Virtualization and Cloud Computing

Unit-2
2 Marks Question
Q.1. What is cloud migration?
Ans: Cloud migration refers to the process of moving an organization's IT resources,
applications, and data from their on-premises infrastructure or existing cloud
environment to a new cloud platform. Cloud migration can involve moving
applications, data, and infrastructure, as well as modifying applications to take
advantage of cloud-native features.
Q.2. What is cloud middleware?
Ans: Cloud middleware is a type of software that provides a bridge between
different applications or services in a cloud environment. It enables communication
and coordination between applications, databases, and other software
components, making it easier to develop, deploy, and manage applications in a
cloud environment.
Q.3. Explain components in cloud middleware?
Ans:
• Middleware management console
This console provides an overview of events and activities, transactions,
configuration management, and contract rules.
• Platform interface
Middleware needs to work across multiple platforms, irrespective of where
it resides. This is the interface that is in direct contact with the backend
servers.
• Common messaging framework
Middleware requires messaging services to communicate with services,
applications, and platforms. Most of these frameworks rely on existing
standards such as simple object access protocol (SOAP), representational
state transfer (REST), or Javascript object notation (JSON).
Q.4. Explain the need of cloud middleware.
Ans: Cloud middleware is needed to enable communication and coordination
between different applications and services in a cloud environment. It provides a
bridge between the various software components in the cloud, allowing them to
work together seamlessly.
Q.5. Explain Cloud Interoperability?
Ans: Cloud interoperability. This term refers to the ability of two or more systems
or applications to exchange information and to use the information that has been
exchanged together.
10 Marks Question
Q.1. Explain types of cloud deployment?
Ans:
Cloud computing can be deployed in different ways based on the organization's
needs. The four primary types of cloud deployment are:
• Public Cloud: A public cloud is a cloud environment where computing
resources like servers, storage, and applications are provided over the
 internet by a third-party cloud provider. Multiple users share these
resources, which can be accessed over a public network. Public clouds offer
scalability, flexibility, and cost savings, but organizations may have less
control and security over their data.
• Private Cloud: A private cloud is a cloud environment that is exclusively used
by a single organization. It can be located on-premises or in a data center and
is accessed over a private network. Private clouds offer greater control,
security, and customization but require more IT resources and may be less
scalable.
• Hybrid Cloud: A hybrid cloud is a combination of public and private clouds,
in which computing resources are shared between the two environments.
Organizations can use a hybrid cloud to take advantage of the scalability and
cost savings of the public cloud while maintaining control and security over
their sensitive data in the private cloud. Hybrid clouds require integration
between the two environments and may be more complex to manage.
• Community Cloud: A community cloud is a cloud environment where
computing resources are shared by several organizations with similar
interests, such as regulatory compliance or security requirements. A
community cloud may be hosted by a third-party cloud provider or internally
by the organizations themselves.
Q.2. Explain different service models of cloud.
Ans:
Cloud computing service models refer to the different types of services that are
offered by cloud providers. The three primary cloud service models are:

• Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): IaaS provides users with virtualized

computing resources, including servers, storage, and networking, over the
internet. Users can manage their own operating systems, applications, and
data, while the cloud provider is responsible for maintaining the underlying
infrastructure. IaaS allows users to scale up or down their computing
resources as needed and pay only for what they use.
 • Platform as a Service (PaaS): PaaS provides users with a complete platform
to develop, run, and manage applications without the need to manage the
underlying infrastructure. The cloud provider offers a range of development
tools, middleware, databases, and other services required to build and
deploy applications. PaaS allows developers to focus on their applications
rather than worrying about the underlying infrastructure.

• Software as a Service (SaaS): SaaS provides users with access to software

applications over the internet. The cloud provider hosts and manages the
application and its underlying infrastructure, and users can access the
application using a web browser or other client software. SaaS offers users
the flexibility to access applications from anywhere with an internet
connection, without the need to install or manage the application locally.

Q.3. Explain features of cloud computing.

Ans:
Certain features of a cloud are essential to enable services that truly represent the
cloud computing model and satisfy expectations of consumers, and cloud offerings
must be
(i) self-service
(ii) per-usage metered and billed
(iii) elastic
(iv) customizable.
Q.4. Explain Cloud Infrastructure Management and its features.
Ans:
A key challenge IaaS providers face when building a cloud infrastructure is
managing physical and virtual resources, namely servers, storage, and networks.
Features are listed below:
 • Virtualization Support-The multi-tenancy aspect of clouds requires multiple
customers with disparate requirements to be served by a single hardware
infrastructure. Virtualized resources (CPUs, memory, etc.) can be sized and
resized with certain flexibility.
• Self-Service, On-Demand Resource Provisioning-Self-service access to
resources has been perceived as one the most attractive features of clouds.
• Multiple Backend Hypervisors- Different virtualization models and tools offer
different benefits, drawbacks, and limitations. Thus, some virtual
infrsatructure managers provide a uniform management layer.
• Storage Virtualization- Virtualizing storage means abstracting logical storage
from physical storage. By consolidating all available storage devices in a data
center
• Multiple Backend Hypervisors- Different virtualization models and tools offer
different benefits, drawbacks, and limitations. Thus, some virtual
infrsatructure managers provide a uniform management layer.
• Storage Virtualization- Virtualizing storage means abstracting logical storage
from physical storage. By consolidating all available storage devices in a data
center
Q.5. Explain characteristics of Cloud Computing?
Ans:
• On-demand self-services:
The Cloud computing services does not require any human administrators,
user themselves are able to provision, monitor and manage computing
resources as needed.
• Broad network access:
The Computing services are generally provided over standard networks and
heterogeneous devices.
• Rapid elasticity:
The Computing services should have IT resources that are able to scale out
and in quickly and on as needed basis. Whenever the user require services
it is provided to him and it is scale out as soon as its requirement gets over.
• Resource pooling:
The IT resource (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services)
 present are shared across multiple applications and occupant in an
uncommitted manner.
• Measured service:
The resource utilization is tracked for each application and occupant, it will
provide both the user and the resource provider with an account of what
has been used. This is done for various reasons like monitoring billing and
effective use of resource.
Q.6. Explain seven step model of cloud migration?
Ans:
The 7-step model of cloud migration is a framework that outlines the process
of migrating an organization's IT resources, applications, and data to a new
cloud platform. The steps involved in this model are as follows:

1. Assess: The first step in the process is to assess the organization's current IT
environment and identify which applications and data are suitable for
migration to the cloud. This involves analyzing the applications and their
dependencies, assessing the performance requirements, and identifying
any security or compliance concerns.

2. Plan: Once the assessment is complete, the next step is to develop a

comprehensive migration plan. This involves determining the migration
strategy, selecting the appropriate cloud services, and identifying the
resources and skills required for the migration.

3. Design: The third step is to design the cloud architecture, which involves
determining the optimal configuration for the cloud environment, including
the selection of cloud services, network design, and security requirements.

4. Migrate: The fourth step is to execute the migration plan. This involves
moving the applications and data to the new cloud environment using the
 selected migration approach, such as lift-and-shift, re-platforming, or
rebuilding applications in the cloud.

5. Validate: The fifth step is to validate the migrated applications and data to
ensure that they are functioning correctly in the new cloud environment.
This involves testing the applications and data to ensure that they meet the
performance, security, and compliance requirements.

6. Optimize: Once the migrated applications and data have been validated,
the next step is to optimize the performance and cost of the cloud
environment. This involves monitoring the environment, identifying areas
for optimization, and implementing changes to improve performance and
reduce costs.

7. Govern: The final step is to govern the cloud environment. This involves
establishing policies and procedures for managing the cloud environment,
including monitoring, security, and compliance requirements, to ensure
that the environment continues to meet the organization's needs over
time.

Q.7. Explain quality of service issues in cloud computing.

Quality of service (QoS) is an important issue in cloud computing, as it affects the
performance and reliability of cloud-based applications and services. Here are
some of the key QoS issues that can arise in a cloud computing environment:

• Performance: Cloud computing services are often shared among multiple

users, which can result in variable performance depending on the level of
demand. To ensure consistent performance, cloud providers must monitor
resource usage and allocate resources fairly among users.
• Availability: Cloud services must be available and accessible at all times, or
else users may experience downtime or service disruptions. Cloud
providers must ensure that their infrastructure is designed to handle high
levels of traffic and can withstand hardware failures or other issues.

• Security: Cloud services must be secure to prevent unauthorized access,

data breaches, and other security threats. Cloud providers must implement
robust security measures and regularly update their security protocols to
keep pace with evolving threats.

• Compliance: Cloud providers must comply with various legal and regulatory
requirements related to data protection, privacy, and other issues.
Providers must ensure that their services meet these requirements and
provide customers with tools and resources to help them comply as well.

• Service-level agreements (SLAs): SLAs are contracts between cloud

providers and customers that define the expected QoS levels for cloud
services. Providers must ensure that they meet these commitments and
provide customers with compensation or other remedies if they fail to do
so.