Aplicación Universidad de Aarhus
Aplicación Universidad de Aarhus
Aplicación Universidad de Aarhus
"Behavioral and Cognitive Motivational Determinants associated with Diet Adherence, Walking
Behavior and Subjective Well-Being in patients with Chronic Cardiovascular Diseases"
One of the explanatory proposals, both in the maintenance of health behaviors and in
their modification, is self-regulation 8,9, understood as the efforts made by individuals to invest
cognitive, emotional and behavioral resources to achieve a desired goal or outcome. Bandura's
Social Cognitive Theory of Self-regulation (1991) states that individuals have a self-system that
provides referential mechanisms with results given between the individual and the influence of
the environment, through three subfunctions: self-observation, self-assessment and self-
reaction. Self-regulation (SR) has been proposed as a central resource for the control of goal-
directed behavior and can be applied to various health-related behaviors, including eating
behavior10
Self-regulation of eating behavior (SREB) refers to certain internal processes,
automated or deliberate, that direct eating behavior, and that, like any self-regulatory strategy,
involves repeated observation of one's own behaviors, goal setting, monitoring, and
implementation of corrective actions, as well as maintaining a self-motivated attitude 9,10 SREB
involves behaviors such as postponing immediate gratification in favor of long-term goals 11,12,13.
Regarding CVD control, improvements in SREB translate into a reduction in systolic blood
pressure in hypertensive disease 14, consumption of fruits and vegetables and less consumption
of sweet snacks, as well as a good prognosis for weight loss 14,15.
Food literacy, diet and chronic cardiovascular diseases
1
To self-regulate, perceive and evaluate behaviors, objective skills and knowledge are
required to implement a sequence of relevant acts. According to Nutbeam (2000) 16 Health
Literacy (HL) comprises three levels: basic/functional, interactive and critical. Its specific form
of food literacy (FL), defined as the set of knowledge, skills and behaviors needed to plan,
manage, select, prepare and eat food 17,18, it is presented as a predictor of healthy eating
practices, variability in food choices and cooking skills 19,20,21
Diet is an essential pillar in the treatment of CVD, hence the importance of adherence to
nutritional therapy. Previous studies found that participants with higher HL and FL skills
showed lower sodium intake22. The patients with lower FL feel less able to make changes in
their eating style, show less proactive coping behaviors, and are more likely to deny coronary
disease23. The dietary modifications such as changes in the energy intake, intake of
macronutrients, reduce consumption of glucose and sodium, can significantly reduce the risk
for increased mortality and morbidity. However, it has been observed that between 20-78% of
the patients are non-adherent to diet 24. Among the variables that hinder adherence to treatment
in hypertensive patients are low self-esteem, lack of social support, lack of knowledge and low
educational level25,26
Self-determined motivation for walking and physical activity
Several studies have described that a healthy diet has a positive impact on subjective
well-being33,34,35, which is part of the hedonic tradition and is made up of the balance between
positive and negative affective states and satisfaction with life 36. Among the explanatory
proposals for this association is the presence of metabolic, endocrine, and neural pathways that
connect the intestine and the brain. Diets high in saturated fat were found to predict less well-
being, low energy levels, negative mood, increased corporal tension and stress 37.
It is possible to assume that people who control their own behaviour, self-regulate their
diet and are guided by internal signals, have a greater sense of personal efficacy, which is
directly associated with well-being. In addition, a healthy diet gives rise to a positive perception
of the state of health 36,38. The association between health, life satisfaction and happiness, as
demonstrated by the available empirical data, is practically universal 37,39. It is possible to
deduce a bidirectional relationship between these variables, while the perception of well-being
and life satisfaction also influence the self-care behaviors of the population. For example, high
2
levels of subjective well-being and positive affect have been correlated with a higher incidence
of healthy behaviors, such as physical activity 40,41, buffering stress42 and more favorable lipid
levels43 in patients with CVD43,44.
Based on the previously stated background, the following research question arises. ¿What is the
association between food literacy, self-regulation of eating, self-determined motivation to
walking, diet, physical activity and subjective well-being in users with CVD of a Family Health
Center?
Hypothesis
General objective
Specific objectives
Method
3
The calculation of the sample size will consider criteria for finite samples, whose size is small
and known45. A confidence level of 95% will be applied, admitting a margin of error of 5%.
= 349
Measure
- Self-Determined Motivation for Physical Activity Scale 49, 24 items and six factors:
(α=.86) introjected regulation; (α=.92) integrated regulation; (α=.89) external regulation;
(α=.91) regulation identified and (α=.97); intrinsic motivation and demotivation. Factor
analysis found six factors and explained 68% of the variance.
- National Health Survey Questionnaire 2016-2017 Module Diet 50, aimed at evaluating
the health and lifestyle of the Chilean population. It consists of 14 questions about the
frequency and type of food consumption.
4
- International Physical Activity Questionnaire 51, it has an internal consistency of
α=.xx. Exploratory factor analysis found one factor explaining xx% of the variance.
Procedure
The research project will be presented to the Ethical-Scientific Committee of Aarhus University
and to the Ethical-Scientific Committee of the Family Health Center Lirquén. Cognitive
interviews and the pilot test (n=20) will be carried out in order to ensure the semantic
understanding and adequacy of the response options of the instruments. Before data collection,
an informed consent will be given to each participant. The administration of the instruments
will be carried out in a multipurpose room of CESFAM.
Statistical analysis
The reliability of the scales will be determined by means of Cronbach's Alpha and Omega
coefficient. Descriptive analysis of the variables, normal distribution analysis using the
Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, moderation analysis and multivariate regression will be performed.
For data management SPSS and R-Studio program will be used.
Schedule
5
Referencias
2. Naghavi M, Abajobir AA, Abbafati C, Abbas KM, Abd-Allah F, Abera SF, et al. Global,
regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980–2016: a
systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2017;390:1151–210.
4. Iob E, Steptoe A. Cardiovascular disease and hair cortisol: A novel biomarker of chronic
stress. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2019;21(10):116.
5. Allegrante JP, Wells MT, Peterson JC. Interventions to Support Behavioral Self-
Management of Chronic Diseases. Annu. Rev. Public Health. 2019;40(1):127–46.
10. Reed JR, Yates BC, Houfek J, Pullen CH, Briner W, Schmid KK. Eating Self-Regulation in
Overweight and Obese Adults: A Concept Analysis. Nurs. Forum. 2015;2151(2):105–16.
12. Seangpraw K, Auttama N, Tonchoy P, & Panta P.The effect of the behavior modification
program Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) on reducing the risk of
hypertension among elderly patients in the rural community of Phayao, Thailand. J.
Multidiscip. Healthc. 2019;12:109
13. Halberstadt J, de Vet E, Nederkoorn C, Jansen A, van Weelden OH, Eekhout I, et al. The
association of self-regulation with weight loss maintenance after an intensive combined
lifestyle intervention for children and adolescents with severe obesity. BMC Obesity.
2017;254(1).
15. de Ridder DT, de Wit JB, editores. Self-Regulation in Health Behavior. West Sussex,
England: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2006.
16. Nutbeam D. Health literacy as a public health goal: a challenge for contemporary health
education and communication strategies into the 21st century. Health Promot Int.
2000;15(3):259–67. https://academic.oup.com/heapro/article/15/3/259/551108.
17. Truman E, Lane D, Elliott C. Defining food literacy: A scoping review. Appetite.
2017;116:365–71.
18. Nanayakkara J, Margerison C, Worsley A. Importance of food literacy education for senior
secondary school students: food system professionals’ opinions. Int J Health Promot Educ.
2017;55(5-6):284–95.
19.Vaitkeviciute R, Ball LE, Harris N. The relationship between food literacy and dietary
intake in adolescents: a systematic review. Public Health Nutr. 2014;18(4):649–58.
22. Seangpraw K, Auttama N, Tonchoy P, & Panta P The effect of the behavior modification
program Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) on reducing the risk of
hypertension among elderly patients in the rural community of Phayao, Thailand. J.
Multidiscip. Healthc. 2019;12:109.
23. Luta X, Hayoz S, Krause CG. Sommerhalder K, Roos E, Strazzullo P, & Beer-Borst S. The
relationship of health/food literacy and salt awareness to daily sodium and potassium intake
among a workplace population in Switzerland. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2018;28(3):270-
277.
24. Peltzer S, Hellstern M, Genske A, Jünger S, Woopen C, Albus C. Health literacy in persons
at risk of and patients with coronary heart disease: A systematic review. Soc. Sci. Med.
2020;2(45):112711.
25. Ghisi GL de M, Chaves GS da S, Britto RR, Oh P. Health literacy and coronary artery
disease: A systematic review. Patient Educ. Couns. 2018;101(2):177–84.
26. Lou SP, Han D, Kuczmarski MF, Evans MK, Zonderman AB, Crews DC. Health Literacy,
Numeracy, and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Accordance Among Hypertensive
Adults. Health Educ Behav. 2022;109019812210797.
7
27. Malm C, Jakobsson J, Isaksson A. Physical Activity and Sports—Real Health Benefits: A
Review with Insight into the Public Health of Sweden. Sports. 2019;7(5):127.
28. Kuo CP, Tsai MT, Lee KH, Lin YP, Huang SS, Huang CC, ... & Tarng DC. Dose–response
effects of physical activity on all-cause mortality and major cardiorenal outcomes in chronic
kidney disease. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2022;29(3):452-461
29. Deci EL, Ryan RM. The general causality orientations scale: Self-determination in
personality. J Res Pers. 1985;19(2):109–34.
30. Russell KL, Bray SR. Promoting self-determined motivation for exercise in cardiac
rehabilitation: The role of autonomy support. Rehabil. Psychol. 2010;2020;55(1):74–80.
31. Hosseini FB, Ghorbani S, & Rezaeeshirazi R. Effects of Perceived Autonomy Support in
the Physical Education on Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction, Intrinsic Motivation and
Intention to Perform Physical Activity in High School Students. Int. J. Sch. Healt.
2020;7(4):39-46.
32. Yeom H-E, Lee J. Impact of Autonomy Support on the Association between Personal
Control, Healthy Behaviors, and Psychological Well-Being among Patients with Hypertension
and Cardiovascular Comorbidities. Int. J. Environ. Health Res. 2022;19(7):4132.
33.- Hosker DK, Elkins RM, Potter MP. Promoting Mental Health and Wellness in Youth
Through Physical Activity, Nutrition, and Sleep. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am.
2019;28(2):171–93.
35.- Selby LM, Tobin BS, Conner BT, Gomez M, Busch G, Hauser J. A quantitative,
retrospective inquiry of the impact of a provider-guided low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet on
adults in a wellness clinic setting. Diabetes Metab. Syndr.: Clin. Res. Rev. 2019;13(3):2314–9
36.- Diener E, Suh EM, Lucas RE, Smith HL. Subjective well-being: Three decades of
progress. Psychol. Bull. 1999;125(2):276–302.
37.- Strahler J, Nater UM. Differential effects of eating and drinking on wellbeing—An
ecological ambulatory assessment study. Biol. Psychol. 2018;131:72–88.
38.- Fastame MC. Life satisfaction in late adult span: the contribution of family relationships,
health self-perception and physical activity. Aging Clin. Exp. Res. 2020;33(6): 1693-1698
39.- Steptoe A. Happiness and Health. Annual Review of Public Health. 2019;40(1):339–59.
40.- Kim SR, Choi S, Keum N, Park SM. Combined Effects of Physical Activity and Air
8
Pollution on Cardiovascular Disease: A Population‐Based Study. J. Am. Heart Assoc.
2020;9(11):13-611
41. Meyer S, Grob A, & Gerber M. No fun, no gain: The stress-buffering effect of physical
activity on life satisfaction depends on adolescents' intrinsic motivation. Psychol Sport Exerc.
2021;56,102004.
42. Rasmussen HN, Wrosch C, Scheier MF, Carver CS. Self-regulation processes and health:
the importance of optimism and goal adjustment. J Pers 2006;74:1721–47.
43. Richman LS, Kubzansky LD, Maselko J, Ackerson LK, Bauer M. The relationship between
mental vitality and cardiovascular health. Psychol Health 2009;24:919–32.
44. Kubzansky LD, Huffman JC, Boehm J.K, Hernandez R, Kim ES, Koga HK., ... & Lloyd-
Jones DM. Bienestar psicológico positivo y enfermedad cardiovascular. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.
2018;72(12):33-48.
46. Gréa Krause C, Beer-Borst S, Sommerhalder K, Hayoz S, Abel T. A short food literacy
questionnaire (SFLQ) for adults: Findings from a Swiss validation study. Appetite. 2018
Jan;120:275–80.
49. Sicilia Á, González-Cutre D, & Ferriz R. Revisión de la Escala del Locus Percibido de
Causalidad (PLOC) para la inclusión de la medida de la regulación integrada en educación
física. Cuad. de Psicol. del Deporte. 2015;24(2):1-10.
50. Chile, Ministerio de Salud. (2009). Encuesta nacional de salud (ENS) Chile 2009-
2010.Tomo I. http://web.minsal.cl/portal/url/item/bcb03d7bc28b64dfe040010165012d23.pdf.
9
“Determinantes conductuales y cognitivos motivacionales asociados a la adherencia a la
dieta, conducta del caminar y el bienestar subjetivo en pacientes con enfermedades
cardiovasculares crónicas”
10
comunes de enfermedad en todo el mundo según las estimaciones de la Carga Mundial de
Morbilidad y la Organización Mundial de la Salud 2,3. Además, los niveles de muertes
relacionadas con las ECV y los años perdidos por mala salud o muerte prematura han
aumentado considerablemente desde 2006 debido al crecimiento y el envejecimiento de la
población4.
Si bien a nivel mundial, se han realizado esfuerzos por ralentizar la progresión y
mitigar el impacto de las ECV, la falta de adherencia al tratamiento ha sido identificada como
uno de los principales factores que inciden en su mantenimiento (x). Así, el cumplimiento de
las prescripciones realizadas por los equipos de salud ha sido objeto de constante atención en la
psicología de la salud por no estar aun totalmente resueltos su definición e incidencia, los
factores que la afectan, los procedimientos para su evaluación y las estrategias para su
intervención. (x). Considerando que el manejo de enfermedades crónicas implica habilidades
de autodeterminación y motivación orientadas a cumplimiento un régimen terapéutico que
pueda mejorar el estado funcional e intervenir en el abandono conductas nocivas, se vuelve
fundamental poner en marcha nuevas estrategias de abordaje destinadas a fortalecer factores
protectores, tales como el control personal en el consumo de alimentos y actividad física, así
como la adopción y mantenimiento de múltiples cambios de comportamiento y estilos de vida
conducentes a un estado óptimo de salud 6,7
11
Para autorregular, percibir y evaluar conductas se requieren habilidades y conocimientos
objetivos para implementar una secuencia de actos relevantes 8. El modelo de Alfabetización en
Salud (AS) planteado por Nutbeam (2000) 16 está formado por tres niveles de la alfabetización:
funcional, interactivo y crítico. Su forma específica de alfabetización alimentaria (AA)
definida como el conjunto de conocimientos, habilidades y comportamientos necesarios para
planificar, gestionar, seleccionar, preparar y comer alimentos 17, se presenta como un predictor
de prácticas alimentarias saludables, variabilidad en opciones alimentarias y nuevas habilidades
en la cocina. Promueve habilidades de pensamiento crítico respecto al valor social de los
alimentos, la relación entre el sistema de alimentación y su repercusión en el
medioambiente18,19. Asimismo, incluye el reconocimiento de las implicancias sociales,
económicas, culturales y políticas de las decisiones de alimentación, conducente a un mayor
bienestar físico y psíquico17,20.
La alimentación es un pilar esencial en el tratamiento de las ECV, de ahí la importancia de
la adherencia a la terapia nutricional. Esta última consiste en la modificación del régimen
alimentario con la finalidad de propiciar un adecuado control de peso, lípidos, glucosa, sodio,
presión arterial y prevenir otras complicaciones de salud derivadas de eventos
cardiovasculares21,22. Estudios previos han encontrado que los participantes con mayores
habilidades de AS y AA mostraron menor ingesta de sodio 23. Hallazgos sugieren que los
pacientes con menor AA se sienten menos capaces de realizar cambios en su estilo de
alimentación, muestran menos conductas proactivas de afrontamiento y son más propensos a
negar la cardiopatía coronaria 24,25. Si bien es evidente el efecto de la intervención nutricional en
el manejo de la enfermedad, persisten desafíos respecto a la adherencia a la dieta. Entre las
variables que dificultan la adherencia al tratamiento en pacientes hipertensos se encuentran la
baja autoestima, falta de apoyo social, ausencia de conocimientos y bajo nivel educacional 25,26
Numerosos estudios han descrito que una dieta saludable repercute positivamente en el
bienestar subjetivo33,34,35, el cual se enmarca en la tradición hedónica y se compone del balance
12
entre satisfacción con la vida, estados afectivos positivos y estados afectivos negativos 36. Entre
las propuestas explicativas de esta asociación, está la presencia de vías metabólicas, endocrinas
y neurales que conectan el intestino y el cerebro. Strahler y Nater (2018) demostró el efecto del
consumo de alimentos en el bienestar a través de bio-marcadores de actividad neuroendocrina.
Se encontró que las dietas altas en grasas saturadas predijeron un menor bienestar, energía,
peor estado de ánimo, mayor tensión y estrés 37.
Es posible suponer que personas que controlan su propia conducta, autorregulan su
alimentación y se guían por señales internas tienen mayor sensación de eficacia personal lo que
se asocia directamente al bienestar. Adicionalmente, una alimentación saludable da lugar a una
percepción positiva del estado de salud, lo que también conduce a una mayor satisfacción vital
y quienes califican su salud como buena o muy buena, afirman ser más felices 36,38.
La asociación entre salud, satisfacción vital y felicidad, tal como demuestran los datos
empíricos disponibles, es prácticamente universal 36,37,39. Es posible deducir una relación
bidireccional entre estas variables, en tanto la percepción de bienestar y satisfacción vital
también influyen en las conductas de autocuidado de la población, por ejemplo, niveles altos de
bienestar subjetivo y afecto positivo se han correlacionado con mayor incidencia
comportamientos saludables, tales como la actividad física 39,40,41, amortiguamiento del estrés42,
niveles de lípidos más favorables43 en pacientes con ECV y en general, mejoras de los
resultados relacionados con enfermedades coronarias 42,43,44.
Hipótesis
Objetivo general
13
- Establecer la asociación entre alfabetización alimentaria, autorregulación alimentaria,
motivación autodeterminada para caminar, dieta, actividad física y bienestar subjetivo
en usuarios/as con ECV de un Centro de Salud Familiar.
Objetivos específicos
Método
El presente proyecto de investigación tiene un carácter cuantitativo, descriptivo y
correlacional. Su diseño es no-experimental, transversal.
Participantes
Los participantes pertenecerán al Programa de Salud Cardiovascular (PSCV), del Centro de
Salud Familiar Lirquén, Chile, conformado al año 2020, por 3.712 usuarios.
Los criterios de inclusión son los siguientes: The following inclusion criteria will be
formulated:
14
El cálculo del tamaño muestral considerará criterios para muestras finitas, cuyo tamaño es
pequeño y conocido45. Se aplicará un nivel de confianza del 95%, admitiendo un margen de
error del 5%.
= 349
Instrumentos
Encuesta de caracterización sociodemográfica y antecedentes de salud: edad, sexo,
estado civil, nivel de estudios, ocupación y enfermedades crónicas.
Cuestionario Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2016-2017 Módulo XII Dieta 50, destinado a
evaluar la salud y los hábitos de vida de la población de Chile diseñado por el MINSAL (2016).
Consta de 14 preguntas sobre frecuencia y tipo de consumo de alimentos como pescados,
lácteos, legumbres, frutas y verduras, bebidas gaseosas, agua y grasas.
Procedimiento
15
En primer lugar, se realizarán entrevistas cognitivas con el fin de asegurar la
comprensión semántica y adecuación de opciones de respuesta de los instrumentos. Se
presentará el proyecto de investigación al director del CESFAM Lirquén, encargado del PSCV
del mismo establecimiento, Comité Ético-Científico del Hospital Penco-Lirquén y Universidad
de Aarhus. Una vez recibida la aprobación, se realizará la prueba piloto. Luego, durante la fase
de reclutamiento, se contactarán a los usuarios/as identificados. Durante la recolección de datos
se entregará un consentimiento informado a cada participante. La administración de los
instrumentos será efectuada en un box o sala multiuso del CESFAM o en el hogar del
participante. Luego se realizará la construcción de la base de datos, con mecanismo de doble
digitación.
Análisis de datos
Referencias
2. Naghavi M, Abajobir AA, Abbafati C, Abbas KM, Abd-Allah F, Abera SF, et al. Global,
regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980–2016: a
systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2017;390:1151–210.
4. Iob E, Steptoe A. Cardiovascular disease and hair cortisol: A novel biomarker of chronic
stress. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2019;21(10):116.
5. Allegrante JP, Wells MT, Peterson JC. Interventions to Support Behavioral Self-
Management of Chronic Diseases. Annu. Rev. Public Health. 2019;40(1):127–46.
16
10. Reed JR, Yates BC, Houfek J, Pullen CH, Briner W, Schmid KK. Eating Self-Regulation in
Overweight and Obese Adults: A Concept Analysis. Nurs. Forum. 2015;2151(2):105–16.
12. Seangpraw K, Auttama N, Tonchoy P, & Panta P.The effect of the behavior modification
program Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) on reducing the risk of
hypertension among elderly patients in the rural community of Phayao, Thailand. J.
Multidiscip. Healthc. 2019;12:109
13. Halberstadt J, de Vet E, Nederkoorn C, Jansen A, van Weelden OH, Eekhout I, et al. The
association of self-regulation with weight loss maintenance after an intensive combined
lifestyle intervention for children and adolescents with severe obesity. BMC Obesity.
2017;254(1).
15. de Ridder DT, de Wit JB, editores. Self-Regulation in Health Behavior. West Sussex,
England: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2006.
16. Nutbeam D. Health literacy as a public health goal: a challenge for contemporary health
education and communication strategies into the 21st century. Health Promot Int.
2000;15(3):259–67. https://academic.oup.com/heapro/article/15/3/259/551108.
17. Truman E, Lane D, Elliott C. Defining food literacy: A scoping review. Appetite.
2017;116:365–71.
18. Nanayakkara J, Margerison C, Worsley A. Importance of food literacy education for senior
secondary school students: food system professionals’ opinions. Int J Health Promot Educ.
2017;55(5-6):284–95.
19.Vaitkeviciute R, Ball LE, Harris N. The relationship between food literacy and dietary
intake in adolescents: a systematic review. Public Health Nutr. 2014;18(4):649–58.
22. Seangpraw K, Auttama N, Tonchoy P, & Panta P The effect of the behavior modification
17
program Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) on reducing the risk of
hypertension among elderly patients in the rural community of Phayao, Thailand. J.
Multidiscip. Healthc. 2019;12:109.
23. Luta X, Hayoz S, Krause CG. Sommerhalder K, Roos E, Strazzullo P, & Beer-Borst S. The
relationship of health/food literacy and salt awareness to daily sodium and potassium intake
among a workplace population in Switzerland. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2018;28(3):270-
277.
24. Peltzer S, Hellstern M, Genske A, Jünger S, Woopen C, Albus C. Health literacy in persons
at risk of and patients with coronary heart disease: A systematic review. Soc. Sci. Med.
2020;2(45):112711.
25. Ghisi GL de M, Chaves GS da S, Britto RR, Oh P. Health literacy and coronary artery
disease: A systematic review. Patient Educ. Couns. 2018;101(2):177–84.
26. Lou SP, Han D, Kuczmarski MF, Evans MK, Zonderman AB, Crews DC. Health Literacy,
Numeracy, and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Accordance Among Hypertensive
Adults. Health Educ Behav. 2022;109019812210797.
27. Malm C, Jakobsson J, Isaksson A. Physical Activity and Sports—Real Health Benefits: A
Review with Insight into the Public Health of Sweden. Sports. 2019;7(5):127.
28. Kuo CP, Tsai MT, Lee KH, Lin YP, Huang SS, Huang CC, ... & Tarng DC. Dose–response
effects of physical activity on all-cause mortality and major cardiorenal outcomes in chronic
kidney disease. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2022;29(3):452-461
29. Deci EL, Ryan RM. The general causality orientations scale: Self-determination in
personality. J Res Pers. 1985;19(2):109–34.
30. Russell KL, Bray SR. Promoting self-determined motivation for exercise in cardiac
rehabilitation: The role of autonomy support. Rehabil. Psychol. 2010;2020;55(1):74–80.
31. Hosseini FB, Ghorbani S, & Rezaeeshirazi R. Effects of Perceived Autonomy Support in
the Physical Education on Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction, Intrinsic Motivation and
Intention to Perform Physical Activity in High School Students. Int. J. Sch. Healt.
2020;7(4):39-46.
32. Yeom H-E, Lee J. Impact of Autonomy Support on the Association between Personal
Control, Healthy Behaviors, and Psychological Well-Being among Patients with Hypertension
and Cardiovascular Comorbidities. Int. J. Environ. Health Res. 2022;19(7):4132.
33.- Hosker DK, Elkins RM, Potter MP. Promoting Mental Health and Wellness in Youth
Through Physical Activity, Nutrition, and Sleep. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am.
2019;28(2):171–93.
18
the best diet for cardiovascular wellness? A comparison of different nutritional models. Int. J.
Obes. Suppl. 2020;10(1):50–61.
35.- Selby LM, Tobin BS, Conner BT, Gomez M, Busch G, Hauser J. A quantitative,
retrospective inquiry of the impact of a provider-guided low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet on
adults in a wellness clinic setting. Diabetes Metab. Syndr.: Clin. Res. Rev. 2019;13(3):2314–9
36.- Diener E, Suh EM, Lucas RE, Smith HL. Subjective well-being: Three decades of
progress. Psychol. Bull. 1999;125(2):276–302.
37.- Strahler J, Nater UM. Differential effects of eating and drinking on wellbeing—An
ecological ambulatory assessment study. Biol. Psychol. 2018;131:72–88.
38.- Fastame MC. Life satisfaction in late adult span: the contribution of family relationships,
health self-perception and physical activity. Aging Clin. Exp. Res. 2020;33(6): 1693-1698
39.- Steptoe A. Happiness and Health. Annual Review of Public Health. 2019;40(1):339–59.
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