@ Key terms Term = _ Definition o a Genericfile type __ File types that can be opened in appropriate software on most platforms. Back-up _.___ Copy of a file made in tase the original data is corrupted or lost. Archive : The storage of information for a long period of time. Data is likely to be compressed, File compression “A technique for reducing the storage space occupied by a large file. Scanned with CamScanner®@ Generic file types Common generic text file formats: Extension —_| Name Notes / sv ‘Comma It takes data in the form of tables (that could be used witha - Separated spreadsheet or database) and saves it as text, with no formatting, Values separating data items with commas. chet TexT A text file that is not formatted and can be opened in any word . processor. rtf Rich Text This is a text file type that saves a limited amount of formatting with Format the text. Common generic image Tile formats: Extension | Name Notes : gif Graphics interchange _ Stores still or moving images and is widely used in web pages. Format pg Joint Photographic | Stores still mages and is widely used in web pages. or Expert Group : flea a pdf - Portable Document | A document which has been converted into an image format. It Format. allows documents to be seen as an image so they can be read ‘on most computers. The pages look like a printed document but can contain hyperlinks, buttons, video; audio, and so on. Can be protected from editing. “png Portable Network ‘Was created to replace Graphics Interchange Format and is now : Graphics the most used lossless image compression format used on the internet. Moving Pictures A’jniiltimedia container used for storing video files, still images, MPA +! rerts group layer 4 | audio files, subtitles, and so on. itis often used to transfer video — i files on the internet. a Common generic audio file format: jon [Name_“<__|Notes | Extensor —poviig Pictures | A compressed fle format with high quality yet relatively small le mp3 experts group sizes, which makes it suitable for use on the internet. layer 3 L a SS a Scanned with CamScannerCommon generic website authoring file formats: Extension _| Name Notes os Cascading Style | Thisis a stylesheet which is attached to one or more web pages to Sheet define the formatting of the page. : htm HyperText.'; This is a text-based language used to create markup that a web or Markup, browser will use to display information in a web page. ~ -htmi Language 7 Common generic compressed file formats: < Extension | Name Notes war Roshal This is a container which can hold several files, each with different file types, ‘ARchive _| in a compressed format. itis used to reduce the number of bytes needed to save a file, either to save storage space or to reduce transmission time. This | was designed for the Microsoft Windows operating system. This is a container which can hold several files, each with different file types, _/\ in a compressed format. It is used to reduce the number of bytes needed to _| save a file, either to save Storage space or to reduce transmission time. zip Zip file Scanned with CamScanner@ Key terms Term Definition Resize Change the physical size of an image. Text wrap Change the properties of an image to force text to flow around, over or behind it. Cropping Remove part of an image by cutting one or more edges from it to create an image with a different size, Rotation Turn an image (usually either clockwise or anticlockwise (counter-clockwise) through a specified number of degrees). a Reflection Flip ah image (usually either horizontally or vertically). ‘Colour depth The number of bits used to represent each colour within a single pixel-- ‘Aspect ratio 7 ~The ratio of the width to the height of an image. Scanned with CamScannerWrapping text around an image You are able to surround (wrap) an image with text. There are a number of different types of text wrapping, which are detailed as follows: Icon Name Notes a Inline with text | Image becomes an in-line graphic and is treated as a text character nm within the line of text. t will move if new text is inserted or deleted Square Text flows around a rectangular placeholder. =— e 3 L 4 ———— |Top and bottom | Text flows above and below the image but not alongside it. __| Tight ‘Text flows all around the image, but not inside if it contains white a space. Through Text flows all around and inside the image if it contains white ~~ space. 3 L ; z rrr al Behind Image is placed behind the text, which is ideal for watermarks in zee documents. — =— i in front of In front Image is placed-in front of the text. == — — Scanned with CamScannerAdjust the colour depth of an image The colour depth is the number of bits used to store the colour code for each pixel. There are three components (called channels) to each pixel. These are red, green and blue. The colour depth is the number of bits per channel x3. The higher the-colour depth the more colours can be displayed in the image. Adjust the resolution of an image The image resolution is the number of pixels per inch (or for printed documents the number of dots per inch). These are set within your graphics package. If images are low resolution (have a small number of pixels per inch) they have a smaller file size and, therefore, transfer faster than a high-resolution image which has a larger file size. Brightness and contrast of an image ‘ , : ee latre brightness of an image, as well as its contrast (that is, the difference between an image’s darkest and lightest areas) can both be adjusted. Scanned with CamScanner@ Key terms Term Header Footer The area at the top of a document between the top of the page and the top margin. The area at the bottom of a document between the bottom of the page and the bottom margin. Scanned with CamScanner@® Headers and footers Headers and footers are the areas at the top and bottom of every page in a document and are often used to display information like the author’s name, the date of creation and the name of the document. Because headers and footers are often common to all pages, data only has to be entered once. This saves time and reduces the chance of data entry errors. Scanned with CamScannerbooklets are being Produced, facing pages may contain different information, using different settings for the left and right pages. Automated fields Automated fields can be placed in many types of document and are most commonly used to place items in the header or footer. This includes items like page numberingan automated flename and file path, today’s date, and so on. Other automated fields can be placed elsewhere in documents. Scanned with CamScanner@ Key terms Term Definition a a Body text The basic style of text within a document, usually used for all of the - Ascender The part of a lowercase letter (b, d, f, h, k, | or t) that extends above the bod {cama of the letters. » text Descender The part of a lowercase letter (9, jp, q ory) that falls below the a baseline of the letters. my OUT. ‘Serif A font style where the ends of characters contain small strokes called serifs, for exami 5 TimesNewRoman, : : Sans serif ‘font style where the ends of characters do not contain small strokes called serifs, for a __example, Arial. Scanned with CamScanner@® Corporate house style This is branding that makes a company recognisable. This can be used on something belonging to or sent from that company. House style often includes a logo, colour schemes, font styles and other features, and will be consistently applied to anything produced by the company. House style can be used on letter heads, websites, vehicles, posters, presentations, television advertising and other media. As well as ensuring a uniform and professional look across a company’s documents and media, a house style also helps give a company an identity, and can help with brand reCognition. If styles are specified in the examination you must apply them using the pre-defined styles especially in the document production, presentation authoring and website authoring questions. 3 Scanned with CamScanner@ Key terms Term Definition ae aataaad - Spell check A process where the software identifies words which are not held within its dictionary. _ ee a A process where the software identifies language which does not follow the Grammar check, accepted or expected rules.. Widow Orphan A last line of a paragraph that appears at the top of a page/column, with the rest of the paragraph on the previous page/column, The first line of a paragraph that appears at the bottom of the page/column, with the rest of the paragraph on the next page/column. Scanned with CamScannerToren techniques Careful ‘proofing’ in printing means to make sure that the work is accurate. is ly check all spelling, punctuation, grammar and page layout. Page yout should include: © Applying styles \ © Margin settings e Images placed with correct dimensions and no distortion @ Text wrap around images and other objects @ Objects fitting within the boundaries of a page/column/slide and not overlapping @ No lists or tables split over two columns/pages/slides e No blank pages or slides e No widows or orphans. Scanned with CamScannerVerification This is a way to check whether data entered or transmitted matches the original data. There are two common ways to carry out verification: e Double entry: data is entered twice and it is then compared either after data entry or during data entry; this can be done by another human or, more commonly, by the computer (this method is often used when entering passwords or email addresses). e Visual check: the person entering data compares it with the original document (for example, compares what is on the screen with the original printed document); this is ot the same as proof reading! Validation This is the process where data is checked to see if it satisfies certain criteria when being input. Examples of validation include: Range check: this checks whether or not data lies between two end values. Look up check: this checks whether entered data exists in a stored table of data. e Length check: this checks whether the entered data has the correct number of characters. e Character/type check: this checks data is of the correct type, for example, text, numeric, and so on. ne e Format/picture check: this checks data is in correct format, for example, dd/mm, g 5 oye ee data is present in the field; it can’t be left empty. e Consistency check: this checks to see if data entered corresponds with another field, for example, if somebody types in “Mr” in the Title field, they also type in ‘M? in the Sex field or an error will be flagged. must digit added to a number which is generated by an igit: an extra whi e ee afer transmission the same extra digit is recalculated to see if it gorithm; matches the one sent. Scanned with CamScanner-@ Key terms” Term . Definition 7 Data that is placed together and can be selected in a single range. Contiguous data Non-contiguous data Data that is not placed together (often in a spreadsheet) and carinot be selected using a single range. X-axis The horizontal axis (for a system of co-ordinates). Y-axis The vertical axis (for a systen of co-ordinates). Category axis ‘A name given fo the chart axisin Microsoft Office that represents the category — for each data point. It displays text values. Value axis ‘Aname given to the chart axis in Microsoft Office that displays numerical values. Legend ‘A box that identifies the patterns or colours that show different data series in a-chart. Scanned with CamScannerHeim a nah Comparten offal nd umpire Town A - Chart ttle i # | Pala. labels labe| if tite 2° 3 hice eee § USS SE EERE er t condary value axis title, v7, ws . ESPACE LGecondary value axis: label one Category aris. labe| & 3 Ca vegord ae Key ARI paitalinitmeres Town A Be ee pcre ages CesusTom a €— legend 07 200 rainfall in mili 150: 100: Pri Valite deo" s Scanned with CamScanner® Page, section and column breaks A page break forces the text on to the start of a new page, leaving white space at the end of the previous page. A column break forces the text into the top of the next available column, which may be on the same page or may be on the next page. A section break can be used to split areas of a document with different layouts} it can force a page break (if selected) or be continuous, which allows diffétent layouts on the same page (for example, a title across the whole page width when the text is placed in three columns). Text alignment Text can be aligned in four basic ways: Left aligned — it is aligned with a straight left margin and a ragged right margin. e Centre aligned — it is aligned to the centre of the page and has ragged left and right margins. ‘ Right aligned — it is aligned with a straight right margin anda ragged left margin. e Fully justified — it is aligned with straight left and right margins. Use these icons in the Paragraph section of the Home tab after highlighting the text: Left aligned Centre aligned Right aligned Fully justified Line spacing Line spacing is used layouts in spacing and double of the Home tab. usually set as part of a pre-defined style. The most commonly the practical examinations are single line spacing, 1.5 line line spacing. Use the (des icon in the Paragraph section Scanned with CamScanner@ Key terms Term Definition = Gutter The part of a document, usually white space outside the page margin, where the document will be bound together. . Widow The last line of text of a paragraph that appears at the top of a page, with the rest of the paragraph on the previous page. Orphan The first line of text of a paragraph that appears at the bottom of the page, with ; the rest of the paragraph appearing on the next page. : Indented paragraph The first line of a paragraph is indented from a margin and all other lines are. : ¢ aligned to the margin. ~ = Hanging paragraph The first line of a paragraph is aligned to a margin and all other lines are indented (left hanging from the first line) ~ Scanned with CamScanner@ Key terms _ Term Definition _ Field AA place used to hold a single data item in a database Record ‘A collection of fields containing information about one data subject (usually a person) in a database. = : File A lagically organised collection of records "Os ‘Usually where all the records are organised sorthat trey can be stored together in a database. Table ‘A two-dimensional grid of data organised by rows and columns within a database. Each row of the table Contains a record: Each column in the table represents a field and each cel in that column has the same (pre-defined) data type. Flat-file database A database structure using a simple two-dimensional table. Relational database A database structure where data items are linked together using relational tablles. ~~ > It maintains a set of separate, related files (tables), but combines data elements from the files for queries and reports when required. A single field within a relational database table that contains unique data (no two Primary key field” records within this field can contain.the same data). A primary key field-cannot aS contain a blank record. Foreign key field A field in one database table that provides a link/creates a relationship to a primary key field in another database table. a Query ‘A request for information from a database. Report (generic) A document that provides information. Report (Microsoft Access) _The formatted and organised presentation of data from a database. A form used for collecting data for input toa system, which can be hard copy or Data capture form had + sewenebased. ‘A screen-based form used to input data into a system. Data entry form Scanned with CamScannerAdvantages of relational databases Less data entry / data is stored only once / avoids duplication of data Less inconsistency of data Easier to edit data / records Easier to edit data / record format Easier to add / delete data/ records More complex queries can be carrled out Belter security More ability to cater for future requirements / expansion Disadvantages of relational databases More complex than a flat fila database as more tables are required Takes more time to set up More of a reduction in performance if many tables are needed Slower extraction of meaning from data Less robust due to broken keys and records / each table requires a key field and relationships to other tables More developer expertise / personnel to run the database: More expensive to create a relational database More processing power needed for complex queries. Advantages of flat file databases All records are stored in one place Easier tc understand / use Sorting is simpler Filtering is simpler Can be used with a spreadsheet / single table DBMS Scanned with CamScannerDisadvantages of a flat file database Data is more likely to be duplicated / difficult to stop duplication Records can be duplicated and the flat fila will not stop this Harder to update Every record in the database has to have the same fields, even though many are not used Harder to change data format Harder te produce complex queries Almost no security Scanned with CamScannerDatabase structures ‘A database is a program used to store data in a structured way. A database includes both the data itself, and the links between the data items. All databases store data using fields, records and files. Fields Each is a single item of data and has a fieldname, which is used to identify it within the database. Each field contains one type of data, for example, numbers, text, or a date. ‘All field names should be short, meaningful and contain no spaces. : Records Each record is a collection of fields, for example, all the information about one person or one item. ‘These may contain different data types. Files Each file is an organised collection of records stored together. A file can have one or more tables within it. Scanned with CamScannerData types There are three main data typés. These are: Alphanumeric This is-used-to store text and numbers not used for calétilations. In Microsoft Access this is called a ‘text’ field, or in later versions either ‘short text’ or ‘long text’. Numeric This is used to store numbers. In Microsoft Access this is usually called a ‘number’ field and has several'sub-types, such as: . e Integer - which stores whole numbers. In Microsoft Access it is better to use the ‘long integer’ sub-type. . i e Decimal — which stores decimal numbers. “ Currency ‘which displays local'currency formatting. In Microsoft Access this js called a currency data type; although it is technically a sub-type. ~ e Date and Time — in Microsoft Accéss this displays-the date in a.recognised __ date format but stores the date and/or time as a number ~~ olean This is used to store data as-0 or —1 to represent Yes/No, True/ Boo “qficrosoft Access this is called a ‘Yes/No’ field. mm False. 10 ‘ese three main data types, Microsoft Access also includes an 1 data field, om E ‘ art i fiéld. This is an automatically generated uniqu ‘gutonum! a used to index and organise data. Scanned with CamScanner@ Key terms Term Aspect ratio The relationship between the width and height of an object. In the case of a _presentation the width and height ofthe display, often either 4:3 or 16:9. Scanned with CamScannerMaster slides A master slide allows you to design/change the layout of all slides with one» action. It holds information on colours, fonts, effects and the positioning of objects on the slides. Adding or changing master slide elements means that you do not have to change every slide individually. . To change all slides in Microsoft PowerPoint always change the settings in the primary (top) master slide. This one overrides the slide masters for the other slide types which are found below the primary master slide. Presentation slides Check carefillly as-you place objects on each slide that no object touches or overlaps the objects placed on the master slide (unless instructed to dé so by the question paper).' Make sure that the objects are clearly visible and that the text has good contrast with the colours in the background/theme you have selected. Different types of slide layout will allow you to place text, images, lines, shapes, graphs and charts, video and audio clips on the slide. Select carefully the type of slide that you require each time you insert a new slide. Audience notes _ Ifa presentation is being used to teach or lecture to an audience, it is common for audience notes to be used. These are paper copies of the slides of a presentation that are given to the audience, so they can add their own notes and take them away from the’ presentation. If you are required to print audience notes in PowerPoint, seleet the appropriate option from the ‘Handout’ section, _Presenter notes / nter notes are also used when teaching or lecturing to an audience. Prese! Presenter notes are a copy of the presentation’s slides with prompts and /or key facts that need to be told to the audience by the person delivering the presentation. Presenter notes are added in the Notes area of the Presentation, just below the slides. If you are required to print presenter notes in 7. PowerPoint, selecting ‘Notes Pages’ is often the most appropriate. Scanned with CamScannerTransitions Transitions between slides are the methods used to introduce/move to a new slide. This can be simply replacing the existing slide with a new slide or using a number of different features to change from one to another. Transitions can be timed to run automatically (for example, in a looped on-screen carousel) or set to be manually selected by clicking the mouse (a controlled presentation). For the practical examinations, always use the same transition throughout the presentation (unless told otherwise in the question paper). Use screen shots to show the examiner that you have used transitions, by selecting the Slide Sorter view, then the Transitions tab. Animations An animation effect is the effect used to introduce an object within the slide. Animations can be timed or manually selected by clicking the mouse. For the practical examinations, always use the same animation throughout the presentation (unless told otherwise in the question Paper). Use screen shots of the Animation Pane to show the examiner your animations. = Scanned with CamScanner@ Key terms Term Definition & a — Cell A single square/box within a spreadsheet, into which only a single entry can be plaved. 2°70 = es — “Row All the cells in one horizontal line in a spreadsheet. 7 _ Column. All the cells in one vertical ine in a spreadsheet. _ Sheet All the cells in one two-dimensional grid within a spreadsheet workbook. Label Text placed in a spreadsheet cell, often denoting a heading or name associated with avalue. Value ‘A number placed in a spreadsheet cell. _ Formula A set of instructions/calculation placed in a spreadsheet cell. The result of the - calculation is usually displayed in the cell. A formufa can include cell references, numbers, mathematical symbols and, in’some cases, pre-defined functions... Function Is a pre-set formula with a name (which is a reserved word) placed in a spreadsheet cell. z ate ‘Absolute reference Is a cell reference within a formula that will not change when a cell is replicated. — To set this, a’$ symbol is placed before the part of the cell reference that must not. Zz changes" Scanned with CamScannerRelative reference ‘Names cell Named range Nested functions ‘A group or block of cells in a Spreadsheet that have been sel a cell is replicated ed or highlight 5 ference ‘user than its usual ¢ “Given a single name ‘mulae rather than A cell that is given a more meanil ‘A group or block 0} na spreadsheet that have been give! by the user, This allows the user to enter this name in : their for remembering-the cell references for the cells in this range (One spreadsheet function is used within another function in @ yy changing one or Spreadsheet model.____A spreadsheet that is used to investigate different outcomes more variables within it. —— _ Normal data Data used to testa system, Data that is within an acceptable range and i usual fc ~ the situation. i _ Abnormal data Data used to test a system, Data that is of the wrong type (for example, text whe should be numeric) or is outside the accepted range. _ Extreme data Data used to test asystem. Where data must be within a certain range, extreme a is the data on either boundary of the range. ——~ Scanned with CamScannerA formula Is a statement written by the user to be calculated. An equation A formula can contain values/references to cells/defined names. Examples =A1+B1 etc. A function is a piece of code designed to return specific values. Pass parameters/variables to functions Function has a pre-defined names in the software/reserved werd. They are used Inside formulas. A bullt in operation Examples SUM(VAVERAGE()! NOW() etc. Scanned with CamScannerWhen you want to apply different formatting in the same page without disrupting the formatting of the whole page. ‘When you want to use columns in a page, and have different amounts of columns on the same page. When you want to use a heading across the whole page but the text below is in several columns. ‘When you don't want headers on pages with a title, but you do want them on ather pages. Ifyou didn't have them, each page would have the same header. To enable page orientation to change between 2 pages. (4) Scanned with CamScannerrc tion and are ad ted wet gig one topic oF 09075 ‘A collection of interrelated web pages that relat i ually ible via the internet. jd 4 Zs mtermet (0 define the Content layer ‘One of the three layers in web page development. The content layer oe, the pages en Using tables of frames, and the content OF A ritiay structure of the web page, oft including text or images and hyperlinks to other pages. The content layer ee in HTML or XHTML, a6 resentation layer One of the three layers in web page development, The presentation layer © * define how a web page will Took ° the Manet It provides the colour schemes, themes SS and styles seen when a web page is displayed and is usually written in css. _——_—__—_ Behaviour layer One of the three layers in web page development. The behaviour layer is used to doan action’ (rather than just display or link to other pages) and often uses script languages embedded into the HTML. There are many different script languages but ‘the most, ‘common for web development are JavaScript PHP, Perl and CGI. an so that web ig HyperText Markup Language: a text-based language used to create markup, browser software will be able to display information in different ways. _ css ‘Cascading StyleSheet: a language used for the presentation layer in web development._ z! This language is used to define how elements of a web page appear in the web browser. CSS elements can be embedded within HTML or attached to a web-page as 2 cascading stylesheet. Text editor Software that allows you to type and edit plain text. It contains few or no features that allow formatting of documents. WYSIWYG What You See Is What You Get: in terms of website authoring, relates to packages that Create or edit HTML markup using a graphics interface. For example, you may enlarge or -- reduce the size of an image on a web page by using the drag handles. The WYSIWYG _ package will edit the HTML markup so that this change will appear whenever the Plage is opened. 2 _ 7 . ‘A command used in HTML to instruct a web browser how to display text, images or other objects. The tags aré‘not displayed on the web page. Some tags are used with attributes. The section of in a web page that contains page titles (visible in the b ab page), styles (for example, the links to external stylesheets), and the meta . but not on. ~ data (for example, the tags used by search engines). ody The section of HTMLn a web page that contains the contents (for example, text, image: " and the tags describing the content, hyperlinks and structure (for example, tables used t lay out the page) of a web page. “A list within a web page. thatiis ordered and has numbers or letters for each list item. rdered list. Scanned with CamScannerUnordered list A list within a web pace u " Sfor each ist a eb page that isin no specific order and has bullet points for each lst Hyperlink ~~ Areference within an electroni pace P : accent oro ans Goan pease on nee Pn ; s _ system, including the word wide web. ns \'* oundation of ay hypenest Embedded styles Styles (created in CSS) that are inserted it and saved withi i - neo within the body section of the HTML of ‘Attached ‘A document containing style definitions that is attached to a web ing i / age using the link ta¢ F stylesheet ___-_in the head section. The styles from this stylesheet are used to display the web page Defines the different amounts of red, green and blue (which are the primary colours of RGB ____ light) that are sent to the display to change the colour of each pivel. “Bandwidth This is a reference to the range of frequencies a communication channel can handle. The _ bigger the bandwidth the more data can be sent and received at the same time. The amount of data that can be communicated also relies upon the transfer rate. This is often used to describe internet connection, with the term ‘broadband’ meaning it has more than 3KHz (although in real terms at least 300MHz is needed in current systems), Domain name This is the name given to the place we can find a particular website on the internet. FIP . File Transfer Protocol allows a copy of data to be sent from one computer to another. It controls the data and sends it in blocks, checking each block as it arrives for errors. Scanned with CamScanner21.2.26 The head section At the start of the chapter we stated there are two parts to every web page, the head section and the body section. The head section is a container for all the head elements, such as titles, stylesheets and metadata. The word metadata means data about other data. The head section is always placed between the tag and tag. The metadata about the HTML document is not displayed in the browser. We will study some of the tags used for the metadata later in this chapter - these are called metatags. 21.2.27 Insert a page title This is added to the web page to define the title for the page. You have already added this to all of the web pages you have worked on so far, but have not explained what it does. It can contain only text and is displayed in the web page tab or the browser's title bar when the page is opened by a web browser. For example, when we created task 21a, we included the title tag in the HTML like this, This places the text ‘Task 21a’ so that it is displayed i chead> } in the browser like this. — : a 21.2.28 The function of metatags My fit we page by Grae Brown Metatags are not displayed in the browser but hold important information that the browser requires, such as specifying the character set, page description, keywords, author of the document, and the viewport settings. These functions tell browsers how to display the page and they tell search engines about keywords, which helps them list the page in the results of relevant searches. Further explanation of all these follow. 21.2.29 Use metatags This is style h1, the largest heading style ‘This is style h2 ‘This is style bd Ta arybend Taken Piette This sep te paragraph syle As we have already learned, a metatag is a tag that holds metadata. It uses the tag to open it and the tag to close it. We will use only three attributes with the tag, these are: charset, name and content. Scanned with CamScannermeta name="author® content="Graham Brown" > is Used to apply the style on the same webpage. 3. External CSS:Itis used to Style.css h1{ color : #0000K } Scanned with CamScanner