Continuum
Continuum
Continuum
to Healthcare Program:
The Healthcare Continuum – A traditional and Contemporary Perspective
By
Frank Ardito, Ed.D.
Introduction
The healthcare industry is arguably the biggest “business” in the United States. It employs millions of professionals,
treats billions of patients, and costs trillions of dollars. It is an industry that is always needed, as people are, and will be,
always in need. In order to appreciate the nature and extent of healthcare, one must first understand the healthcare
continuum.
What is Healthcare?
Healthcare can be thought of as the preservation of wellness through the provision of services designed to prevent
and/or treat illness, injury, and disease. While most people think of health in terms of body, it equally applies to mind
and spirit. In fact, wellness can be thought of as having six dimensions, including physical, intellectual, social, emotional,
spiritual, and environmental. As an industry, healthcare operates within a continuum, or a conceptual and operational
framework.
The Traditional Health Care Continuum
Traditionally, healthcare can be thought of as having three primary categories – the first of which is known as primary
care. This level is typically the first contact for individuals seeking assistance, and may take place at physician offices,
nursing homes, and schools. Secondary care involves the intervention of specialists and typically takes place in hospitals
and acute care facilities. Often individuals who make contact with their primary care provider may refer their patients
to specialists which allows for secondary care to be initiated. Tertiary care involves the most specialized knowledge,
skills, and resources that is typically available on a regional or national level (as opposed to being available locally).
The following diagram provides a synopsis of the traditional health care continuum.
Diagram 1‐1: The Traditional Healthcare Continuum
The Contemporary Health Care Continuum
While the traditional health care continuum is clear, concise, and needs‐based, it is predicated on the fact that there is
an underlying illness, injury, or disease. While valuable for treating individuals, it is relatively ineffective for those who
desire to prevent health adversity. In fact, the World Health Organization estimates that less than two percent of all
available healthcare resources are spent on prevention. While it is reasonable to surmise that this is due to a lack of
need, this is definitely not the case. The American Medical Association and the American College of Sports Medicine
have recently initiated at preventive‐health campaign entitled, “Exercise is Medicine!” This is clearly reflective of the
need to decrease the need for primary, secondary, and tertiary care through a dedicated focus towards prevention. In
summary, the contemporary health care continuum is essentially the same as it’s traditional predecessor with the
addition of the preventive care dimension. Diagram 1‐2 suggests a visual representation of the Contemporary Health
Care Continuum.
Diagram 1‐2: The Contemporary Health Care Continuum
What types of professionals function within each dimension of the contemporary health care continuum?
A myriad of professionals function throughout the contemporary health care continuum. While some work within one
specific area of care, others work in multiple dimensions. The diversity of occupations is equally as varied as the
knowledge, skills, abilities, and qualifications for each. The following table suggests a sampling of specific types of health
care professionals and the dimensions within which they serve.
Diagram 1‐3: A Sampling of Professional Roles within the Contemporary Health Care Continuum
Occupation Preventive Primary Secondary Tertiary
Care Care Care Care
Certified Nursing Assistant X
Dental Hygienist X X
Emergency Medical Technician X X
Exercise Physiologist X X
Group Exercise Instructor X
Health Information Technologist X X
Massage Therapist X X
Medical Assistant X
Medical Imager X X X
Nurse X X X
Nurse Practitioner X X X
Occupational Therapist X X
Personal Trainer X
Pharmacy Technician X X
Phlebotomy Technician X X
Physical Therapist X X
Physician X X X
Physician Assistant X X X
Psychotherapist X X
Surgical Technologist X X
Wellness/Life Coach X
Where can I find additional information on the Contemporary Health Care Continuum?
There are literally thousands of excellent resources to find additional information on the contemporary health care
continuum. With the extraordinary growth in access and abundance of information on the internet, one need only be
able to ascertain the difference between credible and questionably‐credible sources. Consider the following, whether
your search takes you online or off:
Is the source from a recognized healthcare organization and is this their actual website?
Is the source from an accredited college or university (indicated by the “.edu” suffix if searching online)?
Is the author a healthcare professional herself?
Have you contacted a reference librarian for assistance (if needed)?
Is the source from a reputable governing body within healthcare?
The following table provides a good starting point for credible information on the Contemporary Healthcare Continuum.
Diagram 1‐4: Ten Credible Sources for Information on the Contemporary Healthcare Continuum
Information Type Online Location
ExploreHealthCareers.org Professional Website www.explorehealthcareers.org
The American College of Sports Medicine Governing Body www.acsm.org
The American Massage Therapy Association Governing Body www.amtamassage.org
The American Medical Association Governing Body www.ama‐assn.org
The International Coach Federation Governing Body www.coachfederation.org
The Journal of the American Medical Association Journal www.ama‐assn.org
The New England Journal of Medicine Journal www.nejm.org
The Physician and Sports Medicine Journal www.physsportsmed.com
The World Health Organization Governing Body www.who.int
WebMd Consumer Website www.webmd.com
Why is the understanding of the contemporary healthcare continuum important to me?
A clear understanding of the contemporary healthcare continuum has many advantages. First, this continuum provides
a framework that provides a relatively straight‐forward approach to how healthcare operates within the United States.
Indeed, everyone residing in America would benefit from this personally. Second, the contemporary healthcare
continuum allows one to understand which professionals function in each setting. Third, anyone considering the pursuit
of a career in healthcare will have a framework for making the most appropriate choices.