Comparison with analog system:

Analog communication system:

Transmission
channel
Analog Analog
Modulator Demodulator
input output

Digital communication system:

Transmission
channel
Analog ADC & ADC & Analog
encoder Modem Modem output
input encoder
HydrogenSystem
Principles of Communicartion Bonding
byBy
N Gan LM
Hasan

Digital signal Digital signal

 Digital Modulation, Advantages

• Immunity to noise (due to its finite process)

• Easy storage and processing:
• Regeneration
• Easy to measure
• Enables encryption
• Data from several sources can be integrated and
transmitted using the same digital communication
system
• Error correction detection can be utilized

HydrogenSystem
Principles of Communicartion Bonding
byBy
N Gan LM
Hasan
 Digital Modulation, Disadvantages :

• Requires a bigger bandwidth

• Analog signal need to be changed to digital
first
• Not compatible to analog system
• Need synchronization

HydrogenSystem
Principles of Communicartion Bonding
byBy
N Gan LM
Hasan
Analog to Digital Conversion

HydrogenSystem
Principles of Communicartion Bonding
byBy
N Gan LM
Hasan
 Analog to Digital Conversion

• Translating an analog signal into a digital signal is

done by a device known as analog-to-digital
converter or ADC.

• Digital-to-analog (D/A) converter or DAC or a

decoder performs the opposite operation of
converting digital signal to analog signal.

HydrogenSystem
Principles of Communicartion Bonding
byBy
N Gan LM
Hasan
 ADC Specifications

• Resolution : the smallest input voltage recognized by

the converter.
• Dynamic range: a measure of the range of input
voltages that can be converted.
• signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio (SNR): The ratio of the
input signal voltage to the total noise in the system.

HydrogenSystem
Principles of Communicartion Bonding
byBy
N Gan LM
Hasan
 ADC Specifications: M-ary Encoding
11

• Bi-nary represent digit that has 2 level/ condition/

combination.
– E.g: 2-bits (1 and 0)
• M-ary represents a digit that has M level/ condition/
combination.
N = log 2 M 2 =M
N

HydrogenSystem
Principles of Communicartion Bonding
byBy
N Gan LM
Hasan
 Exercise:

• Find the number of bits, N if

• (a) M= 2
• (b) M = 4

• Find the number of conditions, M for 3 bits

system.

HydrogenSystem
Principles of Communicartion Bonding
byBy
N Gan LM
Hasan
 ADC Specifications: Baud / Symbol Rate

• Baud is a measure of the rate of change of a signal on the

transmission medium after encoding and modulation have occurred

• A way of measuring the quality of the signal at the transmitter, just

before it is transmitted.

• Also known as symbols per seconds

1
baud = f s =
ts

HydrogenSystem
Principles of Communicartion Bonding
byBy
N Gan LM
Hasan
 ADC Specifications: Bitrate – channel capacity

Bit is number of symbol change/processes at the input to

the Modulator (bits per second, bps).

f b = f s N = 2 BN = 2 B log 2 M

14

HydrogenSystem
Principles of Communicartion Bonding
byBy
N Gan LM
Hasan
 Minimum Bandwidth (Nyquist bandwidth)

¨ The minimum Nyquist bandwidth is minimum

theoretical bandwidth necessary to propagate
signal.

¨ For N bits system, it’s possible to propagate a bit at a

rate grater than 2B
HydrogenSystem
Principles of Communicartion Bonding
byBy
N Gan LM
Hasan
 Bandwidth

• For M-ary system, we know that

f b = f s N = 2 BN = 2 B log 2 M
• Thus, bandwidth:

æ fb ö fb
B=ç ÷=
è 2 log 2 M ø 2N
HydrogenSystem
Principles of Communicartion Bonding
byBy
N Gan LM
Hasan
 ADC Specifications: Information capacity

q Represents the number of independent symbols that can be carried

through the system in a given unit of time.

q By using Shannon limit for information capacity, the relationship

between Information capacity to the signal bandwidth and SNR is
defined below:

æ Sö æ Sö
I = B log 2 ç1 + ÷ = 3.32 B log10 ç 1 + ÷
è Nø è Nø

HydrogenSystem
Principles of Communicartion Bonding
byBy
N Gan LM
Hasan
 EXAMPLE 1 :

A standard voice-band communication channels have a SNR

power of 1000 (30 dB) and signal Bandwidth of 2.7 kHz.
Determine the information capacity.
Solution :

By using Shannon’s Limit, information

capacity is defined as:
I = (2.7 kHz)(3.32)log10 (1 + 1000) = 26.9 kbps

HydrogenSystem
Principles of Communicartion Bonding
byBy
N Gan LM
Hasan
13 September 2017
 A/D Conversion: Steps

1. A/D conversion starts with a process of sampling or

measuring the analog signal at regular time intervals.
2. The samples are then rounded off to a discrete
voltage values, closest to it. This process is known as
quantization
• Errors associated with this process are known as
quantizing errors.
3. Then the quantized voltage are coded into
predetermined binary numbers

HydrogenSystem
Principles of Communicartion Bonding
byBy
N Gan LM
Hasan
Analog to Digital Conversion Methods

HydrogenSystem
Principles of Communicartion Bonding
byBy
N Gan LM
Hasan
PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation)

HydrogenSystem
Principles of Communicartion Bonding
byBy
N Gan LM
Hasan
Pulse Modulation

HydrogenSystem
Principles of Communicartion Bonding
byBy
N Gan LM
Hasan
PCM (Pulse Code Modulation)

HydrogenSystem
Principles of Communicartion Bonding
byBy
N Gan LM
Hasan
Pulse Modulation

HydrogenSystem
Principles of Communicartion Bonding
byBy
N Gan LM
Hasan
 Comparing Pulse-Modulation Methods

• The PAM signal is a series of constant-width

pulses whose amplitudes vary in accordance with
the analog signal.
• The PWM signal is binary in amplitude (has only
two levels). The information signal varies the
width or time duration of the pulse.
• In PPM, the pulses change position according to
the amplitude of the analog signal.
• Of the four types of pulse modulation, PAM is the
simplest and least expensive to implement.
HydrogenSystem
Principles of Communicartion Bonding
byBy
N Gan LM
Hasan