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    Module 1 - Introduction To Genetics PDF

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    Ash Mi

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    Module 1 - Introduction To Genetics PDF

    Uploaded by

    Ash Mi
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    Module 1 - Introduction to Genetics PDF

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    48 views19 pages

    Module 1 - Introduction To Genetics PDF

    Uploaded by

    Ash Mi

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    INTRODUCTION

    TO GENETICS
    BIO106P - MODULE 1
    WHAT IS GENETICS?

    Genetics is the scientific study of genes


    and heredity—of how certain qualities or
    traits are passed from parents to
    offspring as a result of changes in DNA
    sequence.
    NIGMS. (n.d.). Genetics. National Institute of General Medical Sciences. Retrieved January 18, 2022, from https://www.nigms.nih.gov/education/fact-
    sheets/Pages/genetics.aspx
    NUCLEOTIDES ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF DNA.

    COMPONENTS OF A NUCLEOTIDE
    • One five-carbon sugar (deoxyribose)
    • One phosphate group
    • One of four nitrogenous bases (A, G, T,
    C)

    Polynucleotide forms the


    Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) in our cells.

    Russel, Biology: The Dynamic Science, 5th Edition (c) 2021 Cengage
    Concepts of Biology - 1st Canadian Edition by Charles Molnar and Jane Gair is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except
    where otherwise noted.
    THERE ARE FOUR TYPES OF NUCLEOTIDES.

    PURINE AND PYRIMIDINES

    Thymine (T) and Cytosine (C) are


    pyrimidines, built from a single
    carbon-nitrogen ring.

    Adenine (A) and Guanine (G) are


    purines, built from a pair of fused
    carbon-nitrogen rings.

    Russel, Biology: The Dynamic Science, 5th Edition (c) 2021 Cengage
    Concepts of Biology - 1st Canadian Edition by Charles Molnar and Jane Gair is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except
    where otherwise noted.
    COMPLEMENTARY BASE PAIRS

    Nitrogenous Bases. BioNinja. (n.d.). Retrieved January 18, 2022, from https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-2-molecular-biology/26-structure-of-dna-
    and-rna/nitrogenous-bases.html
    DNA NUCLEOTIDES ARE JOINED TO FORM A POLYNUCLEOTIDE CHAIN

    Deoxyribose sugars are


    linked by phosphate groups
    in an alternating pattern,
    forming a sugar-phosphate
    backbone.
    Each phosphate group links
    the 3′ carbon of one sugar to
    the 5′ carbon of the next
    sugar.
    The entire linkage is a
    Russel, Biology: The Dynamic Science, 5th Edition (c) 2021 Cengage phosphodiester bond.
    Clegg, Kester. (2022). An Introduction to Evolution for Computer Scientists.
    WHAT IS A GENE?

    A gene is a DNA sequence


    that codes for a particular
    protein and ultimately causes
    the expression of certain traits.
    For example, the MC1R gene is
    directly related to the
    production of melanin proteins
    (hair pigments) in humans.
    A gene could be as short as a
    few hundred base pairs or as
    long as many thousands.
    Collins, F. S. (n.d.). Gene. Genome.gov. Retrieved January 19, 2022, from https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Gene
    U.S. National Library of Medicine. (2020, September 17). Is hair color determined by genetics?: Medlineplus Genetics. MedlinePlus. Retrieved January 19, 2022, from
    https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/traits/haircolor/#:~:text=The%20best%2Dstudied%20hair%2Dcolor,melanin%20is%20produced%20by%20melanocytes.
    Kaustubh Adhikari et al. 2016. A genome-wide association scan in admixed Latin
    Americans identifies loci influencing facial and scalp hair features. Nature
    Communications 7, article number: 10815; doi: 10.1038/ncomms10815
    WHAT IS GENETICS?

    Genetics is the scientific study of genes


    and heredity—of how certain qualities or
    traits are passed from parents to
    offspring as a result of changes in DNA
    sequence.
    NIGMS. (n.d.). Genetics. National Institute of General Medical Sciences. Retrieved January 18, 2022, from https://www.nigms.nih.gov/education/fact-
    sheets/Pages/genetics.aspx
    HOW DOES THE INFORMATION IN DNA
    LEAD TO PHYSICAL TRAITS?
    The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
    The ‘Central Dogma’ is the process by which the instructions in DNA
    are converted into a functional product (proteins).
    The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
    The ‘Central Dogma’ is the process by which the instructions in DNA
    are converted into a functional product (proteins).

    translation

    DNA RNA amino acids


    replication transcription

    yourgenome, (2017). Copyright information. [online] Available at: https://www.yourgenome.org/copyright [Accessed 19 Jan. 2017].
    THE CENTRAL DOGMA OF
    MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
    REPLICATION
    During DNA replication, each of the two
    strands that make up the double helix
    serves as a template from which new
    strands are copied. The new strand will
    be complementary to the parental or
    “old” strand. Each new double strand
    consists of one parental strand and one
    new daughter strand.

    yourgenome, (2017). Copyright information. [online] Available at:


    https://www.yourgenome.org/copyright [Accessed 19 Jan. 2017].
    REPLICATION

    DNA is "unzipped" and new


    base pairs are attached to
    the template strand.

    Thus, each new double-helix


    strand is made of a parent
    strand and a new daughter
    strand.

    Mechanism of DNA replication. Study Solutions. (2020, April 4). Retrieved January 19, 2022, from https://istudy.pk/mechanism-of-dna-replication/
    THE CENTRAL DOGMA OF
    MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
    TRANSCRIPTION
    In transcription, the information in the
    DNA of every cell is converted into small,
    portable RNA messages or mRNA. This
    transcription process happens in the
    nucleus of every cell.

    yourgenome, (2017). Copyright information. [online] Available at:


    https://www.yourgenome.org/copyright [Accessed 19 Jan. 2017].
    THE CENTRAL DOGMA OF
    MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
    TRANSLATION
    During translation, these messages (in
    the form of mRNA) travel from where
    the DNA is in the cell nucleus to the
    ribosomes where they are ‘read’ to make
    specific amino acids (proteins.)

    yourgenome, (2017). Copyright information. [online] Available at:


    https://www.yourgenome.org/copyright [Accessed 19 Jan. 2017].
    TRANSLATION

    The B-globin gene codes for one of the protein


    components of hemoglobin found in red blood
    cells.

    CODON - a group of three RNA base pairs that


    codes for a specific amino acid

    Glu or Glutamic Acid

    Russel, Biology: The Dynamic Science, 5th Edition (c) 2021 Cengage
    WHAT IF SOMETHING GOES WRONG IN
    THE CENTRAL DOGMA?
    MUTATION
    MISSENSE MUTATION
    a type of gene mutation that causes a different amino acid to be expressed

    The gene has a different


    base pair.

    This translated to a change


    in the codon.

    It eventually led to the


    translation of Valine instead
    of Glutamic Acid.
    Russel, Biology: The Dynamic Science, 5th Edition (c) 2021 Cengage

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