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    Rayleigh Fading PDF

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    Dr Joel
    This document simulates and analyzes the performance of digital modulation techniques in fading channels. It performs operations like sampling, quantization, encoding to generate a PSK signal. It then adds Rayleigh fading and noise to model the channel. It calculates the bit error rate from the simulation and compares it to theoretical values for both AWGN and Rayleigh fading channels over different SNR ranges. A graph is plotted comparing the simulation and theoretical BER values.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Rayleigh Fading PDF

    Uploaded by

    Dr Joel
    73 views5 pages
    This document simulates and analyzes the performance of digital modulation techniques in fading channels. It performs operations like sampling, quantization, encoding to generate a PSK signal. It then adds Rayleigh fading and noise to model the channel. It calculates the bit error rate from the simulation and compares it to theoretical values for both AWGN and Rayleigh fading channels over different SNR ranges. A graph is plotted comparing the simulation and theoretical BER values.

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    Rayleigh Fading.pdf

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    This document simulates and analyzes the performance of digital modulation techniques in fading channels. It performs operations like sampling, quantization, encoding to generate a PSK signal. It then adds Rayleigh fading and noise to model the channel. It calculates the bit error rate from the simulation and compares it to theoretical values for both AWGN and Rayleigh fading channels over different SNR ranges. A graph is plotted comparing the simulation and theoretical BER values.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    73 views5 pages

    Rayleigh Fading PDF

    Uploaded by

    Dr Joel
    This document simulates and analyzes the performance of digital modulation techniques in fading channels. It performs operations like sampling, quantization, encoding to generate a PSK signal. It then adds Rayleigh fading and noise to model the channel. It calculates the bit error rate from the simulation and compares it to theoretical values for both AWGN and Rayleigh fading channels over different SNR ranges. A graph is plotted comparing the simulation and theoretical BER values.

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    Rayleigh Fading

    % SIMULATION AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF DIGITAL MODULATION TECHNIQUE

    % IN FADING CHANNEL

    clc;

    clear all;

    close all

    %% Sampling Operation

    f=150;%input signal frequency

    t=0:0.0001:4/f;

    sig1=sin(2*3.14*f*t);

    subplot(4,2,1);plot(t,sig1);title('message signal');xlabel('time');ylabel('amplitude');

    fs1=10*f; %sampling frequency;

    t=1/fs1;

    Ts=0:t:4/f;

    s2=sin(2*3.14*f*Ts);

    subplot(4,2,2);stem(Ts,s2);title('sampled signal');xlabel('samples');ylabel('amplitude');

    vh=max(s2);vl=min(s2);

    N=4;%Number of bits in PCM

    M=2^N;;% Number of levels

    s=(vh-vl)/M;%step size parameter

    par=vl+s:s:vh-s;% level are between vmin and vmax with difference of del

    cb=vl+s/2:s:vh-s/2;% Contaion Quantized valuses

    [index,quant]=quantiz(s2,par,cb);% Quantization process

    subplot(4,2,3);stairs(quant);title('quantized signal');xlabel('time');ylabel('amplitude');
    %% Encoding Process

    codesig=de2bi(index,'left-msb');

    codesig=codesig(:);

    tt=0:N*length(s2)-1;

    subplot(4,2,4);stairs(tt,codesig);xlabel('time');ylabel('amplitude');title('PCM signal');

    axis([0 30 -2 2]);

    n = length(codesig);

    t3 = 0:.01:n;

    for i = 1:n

    if (codesig(i) == 0)

    b_p(i) = -1;

    else

    b_p(i) = 1;

    end

    for j = i:.1:i+1

    bw((i*100:(i+1)*100)) = b_p(i);

    end

    end

    bw = bw(100:end);

    sint = sin(2*pi*1*t3);

    psksig = bw.*sint;

    subplot(4,2,5),plot(t3,sint),title('PSK carrier signal'),xlabel('time');ylabel('amplitude');

    axis([1 30 -2 +2]);

    subplot(4,2,6);plot(t3,psksig),title('PSK signal'),xlabel('time');ylabel('amplitude');

    axis([1 30 -2 +2]);
    %% Rayleigh Fadding

    num_bit=length(psksig);

    SNRdB=-5:2:20;

    simBER_rayleigh=zeros(1,length(SNRdB));

    for k=1:length(SNRdB)

    noise=1/sqrt(2)*(randn(1,num_bit)+1i*randn(1,num_bit));

    h=1/sqrt(2)*(randn(1,num_bit)+1i*randn(1,num_bit));

    n = noise*10^(-SNRdB(k)/20);

    y_rayleigh = h.*psksig+n; % % Channel and Noise addition

    y_rayleigh_cap = y_rayleigh./h;

    r_rayleigh = real(y_rayleigh_cap)>0;

    simBER_rayleigh(k) = sum(xor(bw,r_rayleigh));

    end

    simBER_rayleigh=simBER_rayleigh/num_bit; % Simulation

    SNR=10.^(SNRdB/10);

    theoretical_rayleigh=0.5*(1-sqrt(SNR./(1+SNR))); % Theoritical

    num_bit=length(psksig);

    SNRdB=-5:2:20;

    for k=1:length(SNRdB)

    y=awgn(psksig,SNRdB(k));

    error=0;

    for c=1:1:num_bit

    if (psksig(c)==0)&&y(c)>0.5||psksig(c)==1&&(y(c)<0.5)

    error=error+1;

    end
    end

    error=error/num_bit;

    m(k)=error;

    end

    SNR=10.^(SNRdB/10);

    BER_th=0.5*erfc(sqrt(SNR));

    figure

    semilogy(SNRdB,m,'*','linewidth',2.5); % Error

    grid on;

    hold on;

    semilogy(SNRdB,BER_th,'r','linewidth',2.5); % BER in AWGN Channel

    grid on;

    hold on;

    semilogy(SNRdB,simBER_rayleigh,'g*-','LineWidth',2); % Simulation

    hold on;

    semilogy(SNRdB,theoretical_rayleigh,'ko','LineWidth',2);% Theoritical

    hold on

    axis([-5 20 10^-2 1.2]);

    legend('Error', 'BER in AWGN Channel', 'BER in Rayleigh Fading Channel (Simulation)', 'BER in
    Rayleigh Fading Channel (Theoritical)')

    title('SNR Vs BER for BPSK over AWGN and Rayleigh');

    xlabel('SNR');

    ylabel('Bit Error Rate or Symbol Error Rate');


    OUTPUT

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