Journal of Positive School Psychology http://journalppw.

com
2022, Vol. 6, No. 8, 2498-2507

Prevalence Of Psychopathology Among School

Adolescents
SANGITA KUMARI1 , MASROOR JAHAN2

1. Ph.D Scholar Department of Clinical Psychology RINPAS Kanke Ranchi-834006

2. Additional Professor & Head Of Department of Clinical Psychology RINPAS Kanke Ranchi-84006
Correspondence Author
Sangita Kumari
Ph.D. Scholar Department of Clinical Psychology RINPAS Kanke Ranchi-834006, Email:
sk7992767@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Background: It is a transitional rapid growth phase of individual development between childhood and
adulthood. Adolescents feel changes in cognitive, emotional, physical, intellectual, attitudinal, social
roles, relationships, redeployment, and self-discovery during this phase, which is a stressful experience
for them. Although it is the phase of tremendous growth in preparation of adults' roles and skills to
sustain pressures and challenges, it is also a transitory phase that can raise the risk of various
psychopathology or mental health problems. Objective: The present study aims to assess the prevalence
of psychopathology among school adolescents. Methods: The sample consisted of 200 school-going
adolescents through simple random sampling from the different districts of Jharkhand. Both male and
female adolescents in the age range of 13 to 17 years were recruited for the study. Both male and female
adolescents were studying in 8th to 10th standard and had no history of mental retardation and major
physical illness. Socio-demographic and Clinical Datasheet, Informed Consent Form, and
Adolescents Psychopathology Scale (APS-SF) were used for data collection. Results & conclusion:
Overall findings of the present study indicated that moderate level prevalence rate of psychopathology
i.e. conduct disorder (5.5%), generalized anxiety disorder (5.5%), major depression (7.5%), eating
disturbance (6%), suicide (10%) and interpersonal problems (5%) have been existing among
adolescents.

Keywords: Adolescents, Psychopathology, Self-concept, Anxiety, Oppositional defiant disorder.

INTRODUCTION in preparation of adults' roles and skills to

sustain pressures and challenges, it is also a
World Health Organization defines the transitory phase that can raise the risk of various
adolescent period as the age range of 10 to 19 psychopathology or mental health problems
years. It is a transitional rapid growth phase of e.g., conduct disorder, oppositional defiant
individual development between childhood and disorder, major depression, suicidal tendencies,
adulthood. Adolescents feel changes in generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic
cognitive, emotional, physical, intellectual, stress disorder, and substance abuse disorder.
attitudinal, social roles, relationships, Psychopathology within adolescents defines as
redeployment, and self-discovery during this “Adaptation failure”. It involves deviation from
phase, which is a stressful experience for them. age-appropriate norms, exaggeration or
Although it is the phase of tremendous growth diminishment of normal development
2499 Journal of Positive School Psychology

expressions, interference in normal disability with attention-deficit/hyperactivity

developmental progress, and failure to achieve disorder responsible for a further 491,500.
the ideal level of psychological competence and Collectively, conduct disorder and attention-
social functioning. Mental health conditions are deficit/hyperactivity disorder accounted for
particularly vulnerable to social exclusion, 0.80% of total global years lived with disability
discrimination, stigma, educational difficulties, and 0.25% of total global disability-adjusted
risk-taking behaviors, ill-health, and human life years. In terms of global disability-adjusted
rights violations among adolescents. life year, conduct disorder was the 72nd leading
contributor and among the 15 leading causes in
In India, the overall prevalence of children aged 5–19 years. Between 1990 and
adolescent mental morbidity was 7.3%, with 2010, global disability-adjusted life years
almost equal distribution among both males and attributable to conduct disorder and attention-
females. Common Mental health disorders deficit/hyperactivity disorder remained stable
contributed to 5.4% of the disease burden, and after accounting for population growth and
neurotic and stress-related disorders aging.
contributed to about 4.2% of the current disease
burden reported.[1] However, as we all know Muzammill, et al.[5] conducted a cross-
that school plays a vital role in adolescents’ sectional study on the prevalence of
development because they spend more time in psychosocial problems among 840 adolescents
school than in any other formal institutional in Dehradun. They found an overall prevalence
structure. They involve directly or indirectly in of psychosocial problems at 13.2% and
peer relationships and social interactions to problems were more in males as compared to
academic attainment and cognitive progress, females. Another study by Ahmed, et al [6]
emotional control and behavioral expectations, showed a prevalence of 17.9% with
and physical and moral development. All these predominance among male school-going
areas are reciprocally affected by mental adolescents. Most of the epidemiological
health.[13] survey on school-going children and
adolescents has reported a wide variation (20-
In the past, many researchers have done 33%) in the prevalence of the psychosocial
a study on the prevalence rate of problem. Mangal et al. [7] studies illustrated the
psychopathology among school-going prevalence of psychosocial problems ranging
adolescents in India. They have found that a between 10-40%. A total of 1456 students were
44.1 % high rate of prevalence of depression included in the study and the prevalence of
among higher secondary school students psychological morbidity was 9.75%. Those
reported that, according to the burden of mental with psychological morbidity had higher odds
disorders across the states of India (2017), one of being obese (35.36%), physically inactive
among every seven people in India had a, (1.78%), having sleep duration inadequacy
ranging from mild to severe level of mental (5.42%), and poor dietary behavior (7.46%) on
disorder. [2-3] This cross-sectional study was multivariate analysis.[8] This study would look
conducted over 2 months among high school into the matter related to the prevalence rate of
students (15–17 years) in a government-aided psychopathology in school-going adolescents.
school in Coimbatore. Based on a prevalence of In India, such kind of study is very handful so it
27.2%, of mental health problems among high will help the mental health clinicians to have
school children in a study done in Karnataka, more knowledge regarding this issue and the
considering an absolute precision of 5%, the management of this population.
sample size was estimated to be 305. Erskine et
al [4] suggest that globally, conduct disorder was METHODS
responsible for 5.75 million years lived with
SANGITA KUMARI 2500

Participants: and exclusion criteria for the study. After filling

out the specially designed socio-demographic
The sample consisted of 200 school-going data sheet, Adolescents Psychopathology
adolescents through simple random sampling Scale-Short Form was administered to school-
from the different districts of Jharkhand. Both going adolescents.
male and female adolescents in the age range of
13 to 17 years were recruited for the study. Both Statistical analysis:
male and female adolescents were studying in
Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to test the
8th to 10th standard and had no history of
normality of data. Data was found to be
mental retardation and major physical illness.
normally distributed and hence parametric
statistics were applied. Descriptive statistics
Measures:
were used to calculate percentage profiles of
The measures used in the present study different socio-demographics of the sample
included a specially designed socio- populations. To compare categorical variables
demographic and clinical datasheet. To assess Chi-square test was used.
the psychopathology Adolescents
RESULTS
Psychopathology Scale-Short Form (APS-SF)
scale was used. It was developed by William M. Table 1 shows the socio-demographic variables
Reynolds in 1998. The APS-SF consists of 115 of participants among school-going
items that comprise 12 Clinical Scales and 2 adolescents. This indicates most of the students
Validity Scales (Defensiveness and were females and studied in class 10th standard.
Consistency Response) and is designed as a Results also indicate that most of the students
brief measure that evaluates the presence and come at the age of 15 years and belong to the
severity of domains of psychopathology in Hindu religion. Table 2 shows that majority of
adolescents. Six of these are consistent with the the male students had moderate clinical
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental symptoms in the domains of conduct disorder,
Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) symptom anger/violence proneness, generalized anxiety
specification. Reynolds designed the additional disorder, major depression, eating disturbance,
six scales to evaluate clinically relevant suicide, self-concept, and interpersonal
psychological and behavioral problems of problems as compared with female students.
adolescents. The 12 clinical scales measure 2 Table 3 shows that majority of the 10th std.
broad factors—internalized problems students having moderate clinical symptoms in
(Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Posttraumatic the domains of conduct disorder,
Stress Disorder, Major Depression, anger/violence proneness, academic problems,
Interpersonal Problems, Self-Concept, Suicide, generalized anxiety disorder, major depression,
and Eating Disturbance) and externalized eating disturbance, suicide, self-concept, and
problems (Conduct Disorder, Oppositional interpersonal problems as compared with 8th to
Defiant Disorder, Substance Abuse 9th standard students. Table 4 shows the
Anger/Violence Proneness, and Academic prevalence rate of psychopathology among
Problems). school-going adolescents. Which indicates a
moderate level of conduct disorder (5.5%),
Procedure:
generalized anxiety disorder (5.5%), major
Informed consent was taken from adolescent depression (7.5%), eating disturbance (6%),
and their parents after considering the inclusion suicide (10%), and interpersonal problems (5%)
present in the school going adolescents.
 2501 Journal of Positive School Psychology

Table: 1 Socio-demographic details of the Participants

Variable N Percentage
Male 95 47.5%
Gender
Female 105 52.5%
8th 46 23.0%
Class 9th 36 18.0%
10th 118 59.0%
13 Years 23 11.5%
14 Years 32 16.0%
Age 15 Years 60 30.0%
16 Years 51 25.5%
17 Years 34 17.0%
Hindu 187 93.5%
Muslim 3 1.5%
Ethnicity
Christian 4 2.0%
Others 6 3.0%

Table: 2 Comparisons between Genders of participants on Adolescent Psychopathology Scale-

Short Form (APS-SF)

Gender
Variables Male Female χ2 p
N % N %
Normal range 77 47.8% 84 52.2%
Subclinical symptom range 9 60.0% 6 40.0%
Conduct
Mild clinical symptom range 3 33.3% 6 66.7% 5.50 0.23
Disorder (CND)
Moderate clinical symptom range 6 54.4% 5 45.5%
Severe clinical symptom range 0 0.0% 4 100.0%
Normal range 93 47.2% 104 52.8%
Oppositional Subclinical symptom range 2 100.0% 0 0.0%
Defiant Disorder Mild clinical symptom range 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 3.12 0.21
(OPD) Moderate clinical symptom range 0 0.0% 1 100.0%
Severe clinical symptom range 0 0.0% 0 0.0%
Normal range 89 46.8% 101 53.2%
Substance Subclinical symptom range 2 50.0% 2 50.0%
Abuse Disorder Mild clinical symptom range 2 100.0% 0 0.0% 2.26 0.52
(SUB) Moderate clinical symptom range 0 0.0% 0 0.0%
Severe clinical symptom range 2 50.0% 2 50.0%
Normal range 72 45.0% 88 55.0%
Anger/Violene Subclinical symptom range 9 52.9% 8 47.1%
Proneness Mild clinical symptom range 11 64.7% 6 35.3% 3.83 0.42
(AVP) Moderate clinical symptom range 3 60.0% 2 40.0%
Severe clinical symptom range 0 0.0% 1 100.0%
Academic Normal range 76 45.8% 90 54.2%
2.91 0.40
Problems (ADP) Subclinical symptom range 14 60.9% 9 39.0%
 SANGITA KUMARI 2502

Mild clinical symptom range 4 57.1% 3 42.9%

Moderate clinical symptom range 1 25.0% 3 75.0%
Severe clinical symptom range 0 0.0% 0 0.0%
Normal range 65 41.1% 93 58.9%
Generalized Subclinical symptom range 14 82.4% 3 17.6%
Anxiety Mild clinical symptom range 8 66.7% 4 33.3% 15.04 0.05**
Disorder (GAD) Moderate clinical symptom range 6 54.5% 5 45.5%
Severe clinical symptom range 2 100.0% 0 0.0%
Normal range 56 38. 1% 91 61.9%
Posttraumatic Subclinical symptom range 15 75.0% 5 25.0%
Stress Disorder Mild clinical symptom range 20 74.1% 7 25.9% 21.02 0.00***
(PTS) Moderate clinical symptom range 0 0.0% 0 0.0%
Severe clinical symptom range 4 80.0% 1 20.0%
Normal range 55 39.0% 86 61.0%
Major Subclinical symptom range 16 55.0% 13 44.8%
Depression Mild clinical symptom range 11 78.6% 3 21.4% 17.64 0.01***
(DEP) Moderate clinical symptom range 12 80.0% 3 20.0%
Severe clinical symptom range 1 100.0% 0 0.0%
Normal range 57 37.3% 96 62.7%
Eating Subclinical symptom range 13 61.9% 8 38.1%
Disturbance Mild clinical symptom range 9 100.0% 0 0.0% 33.04 0.00***
(EAT) Moderate clinical symptom range 11 91. 7% 1 8.3%
Severe clinical symptom range 5 100.0% 0 0.0%

Normal range 60 42. 3% 82 57.7%

Subclinical symptom range 8 40.0% 12 60.0%
Suicide (SUI) Mild clinical symptom range 4 57.1% 3 42.9% 11.53 0.02*
Moderate clinical symptom range 14 70.0% 6 30.0%
Severe clinical symptom range 9 81.8% 2 18.2%
Normal range 53 43.4% 69 56.6%
Subclinical symptom range 20 45.5% 24 54.5%
Self-Concept
Mild clinical symptom range 7 38.9% 11 61.1% 15.33 0.0**
(SCP)
Moderate clinical symptom range 8 88.9% 1 11.1%
Severe clinical symptom range 7 100.0% 0 0.0%
Normal range 61 40.7% 89 59.3%
Subclinical symptom range 14 73.7% 5 26.3%
Interpersonal
Mild clinical symptom range 11 57.9% 8 42.1% 13.09 0.01**
Problems (IPP)
Moderate clinical symptom range 8 80.0% 2 20.0%
Severe clinical symptom range 1 50.0% 1 50.0%
Significant level *p<0.05 , **p<0.01 , ***p<0.001
 2503 Journal of Positive School Psychology

Table: 3 Comparisons between Classes of participants on the Adolescent Psychopathology Scale-

Short Form (APS-SF)

Class ꭕ2 p-value
th
Variables 8 9 10
N % N % N %
Normal range 3
23.6% 32 19.9% 91 56.5%
8
Conduct
Subclinical symptom range 3 20.0% 1 6.7% 11 73.3%
Disorder 5.76 0.67
Mild clinical symptom range 3 33.3% 1 11.1% 5 55.6%
(CND)
Moderate clinical symptom range 2 18.2% 2 18.2% 7 63.6%
Severe clinical symptom range 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 4 100.0%
Normal range 4
22.8% 36 18.3% 116 58.9%
Oppositionl 5
Defiant Subclinical symptom range 1 50.0% 0 0.0% 1 50.0%
1.72 0.78
Disorder Mild clinical symptom range 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%
(OPD) Moderate clinical symptom range 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 1 100.0%
Severe clinical symptom range 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%
Normal range 4
24.2% 34 17.9% 110 57.9%
6
Substance
Subclinical symptom range 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 4 100.0%
Abuse
Mild clinical symptom range 0 0.0% 1 50.0% 1 50.0% 5.76 0.45
Disorder
Moderate clinical symptom range 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%
(SUB)
Severe clinical symptom range 4
23.0% 36 18.0% 118 59.0%
6
Normal range 3
21.9% 32 20.0% 93 58.1%
Anger/Viol 5
ence Subclinical symptom range 6 35.3% 1 5.9% 10 58.8%
4.15 0.84
Proneness Mild clinical symptom range 4 23.5% 2 11.8% 11 64.7%
(AVP) Moderate clinical symptom range 1 20.0% 1 20.0% 3 60.0%
Severe clinical symptom range 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 1 100.0%
Normal range 3
22.3% 35 21.1% 94 56.6%
7
Academic
Subclinical symptom range 7 30.4% 1 4.3% 15 65.2%
Problems 8.47 0.20
Mild clinical symptom range 2 28.6% 0 0.0% 5 71.4%
(ADP)
Moderate clinical symptom range 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 4 100.0%
Severe clinical symptom range 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%
Normal range 3
22.2% 33 20.9% 90 57.0%
Generalized 5
Anxiety Subclinical symptom range 4 23.5% 2 11.8% 11 64.7%
6.19 0.62
Disorder Mild clinical symptom range 4 33.3% 0 0.0% 8 66.7%
(GAD) Moderate clinical symptom range 3 27.3% 1 9.1% 7 63.6%
Severe clinical symptom range 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 2 100.0%
Posttraumat Normal range 3
22.4% 26 17.7% 88 59.9%
ic Stress 3
5.46 0.48
Disorder Subclinical symptom range 7 35.0% 4 20.0% 9 45.0%
(PTS) Mild clinical symptom range 6 22.2% 5 18.5% 16 59.3%
 SANGITA KUMARI 2504

Moderate clinical symptom range 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%

Severe clinical symptom range 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 5 100.0%
Normal range 3
22.0% 28 19.9% 82 58.2%
1
Major
Subclinical symptom range 7 24.1% 5 17.2% 17 58.6%
Depression 6.94 0.54
Mild clinical symptom range 5 35.7% 1 7.1% 8 57.1%
(DEP)
Moderate clinical symptom range 2 13.3% 2 13.3% 11 73.3%
Severe clinical symptom range 1 100.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%
Normal range 3
21.6% 27 17.6% 93 60.8%
3
Eating
Subclinical symptom range 3 14.3% 5 23.8% 13 60.8%
Disturbance 8.08 0.42
Mild clinical symptom range 3 33.3% 3 33.3% 3 33.3%
(EAT)
Moderate clinical symptom range 5 41.7% 1 8.3% 6 50.0%
Severe clinical symptom range 2 40.0% 0 0.0% 3 60.0%
Normal range 3
23.2% 28 19.7% 81 57.0%
3
Suicide Subclinical symptom range 3 15.0% 5 25.0% 12 60.0%
5.70 0.68
(SUI) Mild clinical symptom range 3 42.9% 0 0.0% 4 57.1%
Moderate clinical symptom range 4 20.0% 2 10.0% 14 70.0%
Severe clinical symptom range 3 27.03% 1 9.1% 7 63.6%
Normal range 3
24.6% 25 20.5% 67 54.9%
0
Self-
Subclinical symptom range 3 6.8% 6 13.6% 35 79.5%
Concept(SC 18.90 0.01**
Mild clinical symptom range 7 38.9% 2 11.1% 9 50.0%
P)
Moderate clinical symptom range 2 22.2% 1 11.1% 6 66.7%
Severe clinical symptom range 4 57.1% 2 28.6% 1 14.3%
Normal range 3
22.7% 30 20.0% 86 57.3%
4
Interperson
Subclinical symptom range 6 31.6% 3 15.8% 10 52.6%
al Problems 4.09 0.84
Mild clinical symptom range 4 21.1% 2 10.5% 13 68.4%
(IPP)
Moderate clinical symptom range 2 20.0% 1 10.0% 7 70.0%
Severe clinical symptom range 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 2 100.0%
Significant level **p<01.

Table 4: Prevalence rate of Psychopathology among School going Adolescents

Absent Present
Variables Total
(%) Mild Moderate Severe
Conduct Disorder (CND) 176 (88%) 9 (4.5%) 11 (5.5%) 4 (2%) 200 (100%)
Oppositional Defiant
Disorder (OPD) 199 (99.5%) 0 (0%) 1 (0.5%) 0 (0%) 200 (100%)
Substance Abuse Disorder
(SUB) 194 (97%) 2 (1%) 0 (0%) 4 (2%) 200 (100%)
Anger/Violence Proneness
(AVP) 177 (88.5%) 17 (8.5%) 5 (2.5%) 1(0.5%) 200 (100%)
Academic Problems
(ADP) 189 (94.5%) 7 (3.5%) 4 (2%) 0 (0%) 200 (100%)
2505 Journal of Positive School Psychology

Generalized Anxiety
Disorder (GAD) 175 (87.5%) 12 (6%) 11 (5.5%) 2 (1%) 200 (100%)
Posttraumatic Stress
Disorder (PTS) 168 (84%) 27(13.5%) 0 (0%) 5 (2.5%) 200 (100%)
Major Depression (DEP) 170 (85%) 14(7%) 15 (7.5%) 1 (0.5%) 200 (100%)
Eating Disturbance(EAT) 174 (87%) 9 (4.5%) 12 (6%) 5 (2.5%) 200 (100%)
Suicide (SUI) 162 (81%) 7 (3.5%) 20 (10%) 11(5.5%) 200 (100%)

Self-Concept (SCP) 166 (83%) 18(41.5%) 9 (4.5%) 7 (3.5%) 200 (100%)

Interpersonal Problems
(IPP) 169 (84.5%) 19 (9.5%) 10 (5%) 2 (1%) 200 (100%)

DISCUSSION where males had higher psychiatric morbidity

as compared to girls.[10-11] This study found that
In the past research related to the child, more self-concept developed in adolescents
psychopathology has been customarily treated who were studying in 10th standard as compared
like a stepchild. Despite the clinical emphasis to 8th& 9th standard. No significant difference
on the childhood roots of an adult psychopath was found in the others domain of the
and it has been studied more intensively in Adolescent Psychopathology Scale-Short Form
adults. This study was carried out with 200 (APS-SF). There is a wide variation in the
schools going adolescents from different prevalence rate of child and adolescent
districts of Jharkhand. The sample was selected psychiatric disorders. This could be due to
through simple random sampling. Both male various reasons. The most important among
and female adolescents in the age range of 13 to these is the definition of a ‘case’. Various
17 years were recruited for the study. Both male studies carried out in India and abroad used
and female adolescents were studying in 8th to different criteria to define a ‘case’.
10th standard and had no history of mental
retardation and major physical illness. In the The overall finding of the present study
present study, it was seen that the majority of indicated that moderate level of prevalence rate
them (52.5%) students were female as well as of psychopathology i.e. conduct disorder
most of them studied in class 10th standard and (5.5%), generalized anxiety disorder (5.5%),
belongs to the Hindu religion (59.0% & 93.5%) major depression (7.5%), eating disturbance
respectively. This study also revealed that most (6%), suicide (10%) and interpersonal problems
adolescents came under 16th years of age. In the (5%) have been existing in the school going
past study done by many researchers found that adolescents. However, similar findings have
prevalence to be 13.4% in the age group 0-16 been found in the previous study which was
years [9], the study revealed the prevalence rate conducted with different disorders, most of the
to be 12.5% in 0-16 years community-based children were having specific isolated phobia
sample from Bangalore (ICMR, 2001). (19.6%), and other nonorganic sleep disorders
Furthermore, mild to moderate level of like sleep talking, bruxism, etc (12.0%) and
prevalence rate of psychopathology i.e. tension headache (11.5%). Deivasinagamini[12]
generalized anxiety disorder, posttraumatic found prevalent psychiatric disorders to be
stress disorder, major depression, eating conduct disorder (14.3%), enuresis (14.3%),
disturbance, suicide, self-concept & mental retardation (2.9%) and hyperkinetic
international problems were found higher in disorder (1.7%). So, from the above-mentioned
males as compared with females. The finding of findings, it can be said that there is urgency for
the present study incorporated the other studies integrating mental health into general health
SANGITA KUMARI 2506

care, effective mass media coverage, deficit/hyperactivity disorder in

networking between mental health 2010. J. Child Psychol.
professionals and other health professionals, Psychiatry2014; 55; 328-336.
community-based health services, and 5. Muzammil K, Kishore S, Semwal J.
involvement of professionals from the
Prevalence of psychosocial problems
education sector, would be essential.
among adolescents in district Dehradun,
CONCLUSION Uttarakhand. Indian J. Public Health"
2009; 53: 18-21.
Because of the above discussion, the finding of
6. Ahmad A, Khalique N, Khan Z, Amir
the present study concluded that a moderate
A. Prevalence of psychosocial problems
level prevalence rate of psychopathology i.e.
among school-going male
conduct disorder (5.5%), generalized anxiety
disorder (5.5%), major depression (7.5%), adolescents. Indian J Community
eating disturbance (6%), suicide (10%) and Med2007; 32: 219-221.
interpersonal problems (5%) have presented in 7. Mangal A, Thakur A, Nimavat KA,
the school going adolescents and have Dabar D, Yadav SB. Screening for
implications for clinical training, practice and common mental health problems and
policy initiatives. their determinants among school-going
adolescent girls in Gujarat, India. Fam.
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