RC-II Chapter 3

CEng4209-Reinforced Concrete Structures II
Chapter Three
Inelastic Moment Redistribution
16-Feb-23 Inelastic Moment Redistribution 1

Outlines
Introduction
Moment curvature relationship
Non-linear analysis and design of indeterminate

structures
Plastic Hinges and Collapse Mechanisms
Moment Redistribution
Design Examples
Introduction
In general, when designing a structure and its
components, the designer must decide on the
appropriate structural model.
The choice of the model effects:
 The analysis of the structure, which is aimed at the

determination of the stress (internal forces and
moments), and
 The calculation of cross section resistance.

Introduction
Thus, a model implies the use of a method of
analysis combined with a method of cross section
resistance calculation.
There are several possible combinations of methods

of analysis and methods of cross-section
calculation, for the ultimate limit state, involving
either an elastic or plastic design approach.

Introduction
The possible combinations are:
a) Plastic-plastic model
b) Elastic-plastic model
c) Elastic-elastic model

Introduction
a) Plastic-plastic model
This is related to plastic design of structures.
Full plasticity may be developed within cross-sections,

so that plastic hinges can form.
These have suitable moment rotation characteristics

giving sufficient rotation capacity for the formation of
a plastic mechanism, as the result of moment
redistribution in the structure.
Introduction
In this model, ultimate strength of materials is
considered in analysis and design.
Because of this, it is economical but unsafe if

appropriate factor of safety is not applied on the
strength of materials.

Introduction
b) Elastic-plastic model
For structures composed of sections which can achieve

their plastic resistance, but have not sufficient rotation
capacity to allow for a plastic mechanism in the
structure.
The stresses from the elastic analysis are compared

with the plastic section capacity.
This model is economical and safe.

Introduction
c) Elastic-elastic model
When the cross section of a structure cannot

achieve their plastic capacity both analysis and
verification of cross section conducted elastically.
This model is safe but un economical.

Introduction
Analysis of RC Structures
The purpose of any analysis is to know how the

structure responds to a given loading and there by
evaluate the stresses and deformations.
Given: the following sets of parameters
 Geometry,
 Loading and Structural Layout

Introduction
Carrying out Elastic Analysis: Results ...
Stresses

Introduction
So far in the course analysis are based on linear
elastic theory.
Most reinforced concrete structures are designed

for internal forces found by elastic theory with
methods such as slope deflection, moment
distribution, and matrix analysis.

Introduction
There is an apparent inconsistency in determining
the design moments based on an elastic analysis,
while doing the design based on a limit state design
procedure, where the structural design is based on
inelastic section behavior.
Although the analysis and design basis are
contradictory, it will be a safe and to a degree a
conservative design.
Introduction
Analysis Design
 Factored loads  The tensile reinforcement is

proportioned on the assumption
that its well beyond its yielding
point at failure. (Ductile Design
or 𝜀𝑠 ≥ 4.313‰)
 Elastic Analysis  Concrete stress distribution

across the section is non-linear.

Introduction
Methods of analysis and Inelastic Moment
Redistribution allowed in ES EN 1992: 2015
The methods of analysis provided on ES EN 1992:

2015 (part 1-1 section 5.4-5.7) are for the purpose
to establish the distribution of either internal forces
and moments, or stresses, strains and displacements,
over the whole or part of a structure.

Introduction
1) Linear Elastic Analysis (section 5.4: ES EN 1992:
2015)
This is the type of analysis being carried out so far.
Based on the theory of elasticity.
Suitable for both SLS and ULS.
Assumption:
Un-cracked cross sections

Introduction
i. Linear stress-strain (𝜀 𝑉𝑠 𝜎) relationships and,
ii. Mean values of the elastic modulus [E].
• For thermal deformation, settlement and shrinkage

effects at the ULS, a reduced stiffness corresponding to
the cracked sections may be assumed.
• For the (SLS) gradual evolution of cracking should be

considered (e.g. rigorous deflection calculation).

Introduction
2) Linear Elastic Analysis with Limited Redistribution
(section 5.5: ES EN 1992: 2015)
Will be introduced in the following chapter of the
course.
Suitable for ULS.
The moments at ULS calculated using a linear elastic
analysis may be redistributed, provided that the
resulting distribution of moments remains in
equilibrium with the applied loads.
Introduction
In continuous beams or slabs which are
predominantly subject to flexure and have the ratio
of the lengths of adjacent spans in the range
of 𝟎. 𝟓 ≤ 𝒍𝟏 𝒍𝟐 , redistribution of bending moments

may be carried out without explicit check on the
rotation capacity, provided that:

Introduction
𝑿𝒖
𝜹 ≥ 𝒌𝟏 + 𝒌𝟐 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ≤ 50𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝒅
𝑿𝒖
𝜹 ≥ 𝒌𝟑 + 𝒌𝟒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑐𝑘 > 50𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝒅
𝜹 ≥ 𝒌𝟓 where Class B and Class C
reinforcement is used
𝜹 ≥ 𝒌𝟔 where Class A reinforcement is used

Introduction
Where:
𝜹 is the ratio of the redistributed moment to the elastic

bending moment
𝑴𝟏
𝜹=
𝑴𝟐

Introduction
𝑿𝒖 is the depth of the neutral axis at the ultimate limit
state after redistribution.
𝒅 is the effective depth of the section
The recommended value for:
𝒌𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟒 𝒌𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒
𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟒
𝒌𝟐 = 𝒌𝟒 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 𝟎. 𝟔 + 𝒌𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟕 𝒌𝟔 = 𝟎. 𝟖
𝜺𝒄𝒖𝟐
𝜺𝒄𝒖𝟐 is the ultimate strain according to Table 3.1of ES EN

1992: 2015 𝜺𝒄𝒖𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟓 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ≤ 50𝑀𝑃𝑎
Introduction
Redistribution should not be carried out in
circumstances where the rotation capacity cannot
be defined with confidence (e.g. in the corners of
pre-stressed frames).
For the design of columns the elastic moments

from frame action should be used without any
redistribution.

Introduction
3) Plastic Analysis (section 5.6: ES EN 1992: 2015 )
Will be introduced in this chapter of the course.
Suitable for ULS.
When a beam yields in bending, an increase in

curvature does not produce an increase in moment
resistance.

Introduction
Analysis of beams and structures made of such
flexural members is called Plastic Analysis.
This is generally referred to as limit analysis, when

applied to reinforced concrete framed structures,
and plastic analysis when applied to steel
structures.

Introduction
4) Non-Linear Analysis (section 5.7: ES EN 1992:
2015 )
It is beyond the scope of the course.
Non-linear analysis may be used for both ULS and

SLS, provided that equilibrium and compatibility
are satisfied and an adequate non-linear behavior
for materials is assumed.

Introduction
The non-linear analysis procedures are more
complex and therefore very time consuming.
The analysis may be first or second order.

Moment curvature relationship
For a beam with homogeneous cross-section, which
is loaded in bending is shown below.

Relationship between bending moment M and

curvature k for beam with linear elastic

𝑀
𝐾= From Elastic Theory
𝐸𝐼
Where:
𝐸 = the modulus of elasticity
𝐼 =the moment of inertia of the cross-section
𝐾 =the local curvature = 1/𝑅

But is Concrete a homogenous, elastic material?
Then how do we determine the moment curvature

relationship for it?
Why do we even bother compute the

𝑴 – 𝑲 relationship?

Reinforced concrete is not homogeneous because it
is composed of steel and concrete which have
different values for the elastic modulus.
However, it is possible to identify an equivalent
homogeneous concrete section with an equivalent
moment of inertia.
This is done by means of an equivalent
transformed cross section.
To have the same material property of concrete
across the RC section the reinforcement is
transformed in to an equivalent concrete area
𝑬𝒔
using the modular ratio 𝒏 = .
𝑬𝒏
@ Un-cracked stage

@ Fully-Cracked stage

Importance of Moment-curvature relationship:
To study the ductility of members
To understand the development of plastic hinge, and
To account for the redistribution of elastic moments

that occurs in most reinforced concrete structures
before collapse.

Moment-curvature relationship for RC section
The curve 𝑴 − 𝑲 may be calculated for every given

cross-section in reinforced concrete.
This is typically done by the calculation of some

salient points.

Point A: M and K just before the appearance

of the flexural crack in the cross-section
Point B: M and K just after the appearance of
the flexural crack
Point C: M and K when steel start to yield
Point D: M and K when failure is reached
(normally due to the crushing of the
compression concrete)

Basic assumption and consideration in establishing the
M-K Relationship for RC section
Basic Assumptions
Parabolic-rectangular stress block for concrete in

compression is assumed.
Tensile strength of concrete is neglected.
Plane section remains plane before and after bending.

Elasto-Plastic stress strain relationship is assumed
for reinforcement steel in tension.
Steel is perfectly bonded with concrete.
Basic Considerations
Equilibrium of forces shall be maintained.
Compatibility of Strains shall be maintained.
Stress-Strain relationship has to be satisfied.

Procedures in Establishing the M-K Relationship for
RC section
The general steps to be followed in computing the

moment curvature relationship of RC section are as
follows.
Step 1: Assume the strain of the outer most fiber of

concrete 𝜀𝑐 .

Step 2: Assume the N.A. depth 𝑥 .
Step 3: From the linear strain distribution across the
section compute the strain of the reinforcement bar in
tension and the corresponding stress in it 𝜀𝑠1 &𝜎𝑠1 .
Step 4: Compute the total compressive and tensile
forces 𝐶𝑐 &𝑇𝑠 .
Step 5: Check equilibrium of forces 𝐶𝑐 = 𝑇𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑐 ≠ 𝑇𝑠 .
Step 6: Determine lever arm 𝑍 and calculate the moment
𝑀 and the corresponding curvature 𝐾 .
Rotation Capacity, 𝜽
The designer adopting limit/plastic analysis in concrete
must calculate the inelastic rotation capacity it
undergoes at plastic-hinge locations.
This is critical in situation where moment redistribution
is going to be implemented.
One way to calculate this rotation capacity is making
use of the moment-curvature relationship established
for a given section.

But this plastic rotation is not confined to one
cross section and it is distributed over a finite
length referred to as the hinging length 𝑙𝑝 .

𝑀𝑢
𝜃𝑝𝑙 = 𝑘 𝑢 − 𝑘𝑦 𝑙𝑝
𝑀𝑦
Where:
𝑙𝑝 = 0.5𝑑 + 0.05𝑧
In which 𝑧 is the distance from the point of maximum

moment to the nearest point of zero moment

Rotation Capacity according to ES EN 1992:2015
The simplified procedure for continuous beams and
continuous one way spanning slabs is based on the
rotation capacity of beam/slab zones over a length of
approximately 1.2 times the depth of section (section
5.6.3: ES EN 1992: 2015 ).
It is assumed that these zones undergo a plastic
deformation (formation of yield hinges) under the
relevant combination of actions.

The verification of the plastic rotation in the ultimate
limit state is considered to be fulfilled, if it is shown
that under the relevant combination of actions the
calculated rotation, 𝜃𝑝𝑙,𝑠 is less than or equal to the
allowable plastic rotation, 𝜃𝑝𝑙,𝑑 .
In regions of yield hinges, 𝒙𝒖 /𝒅 should not exceed the
value 0.45 for concrete strength classes less than or
equal to C50/60, and 0.35 for concrete strength classes
greater than or equal to C55/67.

In the simplified procedure, the allowable plastic
rotation may be determined by multiplying the basic
value of allowable rotation by a correction factor 𝒌𝝀
that depends on the shear slenderness.
The recommended basic value of allowable rotation,
for steel Classes B and C (the use of Class A steel is not
recommended for plastic analysis) and concrete
strength classes less than or equal to C50/60 and
C90/105 are given in Figure 5.6N.


The values for concrete strength classes C55/67 to
C90/105 may be interpolated accordingly.
The values apply for a shear slenderness 𝝀 = 𝟑. 𝟎.

For different values of shear slenderness 𝜃𝑝𝑙,𝑑
should be multiplied by 𝒌𝝀 .
𝝀
𝒌𝝀 = where:
𝟑

𝝀 is the ratio of the distance between point of zero
and maximum moment after redistribution and
effective depth, 𝒅. 𝝀 = 𝒛 𝒅
 As a simplification 𝝀 may be calculated for the

concordant design values where of the bending
moment and shear.
𝑴𝒔𝒅
𝝀=
𝑽𝒔𝒅 ∗ 𝒅
Non-linear analysis and design of indeterminate structures
Non-linear analysis of indeterminate structures
Continuous beams and one-way slabs are

indeterminate structures for which variable/live
load variation has to be considered.
This is because permanent/dead load is always there

but variable might vary during the life time of these
structures.

How variable loads are arranged?
Load arrangement of actions in relation to influence
lines
The largest moment in continuous beams or one-way
slabs or frames occur when some spans are loaded and
the others are not.
Influence lines are used to determine which spans
should be loaded and which spans should not be to
find the maximum load effect.

The figure (a) shows influence line for moment at

B.
The loading pattern that will give the largest

positive moment consists of load on all spans
having positive influence ordinates.
Such loading is shown in figure (b) and is called

alternate span loading or checkerboard loading.

The maximum negative moment at C results from

loading all spans having negative influence
ordinate as shown in figure (d) and is referred as an
adjacent span loading.
Similarly, loading for maximum shear may be

obtained by loading spans with positive shear
influence ordinate as shown.


In building structures, any of the following sets of
simplified load arrangements may be used at ULS
and SLS (section 5.1.3: ES EN 1992: 2015 ).
The more critical of:
a) Alternative spans carrying γ𝐺 𝐺𝑘 + γ𝑄 𝑄𝑘 with

other spans loaded with γ𝐺 𝐺𝑘 and
b) All spans carrying γ𝐺 𝐺𝑘 + γ𝑄 𝑄𝑘

Or the more critical of:
a) Alternative spans carrying γ𝐺 𝐺𝑘 + γ𝑄 𝑄𝑘 with
other spans loaded with γ𝐺 𝐺𝑘 and
b) Any two adjacent spans carrying γ𝐺 𝐺𝑘 + γ𝑄 𝑄𝑘


Non-linear design of indeterminate structures
After obtaining the maximum load effects of
continuous beams, the design of continuous beam
sections is carried out in the same procedure as
discussed in reinforced concrete structures I course for
no moment redistribution.
For cases with moment redistribution, the procedures
will be presented and illustrated in the subsequent
sections.

Plastic Hinges and Collapse Mechanisms
What does mean Mechanism?
When any elastic body is subjected to a system of
loads and deformation takes place and the resistance
is set up against the deformation, then the elastic
body is known as structure.
In contradiction to this, if no resistance is set up in
the body against the deformation, then it is known
as a mechanical mechanism.
When a statically indeterminate structure is
subjected to loads and the bending moment diagram
is drawn, it is seen that is two or more points of
peak moments.
As the loads are gradually increased, the cross-

section having the maximum of these peak
moments will reach yield.

A plastic hinge is formed at such a cross-section and the
value of bending moment becomes 𝑴𝑷 at the section.
As further load is added, this value of bending moment,

𝑴𝑷 remains constant and this cross-section having the
plastic hinge rotates, and other sections having the
bending moment smaller than 𝑴𝑷 maintain the
equilibrium with the increased load by a proportionate
increase in moment.

 These sections having peak point in the bending moment diagram
reach yielding and the plastic hinges are formed in succession.
 The values of bending moments at these peak points become 𝑴𝑷
in succession.
 The process of moment transfer known as the redistribution of
moment due to successive formation of plastic hinges continues.
 After the formation of sufficient number of plastic hinges, the
structure reduces to a plastic mechanism, and the failure or
collapse of the structure occurs.

What does mean Plastic hinge?
When the cross section of a member is fully plastic
under a bending moment, any attempt to increase this
moment will cause the member to act as hinged (a
movable joint) at the neutral axis.
Plastic hinge is defined as a yielded zone due to
bending in a structural member at which an infinite
rotation can take place at a constant plastic moment
𝑴𝑷 of the section.

Locations for plastic hinges
The possible locations for plastic hinges to develop are
1) At the points of concentrated loads,
2) At the intersections of members involving a change

in geometry, and
3) At the point of zero shear for member under uniform

distributed load.

Number of Plastic Hinges necessary for failure
The number of hinges necessary for failure does not
vary for a particular structure subject to a given loading
condition, although a part of a structure may fail
independently by the formation of a smaller number of
hinges.
The member or structure behaves in the manner of a
hinged mechanism and in doing so adjacent hinges
rotate in opposite directions.

If the degree of indeterminacy of the structure is r,
then the indeterminate structure becomes a
determinate structure on the formation of n number
of the plastic hinges.
If one additional hinge is formed, after the

structure has become a determinate one, then a
mechanism is formed.

Thus, the (𝒓 + 𝟏) number of plastic hinges are
necessary to convert a structure into a mechanism.
𝒏=𝒓+𝟏
Statically Determinate Beam
 Will fail if one plastic hinge develop.
E.g. The simply supported beam shown below will fail if
P is increased until a plastic hinge is developed at the point
of maximum moment (just underneath P).

Therefore, mechanism is defined as the formation &

arrangement of plastic hinges and perhaps real
hinges that permit the collapse in a structure

Statically Indeterminate Beam
Will require at least two plastic hinges to develop

to fail.
e.g. The fixed-end beam shown below can't fail

unless the three hinges in the figure develop.

The propped cantilever beam below is an example
of a structure that will fail after two plastic hinges
develop.

In summary:
 If the structure is statically indeterminate, it is still stable
after the formation of a plastic hinge, and for further
loading, it behaves as a modified structure with a hinge at
the plastic hinge location (and one less degree of
indeterminacy).
 It can continue to carry additional loading (with formation
of additional plastic hinges) until the limit state of collapse
is reached on account of one of the following reasons:

a) Formation of sufficient number of plastic hinges, to
convert the structure (or a part of it) into a
‘mechanism’.
b) Limitation in ductile behavior (i.e., curvature 𝜅

reaching the ultimate value 𝜿𝒎𝒂𝒙 , or, in other words a
plastic hinge reaching its ultimate rotation capacity)
at any one plastic hinge location, resulting in local
crushing of concrete at that section.

Moment Redistribution
The distribution of bending moments in a
continuous beam (or frame) gets modified
significantly in the inelastic phase.
The term moment redistribution is generally used

to refer to the transfer of moments to the less
stressed sections as sections of peak moments yield
on their ultimate capacity being reached.

From a design viewpoint, this behavior can be taken
advantage of by attempting to effect a redistributed
bending moment diagram which achieves a reduction
in the maximum moment levels (and a corresponding
increase in the lower moments at other locations).
Such an adjustment in the moment diagram often leads
to the design of a more economical structure with
better balanced proportions, and less congestion of
reinforcement at the critical sections.

Design Examples
Example 1
For RC beam section with 𝑏/ℎ = 200/400𝑚𝑚, casted out of

𝐶20/25 concrete and reinforced by 𝑆 − 400. Determine the
moment curvature relationship of the section?
a) 3𝜙14
b) 3𝜙24
Use cover to longitudinal reinforcement bar 33𝑚𝑚

Design Examples
Solution:
a) 𝟑𝝓𝟏𝟒
Step1: Summarize the given parameters
Material: 𝐶20/25 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 20𝑀𝑝𝑎
0.85∗𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.85∗20
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = = 11.33𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝛾𝑐 1.5
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 = 2.2𝑀𝑝𝑎 from EN ES 1992:2015 Pg. 26 Table 3.1

𝐸𝑐𝑚 = 30𝐺𝑝𝑎 = 30,000𝑀𝑃𝑎 from EN ES 1992:2015
Pg. 26 Table 3.1

Design Examples
S-400 𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 400𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝑓𝑦𝑘 400
𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = = 347.83𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝛾𝑠 1.15
𝐸𝑠 = 200,000𝐺𝑝𝑎
𝑓𝑦𝑑 347.83
𝜀𝑦𝑑 = = = 0.00174 = 1.74‰
𝐸𝑠 200,000
𝐸𝑠 200,000
Modular ratio, 𝑛 = = = 6.67
𝐸𝑐𝑚 30,000
𝜙𝑙 14
Geometry 𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 − = 400 − 33 − = 360𝑚𝑚
2 2
𝜋𝑑 2 𝜋 14 2
𝐴𝑠1 = 3 ∗ =3 ∗ = 461.81𝑚𝑚2
4 4

Design Examples
Step2: Compute the cracking moment and corresponding
curvature 𝑀𝑐𝑟 , 𝐾𝑐𝑟 .
2.1 Un-cracked section properties

Design Examples
 The neutral axis depth of the un-cracked section
𝐴1 = 𝑏 ∗ ℎ = 200𝑚𝑚 ∗ 400𝑚𝑚 = 80,000𝑚𝑚2
𝐴2 = 𝑛 − 1 𝐴𝑠1 = 6.67 − 1 ∗ 461.81 = 3080.27𝑚𝑚2
 And considering the top fiber as a reference axis
ℎ 400
𝑥1 = = = 200𝑚𝑚
2 2
𝑥2 = 𝑑 = 360𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑖 𝑥𝑖 𝐴1 𝑥1 +𝐴2 𝑥2 80,000∗200+3080.27∗360
 Therefore:- 𝑥 = = =
𝐴𝑖 𝐴1 +𝐴2 80,000+3080.27
= 205.07𝑚𝑚

Design Examples
 The second moment of the area of the un-cracked section
𝑏ℎ3 200∗ 400 3

𝐼1 = = = 1066666666.67𝑚𝑚4
12 12
𝐼2 ≈ 0
 Distance of the centroid of each areas from composite

geometric centroid (𝑦1 , 𝑦2 )
ℎ
𝑦1 = 𝑥 − = 205.07 − 200 = 5.07𝑚𝑚
2
𝑦2 = 𝑑 − 𝑥 = 360 − 205.07 = 154.93𝑚𝑚

Design Examples
Using parallel axis theorem:
𝐼𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑟 = 𝐼𝑗 + 𝐴𝑗 𝑦𝑗2
= 𝐼1 + 𝐴1 𝑦1 2 + 𝐼2 + 𝐴2 𝑦2 2
2
= 1066666666.67 + 80000 ∗ 5.07 + 0 + 3080.27 ∗
2
154.93 = 1131574752.42𝑚𝑚4
 Compute the cracking moment, 𝑴𝒄𝒓
From flexural formula
𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝑦
𝜎𝑐𝑟 =
𝐼𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑟

Design Examples
𝜎𝑐𝑟 ∗ 𝐼𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑟 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 ∗ 𝐼𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑟
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = =
𝑦 𝑦
𝑦 = ℎ − 𝑥 = 400 − 205.07 = 194.93𝑚𝑚
2.2 ∗ 1131574752.42
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = ∗ 10−6 = 12.77𝑘𝑁𝑚
194.93
Compute the curvature just before cracking, 𝑲𝒄𝒓
Using moment-curvature relationship
𝑴𝒄𝒓 𝟏𝟐𝟕𝟕𝟏𝟎𝟔𝟖. 𝟖𝟕𝑵𝒎𝒎

𝑲𝒄𝒓 = =
𝑬𝒄 𝑰𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒓 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑵 𝟐 ∗ 1131574752.42𝑚𝑚4
𝒎𝒎
= 𝟎. 𝟑𝟕𝟔𝟕 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝒎𝒎−𝟏

Design Examples
2.2 Cracked section properties

Design Examples
The neutral axis depth of the cracked section
 From equilibrium of forces carried by the concrete in the
compression zone and the tension force carried by the
transformed concrete area in tension we have the following
expression.
1 2
𝑏 𝑘𝑥 𝑑 = 𝑛𝐴𝑠1 𝑑 − 𝑘𝑥 𝑑
2
Dividing the above expression by 𝑏𝑑2 and denoting 𝜌 = 𝐴𝑠1 𝑏𝑑
results in:

Design Examples
𝑥 2
𝑘𝑥 = = −𝑛𝜌 + 𝑛𝜌 + 2𝑛𝜌
𝑑
𝐴𝑠1 461.87
𝜌= = = 0.006414 and 𝑛 = 6.67
𝑏𝑑 200∗360
𝑥 = 0.258𝑑 = 0.258 ∗ 360 = 𝟗𝟏. 𝟎𝟐𝟑𝐦𝐦
The second moment of the area of the cracked section
𝑏𝑥 3 200∗ 𝟗𝟏.𝟎𝟐𝟑 3
𝐼1 = = = 12569042.224𝑚𝑚4
12 12
𝐼2 ≈ 0

Design Examples
𝐴1 = 𝑏 ∗ 𝑥 = 200𝑚𝑚 ∗ 91.023𝑚𝑚 = 18204.6𝑚𝑚2
𝐴2 = 𝑛 − 1 𝐴𝑠1 = 6.67 − 1 ∗ 461.81 = 3080.27𝑚𝑚2

𝑥 91.023
𝑦1 = 𝑥 − = 91.023 − = 45.5115𝑚𝑚
2 2
𝑦2 = 𝑑 − 𝑥 = 360 − 91.023 = 268.977𝑚𝑚

Design Examples
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = 𝐼𝑗 + 𝐴𝑗 𝑦𝑗2
= 𝐼1 + 𝐴1 𝑦1 2 + 𝐼2 + 𝐴2 𝑦2 2
= 12569042.224 + 18204.6 ∗ 45.5115 2 + 0 + 3080.27 ∗
268.977 2 = 273129472.51𝑚𝑚4
Compute the curvature just after cracking
𝑴𝒄𝒓 𝟏𝟐𝟕𝟕𝟏𝟎𝟔𝟖. 𝟖𝟕𝑵𝒎𝒎

𝑲𝒄𝒓 = =
𝑬𝒄 𝑰𝒄𝒓 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑵 𝟐 ∗ 273129472.51𝑚𝑚4
𝒎𝒎
= 𝟏. 𝟓𝟓𝟖 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝒎𝒎−𝟏

Design Examples
Step3: Compute the yielding moment and corresponding
curvature 𝑀𝑦 , 𝐾𝑦

Design Examples
Assuming 0 < 𝜀𝑐𝑚 < 2‰ and from force equilibrium.
𝐶𝑐 = 𝑇𝑠
𝛼𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 = 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦𝑑
𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦𝑑 461,81 ∗ 347.83

𝛼𝑐 = = = 0.197
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 11.33 ∗ 200 ∗ 360
But, for 0 < 𝜀𝑐𝑚 < 2‰
6 − 𝜀𝑐𝑚
𝛼𝑐 = 𝜀𝑐𝑚 𝑘𝑥
12

Design Examples
From the strain profile using similarity of triangles:
𝜀𝑐𝑚
𝑘𝑥 =
𝜀𝑐𝑚 + 𝜀𝑦
6 − 𝜀𝑐𝑚 𝜀𝑐𝑚
∴ 𝛼𝑐 = 𝜀𝑐𝑚 = 0.197
12 𝜀𝑐𝑚 + 𝜀𝑦
We can solve for 𝜀𝑐𝑚 = 1.208‰. Assumption correct.
1.208
𝑘𝑥 = = 0.410
1.208 + 1.74
𝑥 = 𝑑 ∗ 𝑘𝑥 = 360 ∗ 0.410 = 147.60𝑚𝑚
Design Examples
8 − 𝜀𝑐𝑚 8 − 0.001208
𝛽𝑐 = 𝑘𝑥 = 0.410 = 0.145
4 6 − 𝜀𝑐𝑚 4 6 − 0.001208
𝑍 = 𝑑 1 − 𝛽𝑐 = 360 1 − 0.145 = 307.8𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑦 = 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑍
= 461.81 ∗ 347.87 ∗ 307.8 ∗ 10−6 = 49.442𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝜀𝑐𝑚 0.001208
𝐾𝑦 = = = 8.184 ∗ 10−6 𝑚𝑚−1
𝑥 147.6

Design Examples
Step4: Compute the ultimate moment and corresponding
curvature 𝑀𝑢 , 𝐾𝑢 .

Design Examples
Assuming a compression failure 𝜀𝑐𝑚 = 3.5‰, 𝜀𝑦 < 𝜀𝑠 < 25‰ and
from force equilibrium.
𝐶𝑐 = 𝑇𝑠
𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦𝑑 461,81 ∗ 347.83

𝛼𝑐 = = = 0.197
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 11.33 ∗ 200 ∗ 360
But, for 𝜀𝑐𝑚 = 3.5‰
3𝜀𝑐𝑚 − 2
𝛼𝑐 = 𝑘𝑥
3𝜀𝑐𝑚

Design Examples
𝜀𝑐𝑚 3.5
𝑘𝑥 = =
𝜀𝑐𝑚 + 𝜀𝑠 3.5 + 𝜀𝑠
3.5 3𝜀𝑐𝑚 − 2
∴ 𝛼𝑐 = = 0.197
3.5 + 𝜀𝑠 3𝜀𝑐𝑚
We can solve for 𝜀𝑠 = 10.88‰. Assumption correct.
3.5
𝑘𝑥 = = 0.243
3.5 + 10.88
𝑥 = 𝑑 ∗ 𝑘𝑥 = 360 ∗ 0.243 = 87.48𝑚𝑚

Design Examples
𝜀𝑐𝑚 3𝜀𝑐𝑚 − 4 + 2 3.5 3 ∗ 3.5 − 4 + 2

𝛽𝑐 = 𝑘𝑥 = 0.243
2𝜀𝑐𝑚 3𝜀𝑐𝑚 − 2 2 ∗ 3.5 3 ∗ 3.5 − 2
= 0.101
𝑍 = 𝑑 1 − 𝛽𝑐 = 360 1 − 0.101 = 323.64𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑢 = 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑍
= 461.81 ∗ 347.87 ∗ 323.64 ∗ 10−6 = 51.99𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝜀𝑐𝑚 3.5 ∗ 10−3

𝐾𝑢 = = = 40.11 ∗ 10−6 𝑚𝑚−1
𝑥 87.48

Design Examples
Step5: Plot the moment vs curvature diagram

Design Examples
b) 𝟑𝝓𝟐𝟒
0.85∗𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.85∗20
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = = 11.33𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝛾𝑐 1.5
𝐸𝑐𝑚 = 30𝐺𝑝𝑎 = 30,000𝑀𝑃𝑎 from EN ES 1992:2015

Pg. 26 Table 3.1

Design Examples
S-400 𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 400𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝑓𝑦𝑘 400
𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = = 347.83𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝛾𝑠 1.15
𝐸𝑠 = 200,000𝐺𝑝𝑎
𝑓𝑦𝑑 347.83
𝜀𝑦𝑑 = = = 0.00174 = 1.74‰
𝐸𝑠 200,000
𝐸𝑠 200,000
Modular ratio, 𝑛 = = = 6.67
𝐸𝑐𝑚 30,000
𝜙𝑙 24
Geometry 𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 − = 400 − 33 − = 355𝑚𝑚
2 2
𝜋𝑑 2 𝜋 24 2
𝐴𝑠1 = 3 ∗ =3 ∗ = 1356.48𝑚𝑚2
4 4

Design Examples
Step2: Compute the cracking moment and corresponding
curvature 𝑀𝑐𝑟 , 𝐾𝑐𝑟 .
2.1 Un-cracked section properties

Design Examples
 The neutral axis depth of the un-cracked section
𝐴1 = 𝑏 ∗ ℎ = 200𝑚𝑚 ∗ 400𝑚𝑚 = 80,000𝑚𝑚2
𝐴2 = 𝑛 − 1 𝐴𝑠1 = 6.67 − 1 ∗ 1356.48 = 7691.24𝑚𝑚2
 And considering the top fiber as a reference axis
ℎ 400
𝑥1 = = = 200𝑚𝑚
2 2
𝑥2 = 𝑑 = 355𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑖 𝑥𝑖 𝐴1 𝑥1 +𝐴2 𝑥2 80,000∗200+7691.24∗355
 Therefore:- 𝑥 = = =
𝐴𝑖 𝐴1 +𝐴2 80,000+7691.24
= 213.6𝑚𝑚

Design Examples
 The second moment of the area of the un-cracked section
𝑏ℎ3 200∗ 400 3

𝐼1 = = = 1066666666.67𝑚𝑚4
12 12
𝐼2 ≈ 0

ℎ
𝑦1 = 𝑥 − = 213.6 − 200 = 13.6𝑚𝑚
2
𝑦2 = 𝑑 − 𝑥 = 355 − 213.6 = 141.33𝑚𝑚

Design Examples
𝐼𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑟 = 𝐼𝑗 + 𝐴𝑗 𝑦𝑗2
= 𝐼1 + 𝐴1 𝑦1 2 + 𝐼2 + 𝐴2 𝑦2 2
2
= 1066666666.67 + 80000 ∗ 13.6 + 0 + 3080.27 ∗
2
141.33 = 1235089593.48𝑚𝑚4
 Compute the cracking moment, 𝑴𝒄𝒓
From flexural formula
𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝑦
𝜎𝑐𝑟 =
𝐼𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑟

Design Examples
𝜎𝑐𝑟 ∗ 𝐼𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑟 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 ∗ 𝐼𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑟
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = =
𝑦 𝑦
𝑦 = ℎ − 𝑥 = 400 − 213.6 = 186.4𝑚𝑚
2.2 ∗ 1235089593.48
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = ∗ 10−6 = 14.58𝑘𝑁𝑚
186.4
Compute the curvature just before cracking, 𝑲𝒄𝒓
Using moment-curvature relationship
𝑴𝒄𝒓 𝟏𝟒𝟓𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑵𝒎𝒎
𝑲𝒄𝒓 = =
𝑬𝒄 𝑰𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒓 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑵 𝟐 ∗ 1235089593.48𝑚𝑚4
𝒎𝒎
= 𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝟒𝟔𝟒 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝒎𝒎−𝟏

Design Examples
2.2 Cracked section properties

Design Examples
The neutral axis depth of the cracked section
 From equilibrium of forces carried by the concrete in the
compression zone and the tension force carried by the
transformed concrete area in tension we have the following
expression.
1 2
𝑏 𝑘𝑥 𝑑 = 𝑛𝐴𝑠1 𝑑 − 𝑘𝑥 𝑑
2
Dividing the above expression by 𝑏𝑑2 and denoting 𝜌 = 𝐴𝑠1 𝑏𝑑
results in:

Design Examples
𝑥 2
𝑘𝑥 = = −𝑛𝜌 + 𝑛𝜌 + 2𝑛𝜌
𝑑
𝐴𝑠1 1356.48
𝜌= = = 0.0191and 𝑛 = 6.67
𝑏𝑑 200∗355
𝑥 = 0.393𝑑 = 0.393 ∗ 355 = 𝟏𝟑𝟗. 𝟔𝟎𝐦𝐦
𝑏𝑥 3 200∗ 𝟏𝟑𝟗.𝟔𝟎 3
𝐼1 = = = 45342452.27𝑚𝑚4
12 12
𝐼2 ≈ 0

Design Examples
𝐴1 = 𝑏 ∗ 𝑥 = 200𝑚𝑚 ∗ 139.60𝑚𝑚 = 27920𝑚𝑚2
𝐴2 = 𝑛 − 1 𝐴𝑠1 = 6.67 − 1 ∗ 1356.48 = 9047.72𝑚𝑚2

𝑥 139.60
𝑦1 = 𝑥 − = 91.023 − = 69.8𝑚𝑚
2 2
𝑦2 = 𝑑 − 𝑥 = 360 − 139.60 = 215.4𝑚𝑚

Design Examples
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = 𝐼𝑗 + 𝐴𝑗 𝑦𝑗2
= 𝐼1 + 𝐴1 𝑦1 2 + 𝐼2 + 𝐴2 𝑦2 2
2 2
= 45342452.27 + 27920 ∗ 69.8 + 0 + 9047.72 ∗ 215.4
= 302858916.6𝑚𝑚4
Compute the curvature just after cracking
𝑴𝒄𝒓 𝟏𝟒𝟓𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑵𝒎𝒎
𝑲𝒄𝒓 = =
𝑬𝒄 𝑰𝒄𝒓 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑵 𝟐 ∗ 302858916.6𝑚𝑚4
𝒎𝒎
= 𝟏. 𝟔𝟎𝟓 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝒎𝒎−𝟏

Design Examples
Step3: Compute the yielding moment and corresponding
curvature 𝑀𝑦 , 𝐾𝑦

Design Examples
Assuming 2‰ < 𝜀𝑐𝑚 < 3.5‰ and from force equilibrium.
𝐶𝑐 = 𝑇𝑠
𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦𝑑 1356.48 ∗ 347.83

𝛼𝑐 = = = 0.587
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 11.33 ∗ 200 ∗ 355
But, for 2‰ < 𝜀𝑐𝑚 < 3.5‰
3𝜀𝑐𝑚 − 2
𝛼𝑐 = 𝑘𝑥
3𝜀𝑐𝑚

Design Examples
𝜀𝑐𝑚
𝑘𝑥 =
𝜀𝑐𝑚 + 𝜀𝑦
3𝜀𝑐𝑚 − 2 𝜀𝑐𝑚
∴ 𝛼𝑐 = 𝑘𝑥 = 0.587
3𝜀𝑐𝑚 𝜀𝑐𝑚 + 𝜀𝑦
We can solve for 𝜀𝑐𝑚 = 4.08‰.

 𝟒. 𝟎𝟖‰ > 𝟑. 𝟓‰, implies that the concrete in the compression zone has
crushed even before the reinforcement in the tension zone has yielded.
 Hence the section has reached its ultimate moment capacity, along with
the corresponding curvature, before the yielding of the reinforcement.

Design Examples
Step4: Compute the ultimate moment and corresponding
curvature 𝑀𝑢 , 𝐾𝑢 .

Design Examples
Assuming a compression failure 𝜀𝑐𝑚 = 3.5‰, 𝜀𝑠 < 𝜀𝑦 and from force
equilibrium.
𝐶𝑐 = 𝑇𝑠
𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦𝑑 1356.48 ∗ 347.83

𝛼𝑐 = = = 0.587
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 11.33 ∗ 200 ∗ 355
But, for 𝜀𝑐𝑚 = 3.5‰
3𝜀𝑐𝑚 − 2
𝛼𝑐 = 𝑘𝑥
3𝜀𝑐𝑚

Design Examples
𝜀𝑐𝑚 3.5
𝑘𝑥 = =
𝜀𝑐𝑚 + 𝜀𝑠 3.5 + 𝜀𝑠
3.5 3𝜀𝑐𝑚 − 2
∴ 𝛼𝑐 = = 0.587
3.5 + 𝜀𝑠 3𝜀𝑐𝑚
We can solve for 𝜀𝑠 = 1.636‰ < 1.74‰. Assumption correct.
3.5
𝑘𝑥 = = 0.681. . . 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑎 𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑒!
3.5 + 1.636
𝑥 = 𝑑 ∗ 𝑘𝑥 = 355 ∗ 0.681 = 241.755𝑚𝑚

Design Examples
𝜀𝑐𝑚 3𝜀𝑐𝑚 − 4 + 2 3.5 3 ∗ 3.5 − 4 + 2
𝛽𝑐 = 𝑘𝑥 = 0.681
2𝜀𝑐𝑚 3𝜀𝑐𝑚 − 2 2 ∗ 3.5 3 ∗ 3.5 − 2
= 0.283
𝑍 = 𝑑 1 − 𝛽𝑐 = 355 1 − 0.283 = 254.43𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑢 = 𝐴𝑠1 𝐸𝑠 ∗ 𝜀𝑠 𝑍
= 1356.48 ∗ 200,000 ∗ 0.001636 ∗ 254.43 ∗ 10−6
= 112.93𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝜀𝑐𝑚 3.5 ∗ 10−3

𝐾𝑢 = = = 14.477 ∗ 10−6 𝑚𝑚−1
𝑥 241.755

Design Examples
Step5: Plot the moment vs curvature diagram
Observation:
 Failure type vs moment curvature
relationship
 Reinforcement in tension zone vs Ductility
 Ultimate capacity vs Ductility
Question:
• How would you improve the ductility of the section in 𝟑𝝓𝟐𝟒 ?
• How would you improve the moment capacity of the section in
𝟑𝝓𝟏𝟒 with out compromising its ductility?

Design Examples
Example 2
Draw the redistributed bending moment diagram of the beam

shown in the Figure. Clamped at both ends and carrying
ultimate uniformly distributed load of 24𝑘𝑁/𝑚 with full
redistribution of 30%.

Design Examples
Solution
Step1: Calculate the support and span moment
From the elastic analysis:
𝑤𝑙 2 𝑤𝑙 2
Support moment = and the span moment =
12 24

Design Examples
Step2: Calculate the redistributed moment by specified
percentage
Plastic hinge is form at the maximum moment location in this

case at the support, so the support moment is decreased by 30%
𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 0.7 ∗ 128 = 89.6𝑘𝑁𝑚

Design Examples
To calculate the increment of the span moment. Take a section
at a distance x form the left support shear force is zero at the
location maximum moment.

Design Examples

Design Examples
Example 3
Draw the redistributed bending moment diagram of a continues

beam shown in the figure, with full redistribution of 30%.
Solution

Design Examples

Design Examples

Design Examples

Design Examples

Design Examples

Design Examples
The moment at the support B is reduced by 30%, 0.7 ∗ 483 =
89.6𝑘𝑁𝑚.
To calculate the increment in the span moment

Design Examples

Design Examples

Design Examples
Example 4
A continues beam with 𝑏/ℎ = 250/450𝑚𝑚 is to be

constructed out of 𝐶20/25 concrete and reinforced with 𝑆 −
400 reinforcement bar. The beam supports a factored
permanent load of 14.5𝑘𝑁/𝑚 including its own self-weight and
a factored variable load of 29𝑘𝑁/𝑚. Take cover to stirrup to be
25𝑚𝑚.

Design Examples
Design the beam
a) Without moment redistribution
b) With 20% moment redistribution
Use 𝛟8𝑚𝑚 and 𝛟20𝑚𝑚 bars as web and longitudinal

reinforcement
Solution:
a) Without moment redistribution

Design Examples
0.85∗𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.85∗20
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = = 11.33𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝛾𝑐 1.5

𝐸𝑐𝑚 = 30𝐺𝑝𝑎 = 30,000𝑀𝑃𝑎 from EN ES 1992:2015 Pg. 26
Table 3.1
S-400 𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 400𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝑓𝑦𝑘 400
𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = = 347.83𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝛾𝑠 1.15

Design Examples
𝐸𝑠 = 200,000𝐺𝑝𝑎
𝑓𝑦𝑑 347.83
𝜀𝑦𝑑 = = = 0.00174 = 1.74‰
𝐸𝑠 200,000
𝜙𝑙 20
Geometry 𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 − = 450 − 25 −
2 2
= 407𝑚𝑚
Load 1.35𝐺𝑘 = 14.5 𝑘𝑁 𝑚
1.5𝑄𝑘 = 29.0 𝑘𝑁 𝑚

Design Examples
Step2: Identify the cases for maximum action effect on (span
and support moments)
Case1: When the whole section is loaded

Design Examples
Case2: Alternate span loading (maximum span moment at AB
and CD)

Design Examples
Case3: alternate span loading (maximum span moment at BC)

Design Examples
Case4: Two adjacent spans loading (maximum support
moment at B or C)

Design Examples
Moment envelop: (superimposing the above four cases for the
respective maximum moment)

Design Examples
Step3: Design the beam section according to the procedures
discussed in RC-I using the either the design chart or design
table
a) Support B and C (Negative moment)

𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 172.99𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑀𝑠𝑑 172.99 ∗ 106

𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 2
= 2
= 0.369 > 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 11.33 ∗ 250 ∗ 407
= 0.295 → 𝑫𝒐𝒖𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒊𝒏𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

Design Examples
𝑍
𝐾𝑧,𝑙𝑖𝑚 = = 0.814 from Table 2.2 Design table for C12/15-C50/60
𝑑
𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2
= 0.295 ∗ 11.33 ∗ 250 ∗ 4072 ∗ 10−6 = 138.414𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑍 = 𝐾𝑧,𝑙𝑖𝑚 ∗ 𝑑 = 0.814 ∗ 407 = 331.298𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑠𝑢𝑝 −𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑙𝑖𝑚

𝑨𝒔𝟏 = +
𝑍𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑑−𝑑2
138.414∗106 172.99−138.414 ∗106

= + = 𝟏𝟒𝟕𝟒. 𝟐𝟖𝒎𝒎𝟐
331.298∗347.83 347.83 407−43

Design Examples

Design Examples
𝐴𝑠1 𝟏𝟒𝟕𝟒. 𝟐𝟖
𝑁0 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟, 𝑁 = = 2 = 4.69
𝑎𝑠 𝜋 20
4
∴ Use 5𝛟20𝑚𝑚 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
 Check the number of bars that can be placed on the single

row.
Setting on 45 mm gap to insert a vibrator and making the other

gaps equal to 25 mm

Design Examples
20𝑛 + 45 + 25 𝑛 − 2 = 250 − 2 ∗ 25 − 2 ∗ 8
20𝑛 + 45 + 25𝑛 − 50 = 184
𝑛 = 4.2
∴Revise d.

Design Examples
Revise the effective depth for the reinforcement arrangement
𝑛1 𝑑1 + 𝑛2 𝑑2 3 ∗ 43 + 2 ∗ 88
𝑑′ = = = 61𝑚𝑚
𝑁 5
So 𝑑 = 𝐷 − 𝑑 ′ = 450 − 61 = 𝟑𝟖𝟗𝐦𝐦
𝑀𝑠𝑑 172.99 ∗ 106

𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 2
= 2
= 0. 403 > 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 11.33 ∗ 200 ∗ 389

Design Examples
𝑍
𝑑
𝑍 = 𝐾𝑧,𝑙𝑖𝑚 ∗ 𝑑 = 0.814 ∗ 389 = 316.646𝑚𝑚
= 0.295 ∗ 11.33 ∗ 250 ∗ 3892 ∗ 10−6 = 126.48𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑠𝑢𝑝 − 𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑙𝑖𝑚

𝑨𝒔𝟏 = +
𝑍𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑑 − 𝑑2
126.48∗106 172.99−126.48 ∗106

= + = 𝟏𝟓𝟑𝟒. 𝟖𝟒𝒎𝒎𝟐
316.646∗347.83 347.83 389−43

Design Examples
𝐴𝑠1 𝟏𝟓𝟑𝟒. 𝟖𝟒
𝑁0 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟, 𝑁 = = 2 = 4.88
𝑎𝑠 𝜋 20
4
Compression reinforcement design
Check if the reinforcement has yielded
𝑑2 43
= = 0.1
𝑑 389
𝛆𝐬𝟐 = 𝟐. 𝟔‰ readed from General design chart (C12/15-C50/60)

Design Examples
𝛆𝐬𝟐 = 𝟐. 𝟔‰ > 𝜺𝒚𝒅 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟒‰
∴Use 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 347.83𝑀𝑝𝑎

Calculate the stress in the concrete at the level of compression
reinforcement to avoid double counting of area.
𝛆𝐬𝟐 = 𝟐. 𝟔‰ > 𝟐. 0‰
Therefore, we take 𝛆𝒄𝒎 = 3.5‰ and 𝝈𝒄𝒅,𝒔𝟐 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝑴𝒑𝒂
1 𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑠 − 𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑨𝒔𝟐 =
𝜎𝑠2 − 𝜎𝑐𝑑,𝑠2 𝑑 − 𝑑2
1 172.99 − 126.48 ∗ 106

= = 𝟑𝟗𝟗. 𝟒𝟖𝒎𝒎𝟐
347.83 − 11.33 389 − 43

Design Examples
𝐴𝑠2 𝟑𝟗𝟗. 𝟒𝟖
𝑁0 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟, 𝑁 = = 2 = 1.27
𝑎𝑠 𝜋 20
4
b) Span AB and/or CD (Positive moment)

𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 = 146.28𝑘𝑁𝑚
• Since the design moment is not far in magnitude from the

one discussed in [a], its best if we assume two layers of
reinforcement with 5𝛟20𝑚𝑚 bars.
Design Examples
So 𝑑 = 𝐷 − 𝑑 ′ = 450 − 61 = 𝟑𝟖𝟗𝐦𝐦
𝑀𝑠𝑑 146.28 ∗ 106

𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 2 = 2 = 0.34128 > 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.295
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 11.33 ∗ 250 ∗ 389
→ 𝑫𝒐𝒖𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒊𝒏𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑍
𝑑
= 0.295 ∗ 11.33 ∗ 250 ∗ 3892 ∗ 10−6 = 126.442𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑍 = 𝐾𝑧,𝑙𝑖𝑚 ∗ 𝑑 = 0.814 ∗ 389 = 316.646𝑚𝑚

Design Examples
𝑨𝒔𝟏 = +
126.442∗106 146.28−126.442 ∗106

= + = 𝟏𝟑𝟏𝟐. 𝟗𝟕𝟐𝒎𝒎𝟐
316.646∗347.83 347.83 389−43
𝐴𝑠1 𝟏𝟑𝟏𝟐. 𝟗𝟕𝟐

𝑁0 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟, 𝑁 = = 2 = 4.18
𝑎𝑠 𝜋 20
4

Design Examples
𝑑2 43
= = 0.1
𝑑 389
𝛆𝐬𝟐 = 𝟐. 𝟔‰ readed from General design chart (C12/15-
C50/60)
𝛆𝐬𝟐 = 𝟐. 𝟔‰ > 𝜺𝒚𝒅 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟒‰

Design Examples
𝛆𝐬𝟐 = 𝟐. 𝟔‰ > 𝟐. 0‰
1 𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 − 𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑨𝒔𝟐 =
1 146.28 − 126.442 ∗ 106

= = 𝟏𝟕𝟎. 𝟑𝟖𝟕𝒎𝒎𝟐
347.83 − 11.33 389 − 43

Design Examples
𝐴𝑠2 𝟏𝟕𝟎. 𝟑𝟖𝟕

𝑁0 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟, 𝑁 = = 2 = 0.542
𝑎𝑠 𝜋 20
4
c) Span BC (Positive moment)
 Span BC is selected of all the three positive bending

moments as its higher in values.

Design Examples
𝑀𝑠𝑑 91.66 ∗ 106
𝜇𝑠𝑑 = = = 0.195 < 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.295
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2 11.33 ∗ 250 ∗ 4072
→ 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒊𝒏𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑍
𝐾𝑧 = = 0.89 from Table 2.2 Design table for C12/15-C50/60
𝑑
𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 91.66 ∗ 106

𝑨𝒔𝟏 = = = 𝟕𝟐𝟕. 𝟓𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝑍𝑓𝑦𝑑 0.89 ∗ 407 ∗ 347.83
𝐴𝑠1 𝟕𝟐𝟕. 𝟓
𝑁0 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟, 𝑁 = = 2 = 2.3
𝑎𝑠 𝜋 20
4

Design Examples
d) Span BC (Negative moment)
𝑀𝑠𝑑 38.84 ∗ 106

𝜇𝑠𝑑 = = = 0.08278 < 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.295
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2 11.33 ∗ 250 ∗ 4072
𝑍
𝐾𝑧 = 𝑑 = 0.956 from Table 2.2 Design table for C12/15-C50/60
𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 38.84 ∗ 106

𝑨𝒔𝟏 = = = 𝟐𝟖𝟔. 𝟗𝟖𝟓𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝑍𝑓𝑦𝑑 0.956 ∗ 407 ∗ 347.83
𝐴𝑠1 𝟐𝟖𝟔. 𝟗𝟖𝟓

𝑁0 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟, 𝑁 = = = 0.913
𝑎𝑠 𝜋 20 2
4

Design Examples
Step4: Detailing

Design Examples
b) With 20% moment redistribution
Case1: When the whole section is loaded

Design Examples
Case2: Alternate span loading (maximum span moment at AB
and CD)

Design Examples
Case3: alternate span loading (maximum span moment at BC)

Design Examples
Case4: Two adjacent spans loading (maximum support
moment at B or C)

Design Examples
Moment envelop: (superimposing the above four cases for the
respective maximum moment)

Design Examples
Step3: Design the beam section according to the procedures
discussed in RC-I using the either the design chart or design
table
a) Span AB and/or CD (Positive moment)

𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 156.768𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑀𝑠𝑑 156.768 ∗ 106

𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 2
= 2
= 0.334 > 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 11.33 ∗ 250 ∗ 407

Design Examples
𝑍
𝑑
= 0.295 ∗ 11.33 ∗ 250 ∗ 4072 ∗ 10−6 = 138.414𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑍 = 𝐾𝑧,𝑙𝑖𝑚 ∗ 𝑑 = 0.814 ∗ 407 = 331.298𝑚𝑚

𝑨𝒔𝟏 = +
138.414∗106 156.768−138.414 ∗106

= + = 𝟏𝟑𝟒𝟔. 𝟏𝟎𝟔𝒎𝒎𝟐
331.298∗347.83 347.83 407−43

Design Examples
𝐴𝑠1 𝟏𝟒𝟕𝟒. 𝟐𝟖
𝑁0 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟, 𝑁 = = 2 = 4.284
𝑎𝑠 𝜋 20
4

row.

gaps equal to 25 mm

Design Examples
20𝑛 + 45 + 25 𝑛 − 2 = 250 − 2 ∗ 25 − 2 ∗ 8
20𝑛 + 45 + 25𝑛 − 50 = 184
𝑛 = 4.2
∴Revise d.

Design Examples
Revise the effective depth for the reinforcement arrangement
𝑛1 𝑑1 + 𝑛2 𝑑2 3 ∗ 43 + 2 ∗ 88
𝑑′ = = = 61𝑚𝑚
𝑁 5
So 𝑑 = 𝐷 − 𝑑 ′ = 450 − 61 = 𝟑𝟖𝟗𝐦𝐦
𝑀𝑠𝑑 156.768 ∗ 106

𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 2
= 2
= 0. 366 > 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 11.33 ∗ 250 ∗ 389

Design Examples
𝑍
𝑑
𝑍 = 𝐾𝑧,𝑙𝑖𝑚 ∗ 𝑑 = 0.814 ∗ 389 = 316.646𝑚𝑚
= 0.295 ∗ 11.33 ∗ 250 ∗ 3892 ∗ 10−6 = 126.48𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑠𝑢𝑝 − 𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑙𝑖𝑚

𝑨𝒔𝟏 = +
𝑍𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑑 − 𝑑2
126.48∗106 156.768−126.48 ∗106

= + = 𝟏𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎𝟐
316.646∗347.83 347.83 389−43

Design Examples
𝐴𝑠1 𝟏𝟒𝟎𝟎
𝑁0 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟, 𝑁 = = 2 = 4.456
𝑎𝑠 𝜋 20
4

row.

gaps equal to 25 mm

Design Examples
𝑑2 43
= = 0.1
𝑑 389
C50/60)

Design Examples
𝛆𝐬𝟐 = 𝟐. 𝟔‰ > 𝜺𝒚𝒅 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟒‰

𝛆𝐬𝟐 = 𝟐. 𝟔‰ > 𝟐. 0‰
1 𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑠 − 𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑨𝒔𝟐 =
1 156.768 − 126.48 ∗ 106

= = 𝟐𝟔𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝒎𝒎𝟐
347.83 − 11.33 389 − 43

Design Examples
𝐴𝑠2 𝟐𝟔𝟎. 𝟏𝟒
𝑁0 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟, 𝑁 = = 2 = 0.828
𝑎𝑠 𝜋 20
4
b) Support B and C (Negative moment)

𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑠𝑢𝑝 = 138.392𝑘𝑁𝑚
• Since the design moment is not far in magnitude from the

one discussed in [a], its best if we assume two layers of
reinforcement with 5𝛟20𝑚𝑚 bars.
Design Examples
So 𝑑 = 𝐷 − 𝑑 ′ = 450 − 61 = 𝟑𝟖𝟗𝐦𝐦
𝑀𝑠𝑑 138.392 ∗ 106

𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 2 = 2 = 0.323 > 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.295
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 11.33 ∗ 250 ∗ 389
→ 𝑫𝒐𝒖𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒊𝒏𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑍
𝑑
= 0.295 ∗ 11.33 ∗ 250 ∗ 3892 ∗ 10−6 = 126.442𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑍 = 𝐾𝑧,𝑙𝑖𝑚 ∗ 𝑑 = 0.814 ∗ 389 = 316.646𝑚𝑚

Design Examples
𝑨𝒔𝟏 = +
126.442∗106 138.392−126.442 ∗106

= + = 𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟕. 𝟑𝟏𝟕𝒎𝒎𝟐
316.646∗347.83 347.83 389−43
𝐴𝑠1 𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟕. 𝟑𝟏𝟕

𝑁0 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟, 𝑁 = = 2 = 3.97
𝑎𝑠 𝜋 20
4

Design Examples
𝑑2 43
= = 0.1
𝑑 389
C50/60)
𝛆𝐬𝟐 = 𝟐. 𝟔‰ > 𝜺𝒚𝒅 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟒‰

Design Examples
𝛆𝐬𝟐 = 𝟐. 𝟔‰ > 𝟐. 0‰
1 𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑠𝑢𝑝 − 𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑨𝒔𝟐 =
1 138.392 − 126.442 ∗ 106

= = 𝟏𝟎𝟐. 𝟔𝟒𝒎𝒎𝟐
347.83 − 11.33 389 − 43

Design Examples
𝐴𝑠2 𝟏𝟎𝟐. 𝟔𝟒
𝑁0 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟, 𝑁 = = 2 = 0.327
𝑎𝑠 𝜋 20
4
c) Span BC (Positive moment)
 Span BC is selected of all the three positive bending

moments as its higher in values.

Design Examples
𝑀𝑠𝑑 118.428 ∗ 106
𝜇𝑠𝑑 = = = 0.2524 < 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.295
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2 11.33 ∗ 250 ∗ 4072
𝑍
𝐾𝑧 = = 0.847 from Table 2.2 Design table for C12/15-C50/60
𝑑
𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 118.428 ∗ 106

𝑨𝒔𝟏 = = = 𝟗𝟖𝟕. 𝟔𝟔𝟓𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝑍𝑓𝑦𝑑 0.847 ∗ 407 ∗ 347.83
𝐴𝑠1 𝟗𝟖𝟕. 𝟔𝟔𝟓

𝑁0 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟, 𝑁 = = 2 = 3.144
𝑎𝑠 𝜋 20
4

Design Examples
d) Span BC (Negative moment)
𝑀𝑠𝑑 65.5092 ∗ 106

𝜇𝑠𝑑 = = = 0.14 < 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.295
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2 11.33 ∗ 250 ∗ 4072
𝑍
𝐾𝑧 = 𝑑 = 0.922 from Table 2.2 Design table for C12/15-C50/60
𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 65.5092 ∗ 106

𝑨𝒔𝟏 = = = 𝟓𝟎𝟏. 𝟖𝟗𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝑍𝑓𝑦𝑑 0.922 ∗ 407 ∗ 347.83
𝐴𝑠1 𝟓𝟎𝟏. 𝟖𝟗
𝑁0 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟, 𝑁 = = = 1.6
𝑎𝑠 𝜋 20 2
4

Design Examples
Step4: Detailing


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CEng4209-Reinforced Concrete Structures II

Inelastic Moment Redistribution

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Moment curvature relationship

Non-linear analysis and design of indeterminate

Plastic Hinges and Collapse Mechanisms

The choice of the model effects:

 The analysis of the structure, which is aimed at the

 The calculation of cross section resistance.

There are several possible combinations of methods

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This is related to plastic design of structures.

Full plasticity may be developed within cross-sections,

These have suitable moment rotation characteristics

Because of this, it is economical but unsafe if

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For structures composed of sections which can achieve

The stresses from the elastic analysis are compared

This model is economical and safe.

When the cross section of a structure cannot

This model is safe but un economical.

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The purpose of any analysis is to know how the

Given: the following sets of parameters

 Loading and Structural Layout

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Most reinforced concrete structures are designed

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 Factored loads  The tensile reinforcement is

 Elastic Analysis  Concrete stress distribution

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The methods of analysis provided on ES EN 1992:

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This is the type of analysis being carried out so far.

Based on the theory of elasticity.

Suitable for both SLS and ULS.

Un-cracked cross sections

ii. Mean values of the elastic modulus [E].

• For thermal deformation, settlement and shrinkage

• For the (SLS) gradual evolution of cracking should be

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of 𝟎. 𝟓 ≤ 𝒍𝟏 𝒍𝟐 , redistribution of bending moments

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𝜹 ≥ 𝒌𝟔 where Class A reinforcement is used

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𝜹 is the ratio of the redistributed moment to the elastic

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𝜺𝒄𝒖𝟐 is the ultimate strain according to Table 3.1of ES EN

For the design of columns the elastic moments

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Will be introduced in this chapter of the course.

Suitable for ULS.

When a beam yields in bending, an increase in

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This is generally referred to as limit analysis, when

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It is beyond the scope of the course.