING PART OF YOUR EQUIPMENT WITH A STEEL HAMMER, If there is a need for a blow to move a tip holder or arm, use a rubber, raw- hide or plastic mallet, never a steel hammer. 8. If a leak developes or exists in any part of the cooling system for your equipment including the water hose connections, correct it if it is within your province to do so. If it is not, re- port it at once to the appropriate person and request correction and instructions. 9, See that all mechanical connections in the sec- ondary circuit of your welder are kept tight and clean. Look for damaged shunts and cables. 10. Always perform maintenance scheduled. This includes cleaning and lubri- cation. Make sure that functions, assigned to others, ARE PERFORMED BY THEM at specified intervals, reporting any failure in this regard to the appropriate person. REMEMBER you are responsible for your equipment. Carry ies fully but do not ex- out your responsibi ceed them. 11. Keep in mind that sparks in resistance welding are a sign of borderline balance between current and pressure. Among the items to check when frequent sparking or expulsion of metal from the joint is encountered are the squeeze and hold times. Material condition is also a factor while adequate pressure between the tips is essential to freeciom from sparkin: jobs, a minimum of sparking is difficult to prevent; in such cases make sure that the slides and other vulnerable parts of your machineare protected from spark damage and above all PROTECT YOURSELF, especially your eyes. Remember no doctor has spare eyes in stock, you now have your full allotment. 12. Keep the throat of your welder to the minimum possible size consistent with doing the required work. Copyright bythe Resistance Welder Manufacturers Association Prt May 09 06.33.50 1997RUMA TITLE*QRUM 83 MM 7698558 0000797 7 mm pyright bythe Resistance Welder Manufacturers Association Prt May 09 06.33.50 1997 13. 14. 15. As far as possible do NOT extend the metal into the throat of your machine, Remember that ferrous metals react in the throat of the machine secondary, increasing their reactance which will reduce the available amperage neces- sary to produce the weld. When it is not pos- sible to prevent some metal being present in the throat as the weld is made, insert the same a- mount of metal within the throat area when the test welds are being made to obtain comparable results, Check all air and oil filters. This may not be your responsibility, however you should sce that they are functioning properly by reporting any obscrvations of inadequate operation of these items. On alr-operated machines check daily to see that there Is an adequate supply of oil in the lubricator bowl, The lubricator should be ad- justed so that oil spray is not visible in the exhaust air but that the presence of oil could be detected if a hand is held in the exhaust area,RUNA TITLEX@RUM 83 MM 7698558 0000798 9 mm pyright bythe Resistance Welder Manufacturers Association Pri May 09 06.3351 1997 EFFECT OF CHANGING ELECTRODE TIP AREAS ON WELDING EFFECT OF CHANGING ELECTRO ETeevecser== LOW CARBON STEEL “The above Ia developed with «1/4 electrode tp Glameter sire 008 force and 10,000 amperes, EFFECT OF SPOT SPACING ON CURRENT IN SERIES WELDING FET AEE ——TE rx Spot Spacing Shunt Current As Per Cent of Weld Current (inches) (Stock Thickness) 2080, Va 1 8s Lave er 2 0 24/2 3 3 32 + 4 6 16 @ a NOTE: (1). For stock thicknesses nat shown, proportion the percentage to the above valves Courtesy of Chrysler Corporation cjolelo}e|/o|®@ sip viameter-teoton} ve | ve | one | ae fae | ve | a [ip area-soure Toches cas] .o4ss | corer | anos forsee | 2008 | ane “Ara Raion To - Sere Inch ya| vw | via} we pus | ous | we [ Peccem moreare From Prmersine | 4006) prover | som | a20n | som, | sax | coon Current Density, - - Sere /eer a, [er0,000| 200,80 120,000} 50,000 | s0,000 | 30,000 | 20,000 = Pressure at Tip ee 4s.c00} 12.000] 1,800] s.sa0 | 2.010 | 1,800 | 2,200RUMA TITLE*QRUN 83 MM 7698558 0000799 0 a Cpr by te Resiance Welder Wanuaturers Pr May 09 61351 1997 WELD DEFECTS AND POSSIBLE CAUSES A) Expulsion at weld interface 1 —Dirty, scaley material 2 —Poor fit up 3 — Squeeze time — short 4 —Weld force — tow 5 —Weld current too high or weld time too long 6 —Poor followup 8) Surface expulsion, electrode sticking 1 — Squeeze time — short 2 — Weld force — tow 3 — Dirty, scaley material 4 —Tips dirty (require dressing) 5 —Weld current too high or weld time too Jong C) Electrode mushrooming 1 —Weld time too long 2 —Weld force too high 3 —Weld current high 4 — Insufficient cooling 5 — Electrode area too small 6 ~ Electrode alloy too soft D) Excessive weld indentation 1 —Weld time too long 2 —Weld force too high 3 —Poor fit up 4 —Weld current too high &) Little or no weld nugget 1 —Weld time too short 2 —Wold force tow high 3 —Weld current too low 4 — Electrode face tou largeRUMA TITLEXGRUM 83 MM 7698558 OO00800 3 mm 5 —Poor heat balance 6 —Welds too close together 7 Machine not turned to “Weld” 8 — Dirty or coated material 9 —Tap switch off 10 — Control malfunction F) Cracks in weld nugget 1 —Hold time too short 2 —Weld force too low 3 —Dirty, scaley material 4 —Poor follow-up G) Displaced weld nugget 1 — Electrode misaligned 2 —Poor heat balance i 3 —Poor fit up | H) Weld not holding 1 —Weld force too high 2 Weld force too low 3 —Poor fit up of parts 4 —Poor follow up 5 — Incorrect weld projections (projection weld only) 6 — Weld current too low 7 —Poor set-up of tooling 8 —Weld time too low 1) Flash butt welding — weld not holding 1 —Tool alignment incorrect 2 —Poor fit up of part 3 — Insufficient upset 4 —Clamp jaw skid 5 — Insufficient clamp pressure 6 — Flashing current too high or too low 7 — Flashing time too long or too short 8 —Weld current cut off too long or too short Copyright bythe Resistance Welder Manufacturers Association Prt May 09 06.3352 1997RUMA TITLEXRUN 83 MM 7698558 OOOO8O) 5 ml Copyright bythe Resistance Welder Manufacturers Association Prt May 09 06.3352 1997 RESISTANCE WELDING ELECTRODES AND HOLDERS Do's 1. Use the proper electrode material for the job you are doing. 2. Use standard electrodes wherever possible, 3, Use the most suitable tip diameter for the thickness of stock being welded. 4, Use open sight drains to observe more readily the water flow through the holders, 5, Connect the water inlet hose to the proper holder inlet so that the water flows through the center cooling tube first, 6. Internally cool the spot welding tips with cool water flowing at a rate of at least 1% gallons per minute ‘through each tip, 7. Be sure the Internal water cooling tube of the holder projects into the tip water hale to within 4” of the tip hole bottom. 8, Adjust the internal water cooling tube of the holder to the proper height when changing to a different length tip. 9, Be sure top of adjustable water cooling tube in holders is cut at an angle so as to avoid jamming tip down and shutting water off, 10, Place a thin film of cup grease on the tip taper prior to insorting in the holder, to make it easier to remove. 11, Uso ojactor type holders for easy removal of tips and to avoid damage to tip walls, 12. Keep the tip taper and holder taper clean, smooth and free of foreign daposits, 13. Dress spot welding electrodes frequently enough to main- tain the quality of the wolds, 14, Dress electrodes in a lathe to their original contour when- ever possible, 15. Use a rawhide or rubber mallet for striking holder or tips in aligning operations. 16, Provide a high-velocity cooling water jet on the exit side of the seam welding wheel at both top and bottom,RUMA TITLE*QRUM 83 MM 7698558 OOOOAG2 7 am 17. Use properly designed knurling wheels to maintain pro- per seam welding wheel shape, 18, Padlock switches in “OFF” position while performing maintenance, DON'TS 1, Never use unidentified electrodes or electrode materials. 2. Avoid special, offset or irregular tips when the job can be done with a standard straight tip. 3. Don’tuse small tips on heavy gauge welding jobs or large tips on small work. 4, Don’t forget to turn on the cooling water full force be- fore starting to weld, 5, Never use water hose that will not fit the holder water connection nipples snugly. 6, Do not allow water connections to became leaky, clogged or broken. 7. Avoid using holders with leaking or deformed tapers. 8, Never use electrode holders that do not have an adjust- able internal water cooling tube. 9. Do not permit adjustable water tube to be “frozen” by accumulation of deposits. A few drops of oil periodically will keep the tube free, 10. Do not allow electrad: seats far extended periods. 11. Don’t use pipe wrenches or similar tools in removing electrodes. 12, Avoid using white lead or similar compounds to seal a leaking taper. 13, Never permit a spot welding tip to mushroom enough to make dressing difficult. 14, Never dress electrodes with a coarse file. 15. Don't pound on the holder or tip with a steel hammer in aligning the welder arms, 16, Avoid the use of seam welder wheels too thin to stand the heat or pressure of your job, 17. Do not permit seam welding wheel to run off the cor- ners of the work being welded, 18, Don't put hands inside without turning off all powor and locking out. 10 Copyright bythe Resistance Welder Manufacturers Association Prt May 09 06.3350 1997 to remain idle in tapered holderRUMA TITLESQRUN 83 MM 7698558 0000803 9 mm RESISTANCE WELDING OF HSLA STEELS Spot Welding Depending on the complexity of the components being welded, the electrode force should be up to 2 times greater than in the tables for low carbon steels. New electrode materials, now available, may give more consistent welds than RWMA class 2 or 3 copper, on coated materials. Truncated cone electrode configuration should be used wherever possible to obtain maximum electrode life between dressings. On each machine set up the weld face of each electrode should be dressed to the same diameter to obtain good consistent welds. The weid times should be doubled to assure ductile welds, which means less welding current. Precautions should be used to assure the elec- trodes are sufficiently water cooled. Hold time is critical, too long a time will too rapidly cool the welds causing failures and too little hold time will cause porosity and or failures. Projection Welding To achieve consistency, electrode forces should be up to 2 times greater than in the tables for low car- bon steel. Weld times should at least be cut in half. This requires high currents and good followup— the electrode force must be maintained during the + weld or expulsion could be severe, re inferior welds. Copyright bythe Resistance Welder Manufacturers Association Pri May 09 D6.33:54 1997 WWsuoyaerqoued ¥0s pu gor ‘onyoq ACK PTH PLAN OW: Jo UoFAceG~se0r9 FoUTIO UY SBtoapysodsea fedyq empes prt ouoo poyeatay 91CU9P ity POP « poem oq prnowe sqossn> opys WEE fous pren soup Supse ‘ras PION 22 yrequor UP eared Bua 09 poxptbox eoxey ov) sniqer poyTide eas Tr903 su FE, POUTSOP SF eoXOs opssao0Te 36H wet 0 “0d ne « ze 0 0 0 a0 820 deo ret0 zero Teo "0 "9 wae x0 “Og aoorengddagg eeogdgsaaans wz x0 “O'2 aN © | poguananages (Ears eas gy eponyseTs RUNA TITLEXQRUM 83 MM 7698558 0000804 0 mm Courtesy of Chrysler Corporation 12 Copyright bythe Resistance Welder Manufacturers Association Pri May 09 D6.33:54 1997RUMA TITLEXGRUN 83 MM 7698558 OOOOSOS 2 mm “soourbus SuypTeH ywerg oa Jo Tome ov sOMTA oseE oq PROUT cunous tvs dpod Jo ssouyatea sts. oy Popussuosaa sy eeepeNoE PEAR eee 9E-SK Preuss sawocag Aq paxeaco Jooys or suyeazed LOFeesTseose GE S06 vue toz uoonaeN ous PInOUE Dien a3 70 UoyaOeE sors podoas OE eaTso0dsex ‘eoposioo1e Poatfod pue suo> sEaUNy syoueP ay’ pie ONT *auazxto pron Sr Asioods “ours pron zeus Buyee Coa, ~oiez piow se 3etseco uy eased 6uyst 9 pesinbox ear05 ot snuru pesTdde voz0; TehOy os FE POUTTEP oT F950; SpedaeTe ae erro oovzz - oocer | s - © oor ez azo oonaz - ozer | = = & vort e ao cooae = ooest | § octt Fa feo coset - coset | ss orot s zero Cosst - overt ge rot e tes0 sosst - oooct | $e oe & oro oosst + Oper | Soe ob & sro oosst = onaer |S SE 08k u TSS “a FT Ta amuaid | awas sxmmoa | “om iD sba0e z aon | stisnaa ames a0 oo aot oauraoEe a3isaoons TRS TERS CANA = STN IONE = PS ST Courtesy of Chrysler Corporation 13 Copyright bythe Resistance Welder Manufacturers Association Pri May 09 06.33:56 1997661 e'ee'90 60 eR bh uopesodiag J2/SA1y9 30 Asalinag ELD SCHEDULE - SEAM WEEDING - TOW CARECN STEEL muicmese SUGGESTED or enn Gorsioe sas oe] ee | MEE, | ex | comes rw conmmeriNe a ee gow | sive | sexo | wets | come cn ener mores jcveues | cteus | San.” | OVERLAP cc) Nc 2.03¢ 2 a feo | as ve oieak 2 2 | | 2 vs Biase i 3G 3 va orase a 3 Ls 2 sais bios 4 a 16 3 oe brone ‘ s | é Whe be 4 é | so | seas 34 tos 4 s | 3 ine eris a § |) | eae He WOTES: (1) Type of Steel ~ sae 1010 (2) Ribeciea shoud be free from scale, oxides, paint, sreaso, (3) Riding condi sions determined hy shicizese of eninnest outside shest. (2) beta Zor'eatal ehicknese ef pile-up not exceeding # thicknesses show. Maximum ratio Botween thicknesses 3 te 2; (s) Hlecerode Maroriat ~ w.F, 3516. & je easenblies nirinn overlap Andicated should be increseed 30 percent. mah 4090000 essehae mm ER UMMDXATLTL VUMY2661 9S'EE'90 60 eH SL e1odiog 49)sA14 jo Asaunog s WELDING SCUSDOLE ~ PROJECTION WELDING TOW CAREON STEEL SHVGLE STANDARD STAMPED PROJECTIONS. yarsorien SUGGESTED REQU=RED DIMENSIONS Poscon | SERSELE ver mecrsooe | weno rime | weno commer suscrmope | DIAMETER | SMEAR Tumann [asrone | Forssctss. e'soe] “cies AMPERES Ei san uss. — ne soe | 022 aco -15 soe | 1n,g00 te# 18 938 ca zs nor itis | 14/700 rg | 03s ao rs ee] ideo & ne oat a0 th PERETEEYT 33/000 nie 088 3c0 tie : ti ose a00'* 2600 risa | 0 r iin | ‘ee0 2000 = 2500 lp | 5 THe | oss 3000 - 4009 Taga | mars : 3a 092 4500 2 3sia : 395 038 Woliing schadules for ehess projezsions aze sub- SCHEDULE p Naas bas Sect to the chsvactaristics of the pertieular r nay 0s 2eGaine sotup snd seed to Se ceveloped for the aye00 isn ite Yndivides! spolieation. trec0 stn fe the thickwess of the thinner sheet of the veldnent in inches, Ecanpla of tenmiie-shasr strength Hie"tas projection diacneions of the welasene are 219 in. da, and .020 is Bg. eibs430 a e442 3€2 abs, mine ElSastica Ue ehinrest.ohect ehickross ie 0.044 inches het Nore: when welding multiple projections, the racomendad electrode forces and curzents axe to be multiplied by the number 9° projecticns. ME 4 COPD000 PSSRb92 mM ER WMYDXITLIL VUNYRUMA TITLE*GRUN 83 MM 7698558 COOOSO8 5 mw Copyright bythe Resistance Welder Manufacturers Association Prt May 09 06.33.56 1997 Material Thickness 0,012 to 0,016 0.016 to 0,020 0.025 0,091 0,035 0.044 0.080 0,062 oon 0.078 0,084 0, 108 0,125 0.140 0.186 16 PROJECTION WELDING DESIGN DATA 0.005 D (ia. 0,035 0.007 0,081 0,004 0,004 ong 0.113 0.196 0.156 0,187 0.918 0,280 0,281 o.g12 0,343 0,375 0.408 0.437 0.531 nat Sphericat Radlus (Ret. 0.033 0.042 0,050 0,062 0.062 0.018 0.078 0.105 0,105 0,398 0.148 0.472 0.193 0.217 0.243 0.265 0,285 0,308 0,378 ) +0,008 -0,000 4 0,018 0,017 0.020 0.022 0,022 0.028 0.028 0,086 0.035 0.041 0.048 0.054 0,060 0,066 o.orz 0,078 0,086 0,001 0.110 20.005, 0,018 0.020 0.025 0.030 0.030 0,085 0,035 0,048 0.048 0.085 0.065 0.075 0,085 0.096 0.107 9.118 0,130 0.143 0.175 Courtesy of Chrysler Corporation +10.005 (Dia.) 0,036 0.039 0,088 9,090 0,030 0,002 0,062 0,081 0.081 0.104 0.115 0.137 0,154 0.172 o.191 0.210 0.299 0.240 0.285 SPHERICAL RAD. (REP.) 0.005 0.005 0,005 0,005 0.005 0,008 0.005 0.008 0,008 0.010 0.010 1/04 a/ss 1/4 fea 3/64 1/64 0,020 0,025RUMA TITLE*QRUN 83 MM 7698558 0000809 T a rei + eee RE SPHERICAL TYPE BLoncamep 1yDE KES J RING-PILLE? tvPR RING TYPE xpGE TYPE. Courtesy of Chrysler Corporation 17 pyright bythe Resistance Welder Manufacturers Association Pri May 09 06.33:57 1997RUMA TITLESQRUM 83 MM 7698558 0000810 L mm pyright bythe Resistance Welder Manufacturers Association Pri May 09 06.33:57 1997 ‘When the elect wilh the eylinder shaft, the electrode foree PORTABLE SPOT WELDING GUNS ‘AIR_OPERATED trodes are directly in line q ‘oan be obtained from the following charts ‘when the eylinder bore and Line pressure (rogulator reading) are known: STN,_DOUBLE ACTION CYLINDER ELECTRODE FORGE (FY few | am bia. | sq. tn 3 1.06 & 9662 a | 32.56 a 15.9 STD. COMPOUND OR SECTRODE, ae gap [see | 1835 |2900 | zuko |azok, fale 2032 2599. vse Note: Portable guns should never he operated with line pressure below 60 P.S.1. 18 Courtesy of Chrysler CorporationRUMA TITLEXQRUN 83 MM 7698558 OOOOSLL TYPES OF SPOT WELDS PUSH — PULL Courtesy of Chrysler Corporation 19 Copyright bythe Resistance Welder Manufacturers Association Pri May 09 06.33.58 1997RUMNA TITLEXGRUM 83 MM 7698558 OOODSL2 CZ cee eee BASSAS continuous Seam Wald ELECTRODE WHEEL Courtesy of Chrysler Corporation 20 Copyright bythe Resistance Welder Manufacturers Association Pri May 09 06.33.58 1997RUMA TITLEXQRUN 83 MM 7658558 0000813 1 a JepjaM use| 4 40 wsesBeI WSINVH23N WaMYOISNVEL YaMOd JOULNOO pena ¥HOLOVLNOD 3SVHd ‘ONIGTaM JIONIS Nalvid ONIAOW YOd UBONTIAD SITNVYOAH 21 Assoc Copyright bythe Resistance Welder Manufacture Pri May 09 06.33.58 1997prght by the Resistance Welder Manufacture Pri May 09 06:33:59 1997 RUMA TITLEXGRUN 83 MM 7698558 OOOOSL4 3 ma Association CROSS SECTION AFTER WELDING — UNTRIMMED CROSS-SECTION AFTER WELDING — UNTRIMMED FIXED MOVABLE GROSS-SECTION AFTER eaten | | PLATEN WELOING — UNTRIMMED TRANSFORMER Common Types of Flash Welds 22a RUMA TITLEXGRUM 83 MM 7698558 OOOO8LS 5 mm CONVERSIONS , INCHES DECIMAL INCHES DECIMAL, Maccseseee 018605 see 518625 Yea ‘02195 53128 . : “46578 246075 : Wooo “062 ‘sos | 1 lo7e125 ‘876128 4 “o0a7s “soa76 | “100375 ‘soars | * 125 625 | 140625, 640625, | 13628 ‘e3029 | 17187 ‘ lerters ; ‘hare ‘6076 : ‘20atas “roavas i ‘bias 7875 : 234375 74379 23 an 7% | 200629 «709628 | 20128 2 reves i 296075 1 “rosers | 3198 ‘3108 i ‘20198 08105 “370 84375 | “300079 e580" | ‘a7 Wovcescesssesscess BIB i .390829 30028 : “hoe2s verevcscey 190696 “ao1876 me “gatars i ‘ears % 9375 03125 Sacco 988128 i SUITS saz Mh cscce ss 86875 aI Taasars Ba ears : 3 10 i Courtesy of Chrysler Corporation | \ O pright bythe Resistance Welder Manufacturers Association Pri May 09 06:33:59 1997