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    THE LATE MIDDLE AGES IN EUROPE - Notes

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    The Late Middle Ages in Europe saw a period of crisis from the 14th to 15th centuries due to factors like the Hundred Years' War between France and England, political tensions between kings and nobility, famine caused by poor harvests, and the Black Death pandemic. The Black Death arrived in Europe in 1348, killing an estimated 25 million people across the continent. The consequences of this crisis included demographic decline, social unrest like peasant revolts and anti-Jewish riots, but recovery began in the 15th century as population grew again and agriculture/trade revived.

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    THE LATE MIDDLE AGES IN EUROPE - Notes

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    The Late Middle Ages in Europe saw a period of crisis from the 14th to 15th centuries due to factors like the Hundred Years' War between France and England, political tensions between kings and nobility, famine caused by poor harvests, and the Black Death pandemic. The Black Death arrived in Europe in 1348, killing an estimated 25 million people across the continent. The consequences of this crisis included demographic decline, social unrest like peasant revolts and anti-Jewish riots, but recovery began in the 15th century as population grew again and agriculture/trade revived.

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    The Late Middle Ages in Europe saw a period of crisis from the 14th to 15th centuries due to factors like the Hundred Years' War between France and England, political tensions between kings and nobility, famine caused by poor harvests, and the Black Death pandemic. The Black Death arrived in Europe in 1348, killing an estimated 25 million people across the continent. The consequences of this crisis included demographic decline, social unrest like peasant revolts and anti-Jewish riots, but recovery began in the 15th century as population grew again and agriculture/trade revived.

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    THE LATE MIDDLE AGES IN EUROPE - Notes

    Uploaded by

    ana estevez
    The Late Middle Ages in Europe saw a period of crisis from the 14th to 15th centuries due to factors like the Hundred Years' War between France and England, political tensions between kings and nobility, famine caused by poor harvests, and the Black Death pandemic. The Black Death arrived in Europe in 1348, killing an estimated 25 million people across the continent. The consequences of this crisis included demographic decline, social unrest like peasant revolts and anti-Jewish riots, but recovery began in the 15th century as population grew again and agriculture/trade revived.

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    THE LATE MIDDLE AGES IN EUROPE

    XIV AND XV CENTURIES


    CRISIS. WHY?

    Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse: Pestilence, War, Famine, and Death

    1. HUNDRED YEAR´S WAR


    Characteristics:
    Longest and most devastating war in Europe
    Succession war to see who was going to be next King in France.
    France and England fought against each other.
    Other territories were involved.
    France won although the English won most part of the battles, due to the war innovations they
    developed.
    Very important the role of Joan of Arc.

    2. POLITICAL TENSIONES

    What happened?
    Kings tried to recover the political power they had lost by revoking the power of the manors and
    cities.
    They found support in Roman law, which granted them authority over the entire kingdom.
    They created tribunals that administered justice in the name of the King,
    Improved tax collection (not depending on the nobles)
    Confronted the nobility who did not accept their authority.

    3. FAMINE

    Agriculture problems;
    In the 14th century rural areas were depopulated and agricultural production fell due to adverse
    climatic conditions, continues civil wars and plague epidemics.
    Heavy rainfall flooded the crops fields
    Rotting
    Loss of harvest
    4. THE BLACK DEATH 1348-52

    Black Death, a medieval pandemic that swept through Asia and Europe. It reached Europe in the
    late 1340s, killing an estimated 25 million people. 
    The disease is usually transmitted by the rat flea, Xenopsylla cheopis.
    Bubonic plague, the disease's most common form, refers to telltale buboes—painfully swollen
    lymph nodes—that appear around the groin, armpit, or neck. 

    Bocaccio, The Decameron.


    I say that in the year 1348 a deadly plague entered the noble city of Florence, the most beautiful
    in Italy. Some people say that it came through the influence of the heavenly bodies, and others
    that it was caused by God´s anger at our evil actions. Whatever the cause, It had begun some
    years earlier in the East, where it claimed many lives, before it spread westwards, growing in
    strength as it went from one place to another. The symptoms were not the same as in the East,
    where a nose bleed was the sign of the arrival of death. It began both in men and women with
    swellings in the groin or under the armpits. These grew to the size of a small apple or an egg. In
    time these tumours spread all over the body. Neither doctor´s advice nor medicines could do
    anything”
    General information about the black death
    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ldZjaT4WXrA
    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kv0KuufUpOM
    http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/health-and-human-body/human-diseases/plague-
    article/

    5. CONSEQUENCES:

    a. Demographic crisis:
    (notes from class and the mapmind)

    b. Social unrest:

    - CONFLICTS IN RURAL ÁREAS


    The decrease in production caused by the crisis reduced the income of the lords. They tried to
    compensate their losses by making higher demands on the peasantry and re-establishing long
    forgotten rights (feudal abuses) causing peasant revolts which were severely reprresed.
    - CONFLICTS IN THE CITY:
    Tensions grew in cities between the commoners, whose life was difficult, and the urban oligarchy or
    aristocracy who monopolized power and wealth, and who controlled urban government.
    In peninsular cities, there were also frequent outbursts of antisemitism. ( Jews performed economic
    functions that were vital to trade and commerce. Because premodern Christianity did not permit
    moneylending for interest and because Jews generally could not own land, Jews played a
    vital role as moneylenders and traders. Where they were permitted to participate in the larger
    society, Jews thrived. During the Middle Ages in the Iberian peninsula, before their expulsion in
    1492, Jewish philosophers, physicians, poets, and writers were among the leaders of a rich cultural
    and intellectual life shared with Muslims and Christians. In collaboration with Arab scholars and
    thinkers in the tolerant society of Muslim Spain, they were instrumental in transmitting the
    intellectual heritage of the Classical world to medieval Christendom.)
    The anti-Jewish riots of 1391:
    “The people were very passionate and they were afraid of nobody. Their greed from robbing the
    Jews grew every day. And the Archdeacon of Écija was the cause of the riots against the Jews of
    Castilla. The Jewish quarters of Sevilla, Córdoba, Burgos, Toledo, Logroño and many others of the
    kingdom were all destroyed at this time. Others were attacked in Aragón, Barcelona and Valencia.
    Those who escaped became very poor, giving very great gifts to the lords to be saved from such
    great suffering” Pedro López de Ayala, Chronicles.

    6. RECOVERY XV CENTURY

    How?
    The kings prevailed over the feudal lords.
    Population began to grow
    Agriculture and crafts were recovered
    Trade revived and search for new trade routes began, leading to important geographical discoveries
    Social peace was restored
    Change of mentality = Humanism.

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