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5.back & Blank Titration

This document provides information about back titration and blank titration. It defines back titration as a technique that involves reacting an analyte with excess reagent and then titrating the remaining excess reagent to determine the concentration of the original analyte. Blank titration is defined as a titration without any analyte present to determine sources of error. The document discusses the differences and uses of back and blank titration, providing an example of back titration to determine the amount of acetylsalicylic acid in aspirin.

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175-44-Faraz Hussain
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2K views5 pages

5.back & Blank Titration

This document provides information about back titration and blank titration. It defines back titration as a technique that involves reacting an analyte with excess reagent and then titrating the remaining excess reagent to determine the concentration of the original analyte. Blank titration is defined as a titration without any analyte present to determine sources of error. The document discusses the differences and uses of back and blank titration, providing an example of back titration to determine the amount of acetylsalicylic acid in aspirin.

Uploaded by

175-44-Faraz Hussain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BACK TITRATION
Definition
A back titration is a titration procedure that involves reacting an analyte with a known amount of
extra reagent to determine its concentration. The remainder of the excess reagent is then titrated
using a different reagent. The outcome of the second titration shows how much excess reagent
was used in the first titration, allowing the concentration of the original analyte to be determined.
An indirect titration is also known as a back titration.

Difference between Direct and Indirect Titration


Direct titration Back titration
 Basic titration method that involves  A method used to determine the
the reaction between unknown concentration of an unknown using an
compound and the compound with excess amount of compound with a
known concentration. known concentration.

 One chemical reaction occurs  Two chemical reaction occurs

 Titrand is the unknown compound  Titrand is the remaining amount of the


reagent added in excess.
 Used when the endpoint of the  Used to determine exact endpoint
titration can easily be obtained. when there are sharp color changes.
 Titration is done between a known  Titration is done between two
and an unknown compound. unknown compounds.

Explanation
Back-titrations are a subtype of indirect titrations, as opposed to direct titrations, in which an
analyte reacts directly with titrant T. When a suitable sensor is unavailable or the reaction is too
slow for a practical direct titration, indirect titrations are utilized.
A precise volume of reagent B is introduced to the analyte A during a back-titration. Reagent B
is a frequent titrant in itself. The amount of reagent B used is calculated so that there is excess
after it interacts with analyte A. After that, titrant T is used to titrate the surplus. The difference
between the added amount of reagent B and the leftover excess of reagent B may then be used to
calculate the amount of analyte A. As with any titration, both involved reactions must be
quantitative, and stoichiometric factors involved in the reactions must be known.
Figure A. Reaction principle of a back-
titration: Reagent B is added in excess to
analyte A. After a defined waiting period
that allows for the reaction
between A and B, the excess of reagent B is
titrated with titrant T.

When Is Back Titration Used?


A back titration is used when the molar concentration of an excess reactant is known, but the
need exists to determine the strength or concentration of an analyte. It is typically applied in
acid-base titrations
Conditions under which back titration can be performed
 If the analyte is volatile (e.g., NH3)
 If the analyte is an insoluble salt (e.g., Li2CO3)
 If the reaction between analyte A and titrant T is too slow for direct titration
 If the reaction is between weak acid and weak base
 when no suitable indicator is available for a direct titration
 When the endpoint direct titration is difficult to determine

How Is A Back Titration Performed?


A back titration is generally performed in the following manner

 STEP 1: Adding a reagent B in excess amount to analyte A.


 STEP 2: Allowing reagent B to react with analyte A. This might require a certain time in
order react with each other.
 STEP 3: Titration of remaining excess of reagent B with that of titrant T.

Here for the first step, it is important to precisely add the volume of reagent B. Hence a burette I
used for the addition of reagent B.
Advantages of Back Titration
 It does not need any special chemical or apparatus.
 It produces correct results.
 It is advantageous when trying to figure out the amount of acid or base is in a non-soluble
solid.
 The process is easy to perform and is similar to normal titration.
 If the reverse titration endpoint is easier to identify than the normal titration endpoint, this
method is useful.

Disadvantages of Back Titration


 Needs skill and practice for effective results.
 Instrument needs need to be properly calibrated to produce proper results time consuming
if manually performed.
 Reactivity of the reactants must be known as it will affect the endpoint of the reaction.

Example of Back Titration:


For The Determination of Acetylsalicylic Acid in Aspirin:

Many reactions are slow or unfavorable for direct titration. Aspirin is a weak acid that also
undergoes slow hydrolysis; i.e., each aspirin molecule reacts with two hydroxide ions. To
overcome this problem, a known excess amount of base (NaOH) is added to the sample solution
and an HCl titration is carried out to determine the amount of unreacted base. This is subtracted
from the initial amount of base to find the amount of base that reacted with the aspirin and hence
the quantity of aspirin in the analyte can be known.

BLANK TITRATION
Definition
A blank titration is a titration without an analyte being present, only the solvent used in analyte
solution.

Why We Perform Blank Titration


The titration error can be reduced by using blank titration because in blank titration because the
quantity of titrant required to reach the endpoint the absence of analyte can be subtracted from
the quantity of titrant required to reach the endpoint in presence of analyte. It reduces the
titration error.
Differences between the Back and the Blank Titration
A blank titration is done without the analyte present to check for possible sources of error in the
"blank" solution. Blank titration allows the amount of reactive substance within the plain solvent
to be determined and hence allows a determination of the error in future titration experiments
using this solvent.
A back titration is used when it is difficult to find an endpoint in a normal titration. One reacts
analyte with an excess of titrant and then titrates with titrant. Subtracting the moles of excess
titrant from the original amount he used gives the moles of titrant reacted with the analyte. From
that we can figure out moles of the analyte.

REFERENCES
 https://metrohm.blog/2020/05/18/back-titration/
 https://chrominfo.blogspot.com/2021/11/what-is-back-titration-in-chemistry.html
 https://issuu.com/analyticalchemistry/docs/back_titration#:~:text=BACK%20TITRATIO
N%20Back%20titration%20is,a%20reagent%20is%20not%20FEASIBLE
 https://www.thoughtco.com
 https://byjus.com
 https://www.differencebetween.com
 https://study.com/academy/answer/what-is-blank-
titration.html#:~:text=A%20blank%20titration%20is%20a,used%20in%20the%20analyte
%20solution.
 https://byjus.com/jee-questions/how-does-a-blank-titration-reduce-titration-
error/#:~:text=The%20titration%20error%20can%20be,This%20reduces%20the%20titrat
ion%20error.
 https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-blank-and-back-
titration#:~:text=The%20back%20titration%20then%20uses,of%20the%20amount%20of
%20aspirin.&text=A%20blank%20titration%20is%20like%20a%20background%20corre
ction%20in%20a%20colourimetric%20test.

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