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Effects of forces
Hooke's law-resultant forces

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Force: A force is defined as a push or a pull.
Effects of forces:

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• Force may change the size and the shape of a body.
• It can make an object move or stop a moving object.

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• It can accelerate an object .
• It can decelerate an object.

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Extension-load graphs:
Attach weights to the free end of a spring. As the force increases the

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extension of the spring also increases. For particular values of the force ,

caused by it.
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tabulate your observations. Record the weight attached and the extension

Note: Extension: It is the difference between the original length(unstretched

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length) and new length( stretched length)
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Then plot a graph of force( weight) in N against extension in mm.

Hooke's law: The extension of a spring (x) is directly proportional to the load
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(F) it supports , provided the spring has not crossed its elastic limits.
F∝x. Hence F=k(x) where k= spring constant
Elastic limit:( limit of proportionality):It is the point where the proportionality
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between the force( weight) and the extension stops.[1m]

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The weight is a force that stretches the spring.

Suppose these are the observations of four students on Hooke's law .
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Student A :
• For every 0.5N, the extension is 1cm.
• This indicates original length of the spring for 0N is 6.7-1=5.7cm.
• Spring has not crossed its elastic limit as extension is in proportion to
the force applied.
Student B:

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• For every 0.5N that are added, the extension is 0.8cm
• The spring has crossed its elastic limit when a weight of 2.5N is
attached to it.

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Student C and D:

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• The extensions are in proportion to the weights attached.
• The springs have not crossed their elastic limit

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When a weight is attached to two springs as shown below:

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Note: Each spring experiences half the
load.

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Find the length of each spring ,when
it is loaded with a weight of 2.5N. we
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can make use of the observation table.
1.25N is between 1.0 and 1.5N will
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𝟕𝟕.𝟕𝟕+𝟖𝟖.𝟕𝟕
produce an extension of =8.2N
𝟐𝟐
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Note: Spring constant is the force per unit extension.k=F/x

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You might be required to continue to plot a part of the graph
Example: Suppose point P is the elastic limit, Continue the graph beyond P.

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Solution would be like the one shown below.

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Note:
The graph has to curve upwards as the spring will show a large extension
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•
as it has crossed its elastic limit.
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• Also you know that the spring obeys Hooke's law because the graph is a
straight line graph passing through the origin.
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• Also the shape of the graph beyond P is described as non-linear.

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The following is another representation of the Hooke's law where a graph of
Force( weight) is plotted against the extension.

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Note:
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• Between OQ , Hooke's law is obeyed.

• Between QR , the extension per unit force is reduced.
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• Hooke's law states that F ∝ x. Hence F= k(x) The value of k can be

found out using the graph by diving any y coordinate by its corresponding
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𝟖𝟖
x coordinate between the region OQ. Example: = 𝟒𝟒
𝟐𝟐
• Remember k=spring constant. its value is fixed for a particular spring.
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• Also note that a particular reading may not fall on the graph. This is
due to an experimental error.
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 You may be asked to estimate

Will adding a 45N load

produce an extension of
920mm?
You must know that such

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an estimate will be
unrealistic as the spring
will have crossed its

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elastic limit by then.

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---------------------------------------------------------------
Resultant of forces:
When more than one force acts on an object, we can calculate the combined
effect of all the forces as a single force. This single force is called as the
resultant force.
Two cases of resultant forces acting along the same line:

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• When the resultant force is zero:
 Then the object will remain at rest if it is already at rest.
The object will move at the steady speed and in the same direction if

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
it was already moving.

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• When the resultant force is non-zero:
Example:

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Note: If only two forces would have acted on the engine, then the net
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resultant force would have been 40 000N forwards. But the air resistance is
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also acting on the train such that the net force is zero. hence the air
resistance must be equal to 40 000N backwards .
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[Forward force= backward force]-Ans: A

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APPLICATION BASED QUESTIONS:-MCQ

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--------------------------------------------------------------

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Hint: Add the LHS forces and RHS forces. The resultant would be the
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difference between the greater force and smaller forces and in the direction
of the greater force.
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APPLICATION BASED QUESTIONS:-EXTENDED THEORY:
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O/N/2017-P42

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 NEWTONS SECOND LAW
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Relationship between force, mass and acceleration: F= ma
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Newton's second law states that the " Acceleration of a body is directly
proportional to the applied force and is inversely proportional to its mass."

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F= 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
Hence:
Resultant force(N)= Mass(kg) X acceleration(m/s2)
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Example⟹F=ma

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Newton's second law of motion :

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1.This law pertains to the behavior of objects for which all existing forces are
not balanced.

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2. The second law states that the acceleration of an object is dependent upon

object.
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two variables - the net force acting upon the object and the mass of the

3.The acceleration of an object depends directly upon the net force acting upon
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the object, and inversely upon the mass of the object.
4.As the force acting upon an object is increased, the acceleration of the
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object is increased.
5.As the mass of an object is increased, the acceleration of the object is
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decreased.
6.The equation is written as :Fnet=ma
7.The acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly
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proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the same direction as the net
force, and inversely proportional to the mass of the object.
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EXTENDED THEORY QUESTIONS

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Motion in a circular path due to a perpendicular force
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• Objects may travel at a constant speed in a circular path, but their
velocity changes because their direction changes.
Since the object's velocity is changing , it experiences an acceleration.

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•
This acceleration is called as the centripetal acceleration and is directed
towards the centre of the circular path.
This implies in a circular motion, the acceleration is perpendicular to the

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•
velocity.

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𝒎𝒎𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐
The value of this centripetal force is F= ma=

• When a body moves with a constant speed in a circular path, it will have

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a constant kinetic energy.

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• The force that keeps an object in a circular path is
the tension force in a string( if the object is being whirled
around)
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• Sun's gravitational force keeps the planets orbiting around it in circular

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paths
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• If the string breaks, the object continues to move in

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the direction of velocity and is then later acted upon by

gravity.
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 Note:
The resultant force may change the velocity of an object by changung its direction
of motion or its speed

MOTION IN A CIRCULAR PATH DUE O A FORCE PERPENDICULAR TO THE MOTION

The following is true fo all objects in circular motion:
1.The speed increases if the force increases. with mass and radius constant.
2.The radius decreases if force increases with mass and speed constant
3.An increased mass requires an increased force to keep speed and radius constant.

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---------------------------------------------------------------

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 Note:
The resultant force may change the velocity of an object by changung its direction
of motion or its speed

MOTION IN A CIRCULAR PATH DUE O A FORCE PERPENDICULAR TO THE MOTION

The following is true fo all objects in circular motion:
1.The speed increases if the force increases. with mass and radius constant.
2.The radius decreases if force increases with mass and speed constant
3.An increased mass requires an increased force to keep speed and radius constant.

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SOLID FRICTION:
It is the force between two surfaces that may impede motion and produce heat.

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DRAG:

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This is the friction that acts on an abject moving through the liquid or a gas

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---------------------------------------------------------------
Friction:
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• Friction is a force between two surfaces that impedes motion and causes
heating.

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• Air resistance is a form of friction.
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